lang/pages/laantas/phono.md

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---
title: Lántas phonology
backname: Lántas
backlink: .
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lang: lántas
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...
# Vowels
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:::figure
<!-- pure vowels -->
<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
<g id="vowel-frame">
<!-- outer trapezoid -->
<polygon points="0 0 200 0 200 150 100 150"
fill="transparent" stroke="black" />
<!-- help lines -->
<g stroke="#999">
<line x1="50" y1="75" x2="200" y2="75" />
<line x1="100" y1="0" x2="150" y2="150" />
</g>
</g>
<!-- í -->
<circle cx="25" cy="15" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="34" y="19" class="ipa">iː</text>
<!-- i -->
<circle cx="50" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="58" y="34" class="ipa">i</text>
<!-- ú -->
<circle cx="150" cy="15" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="159" y="18" class="ipa">uː</text>
<!-- u -->
<circle cx="125" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="133" y="34" class="ipa">u</text>
<!-- á -->
<circle cx="110" cy="135" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="116" y="138" class="ipa">aː</text>
<!-- a -->
<circle cx="125" cy="115" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="110" y="118" class="ipa">a</text>
</svg>
<!-- ai, au -->
<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
<defs>
<marker id="arrowhead"
markerWidth="10" markerHeight="12"
orient="auto" refX="1" refY="4"
viewBox="0 0 12 10">
<polygon points="0 0 12 5 0 10" fill="black" />
</marker>
<marker id="circle"
markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6"
orient="auto" refX="3" refY="3"
viewBox="0 0 6 6">
<circle cx="3" cy="3" r="3" fill="black" />
</marker>
</defs>
<use href="#vowel-frame" />
<!-- ai -->
<line x1="90" y1="100" x2="50" y2="30"
stroke="black"
marker-start="url(#circle)"
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
<text x="78" y="65" class="ipa">ai</text>
<!-- au -->
<line x1="180" y1="130" x2="180" y2="45"
stroke="black"
marker-start="url(#circle)"
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
<text x="155" y="91" class="ipa">au</text>
</svg>
<!-- ia, ua -->
<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
<use href="#vowel-frame" />
<!---->
<line x1="25" y1="15" x2="115" y2="65"
stroke="black"
marker-start="url(#circle)"
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
<text x="64" y="30" class="ipa"></text>
<!---->
<line x1="190" y1="15" x2="130" y2="65"
stroke="black"
marker-start="url(#circle)"
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
<text x="147" y="30" class="ipa"></text>
</svg>
:::
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There are three basic vowels `/i a u/`, diphthongs `/ai au iə uə/`, and
syllabic consonants `/m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩/`. Neither of these last two sets have a length
distinction, and have the same duration as a long vowel. Note that `/u uː/` are
substantially more central than `/i iː/`, and the initial place of `/uə/` is
further back than pure `/uː/`.
Long vowels, and syllabic consonants other than `{l}`, are spelt with a acute
accent: `{í á ú ḿ ń ŕ}`. A syllabic `{l}`, because of its height, replaces the
acute with a stroke: `{ł}`. The diphthongs are spelt `{ai au ia ua}`.
## Allophony
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:::figure
<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
<use href="#vowel-frame" />
<circle cx="55" cy="65" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="63" y="68" class="ipa">e</text>
<circle cx="50" cy="40" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="58" y="43" class="ipa">eː</text>
<circle cx="160" cy="55" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="170" y="60" class="ipa">o</text>
<circle cx="160" cy="40" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="170" y="41" class="ipa">oː</text>
<circle cx="185" cy="135" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="162" y="139" class="ipa">ɑː</text>
<circle cx="175" cy="115" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="184" y="119" class="ipa">ɑ</text>
</svg>
<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
<use href="#vowel-frame" />
<circle cx="65" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="50" y="33" class="ipa">y</text>
<circle cx="90" cy="25" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="97" y="29" class="ipa">ʉː</text>
<circle cx="75" cy="95" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="83" y="98" class="ipa">ɛ</text>
<circle cx="160" cy="80" r="3" fill="black" />
<text x="168" y="89" class="ipa">ɔ</text>
</svg>
<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
<use href="#vowel-frame" />
<line x1="55" y1="55" x2="115" y2="70"
stroke="black"
marker-start="url(#circle)"
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
<text x="80" y="58" class="ipa"></text>
<line x1="190" y1="105" x2="130" y2="70"
stroke="black"
marker-start="url(#circle)"
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
<text x="170" y="88" class="ipa">ɔə</text>
<line x1="175" y1="120" x2="90" y2="80"
stroke="black"
marker-start="url(#circle)"
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
<text x="104" y="108" class="ipa">ɑe</text>
</svg>
:::
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* After a velar consonant, including `/ɫ w/`, the vowels
`/a aː ai i iː iə u uː uə/` are backed and lowered to the forms labelled
`[ɑ ɑː ɑe ɛ eː eə ɔ oː ɔə]`,
respectively, in the figures above.
* After `/j/`, `/i iː iə/` become `[e eː eə]`.
* After `/tʃ dʒ ʃ j/`, `/u uː/` is fronted to `[y ʉː]`.
* Before a syllabic consonant, a small schwa may be inserted if necessary to
make pronunciation easier. This is most common between `/ln̩ nl̩/` and two copies
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of a single sound. For example, `{!kalń}` 'cat': `/kaln̩/``[kɐlᵊn]`.
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* `/r̩ l̩/` are pronounced as `[ɻː ɫ̩ː]`.
* Syllabic `/n̩/` assimilates to `[ŋ̍]` before a velar consonant; no other
assimilation for syllabic nasals occurs, though. (It does for *non*-syllabic
nasals, though; see below.)
* Unstressed short vowels are somewhat reduced, `/a/` more than the others.
# Consonants
Where unspecified, consonants are spelt the same way as in IPA.
:::figure
  Labial Dental Postalveolar Velar
------------ ------------- ------------------ ------------------- -------------
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Plosive `/p b/` `/t d/` `/tʃ dʒ/` `{č ǧ}` `/k ɡ/`
Fricative `/f/` `/θ s/` `{ƶ, s}` `/ʃ/` `{š}` `/x/` `{h}`
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Nasal `/m/` `/n/`
Flap `/ɾ/` `{r}`
Approximant `/w/` `/l/` `/j/`
:::
The phonemes `/p t tʃ k s ʃ m n ɾ l x/` can be geminated. For the purposes of
syllable structure, geminated consonants are counted the same as two separate
ones. Geminate versions of most consonants are spelt by doubling the letter:
`{pp}`, `{tt}`, `{kk}`, etc.
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In places I have forgotten to update, `/θ/` might be written `{þ}` or `{ð}`.
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## Allophony
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- Before `/i iː iə/`, `/ɾ/` becomes `[ʑ̞]`.
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- A nasal followed by a plosive assimilates to the same place of articulation
(but for compound words this is not reflected in the spelling), for example
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`{!rabanpa}` `[ravampa]` 'what book?'.
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- The sequences `/tʃs/` is pronounced as `[tʃː]`, and `/ʃs sʃ ʃj sj/` are all
`[ʃː]`.
- Nasals before `/s x/` decay to a nasalisation of the previous vowel, or are
dropped entirely if that vowel is a syllabic consonant.
- Voiced plosives `/b d dʒ ɡ/` become fricatives `[v ð ʒ ɣ]` between proper
vowels. The allophone `[v]` is pronounced `[β]` by some speakers.
- The velar fricative `/x/` becomes `[h]` before `/r̩/`, and is palatalised to
`[ç]` before `/i iː iə/`.
- Long `/tʃː/` is pronounced as `[ṯːʃ]` (distinct from the `[tʃː]` coming from
`/tʃs tʃʃ/`). Long `/ɾ l/` become `[ʐː ɫː]`.
- Non-final `/l/` is velarized `[ɫ]` after a back vowel (including the
allophones `[ɑ ɑː]`). After other vowels, it is palatalised.
- Non-syllabic `/l/` is pronounced as `[ɬʲ]` at the end of words, even after a
back vowel. After `/t/` it is `[ɬ]`. The phoneme `/ɾ/` is also devoiced `[ɾ̥]`
word-finally. The sequence `/lθ/` is realised as `[ɬʲː]`.
- In many dialects, the long obstruents `/pː tːː kː sː ʃː/` are pronounced as
ejectives `[pʼ tʼʼ kʼ sʼ ʃʼ]`, and the long sonorants `/mː nː lː/` as
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`[bᵐ dⁿ ɮˠː]`.
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# Syllable structure
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The allowed shape of a syllable is usually *CV*(*C*), where *V* is any vowel
and *C* any consonant. Clusters take one of the following forms:
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- *KC*, where *K* can be any of `/m n l r θ s ʃ t/` _(coda consonants)_;
- *FN*, where *F* can be `/f θ s ʃ x/` _(fricatives)_ and
*N* can be `/m n/` _(nasals)_;
- *P*`/s/`, where *P* can be `/p t tʃ k/` _(voiceless plosives)_;
- `/pj bj lj rj/`;
- geminate consonants.
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The exceptions to the normal pattern are that a vowel or syllabic consonant can
also occur at the start of a word, or after another syllabic consonant (but not
a proper vowel). At the end of a word, the consonants from *K* are allowed.
A syllabic consonant cannot be next to the non-syllabic form of the same
consonant---for example, the sequences `/ll̩/` and `/l̩l/` are not possible.
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# Stress
Words are stressed on the first long vowel, if there is one. If there are no
long vowels, _or_ the only one is in the final syllable of a multi-syllabic
word, then the stress is on the first syllable. For the purposes of deciding
stress placement, neither diphthongs nor syllabic consonants are counted as
long.