add script to lántas pages
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13 changed files with 332 additions and 143 deletions
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@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
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module Glyphs
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(Glyph (..), Segs (..), Piece, doGlyphs,
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withSize, size,
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withSize,
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charHeight', lineHeight', spaceWidth', gap',
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charHeight, lineHeight, spaceWidth, gap,
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initials, finals, vowels, medials, num, numbers, punctuation)
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initials, finals, vowels, medials, num, numbers, punctuation, wave)
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where
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import Data.Map (Map)
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@ -668,3 +668,7 @@ n4Path = P [mA (1.5,0), lR (0,5), sR (-1.5,-3) (-1.5,-5), lR (5,0), lR (0,5)]
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n5 = G n5Path 4
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n5Path = P [mA (0,0), lR (0,3.5), aR 1.5 1.5 0 Small CCW (1.5,1.5),
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lR (1,0), aR 1.5 1.5 0 Small CCW (1.5,-1.5), lR (0,-3.5)]
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wave :: Glyph
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wave = G {path = wavePath, width = 4} where
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wavePath = P [mA (0,2.5), cR (1.5,-2) (2.5,2) (4,0)]
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@ -21,9 +21,6 @@ gap' = 1.5
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withSize :: MonadReader Env m => (Double -> a) -> m a
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withSize f = asks \E {size} -> f size
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size :: MonadReader Env m => m Double
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size = withSize id
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-- | multiplied by size
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charHeight, lineHeight, spaceWidth, margin, gap :: MonadReader Env m => m Double
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charHeight = withSize (* charHeight')
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@ -34,7 +31,15 @@ gap = withSize (* gap')
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data Segs = P [M Text] | Shift !Double !Double Segs | Segs :<>: Segs
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instance Semigroup Segs where (<>) = (:<>:)
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instance Semigroup Segs where
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P [] <> s = s
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s <> P [] = s
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P ss <> P ts = P $ ss <> ts
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s <> t = s :<>: t
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instance Monoid Segs where
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mempty = P []
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mappend = (<>)
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joinSegs :: Segs -> M Text
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joinSegs (P ps) = fmap mconcat $ sequence ps
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@ -74,8 +79,8 @@ type Word = [EGlyph]
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doGlyphs :: [Word] -> Env -> Element
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doGlyphs gs e = wrap $ run act e where
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act = do
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E {stroke} <- ask
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let gattrs = [Stroke_ <<- "black", Stroke_width_ <<- toPx stroke,
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E {stroke, color} <- ask
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let gattrs = [Stroke_ <<- color, Stroke_width_ <<- toPx stroke,
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Stroke_linecap_ <<- "round", Fill_ <<- "none"]
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g_ gattrs . mconcat <$> traverse placeWord gs <* newline
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wrap (content, T {width, height}) =
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@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
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{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fdefer-typed-holes #-}
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import Prelude hiding (getContents, readFile, writeFile, putStrLn)
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import Svg
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import Glyphs (doGlyphs, lineHeight')
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@ -13,8 +11,9 @@ import Data.Text.Lazy.IO (writeFile, putStrLn)
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data Options =
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Opts {
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width, size, stroke :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Double,
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inFile, outFile :: Maybe FilePath,
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text :: Maybe Text
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inFile, outFile :: Maybe FilePath,
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text :: Maybe Text,
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color :: Text
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}
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deriving Show
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@ -29,6 +28,7 @@ options = execParser desc where
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<*> filePath 'i' "input"
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<*> filePath 'o' "output"
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<*> text
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<*> color
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dimOpt s l d = dimOpt' s l l d
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dimOpt' s l n d = option auto $ mconcat
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[short s, long l, help $ n <> " in pixels", metavar "SIZE", value d]
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@ -37,6 +37,9 @@ options = execParser desc where
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text = optional $ option str $ mconcat
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[short 't', long "text", help $ "use given text instead of a file",
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metavar "TEXT"]
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color = option str $ mconcat
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[short 'C', long "color", help $ "set stroke color (any css syntax)",
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metavar "COLOR", value "black"]
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main :: IO ()
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main = do
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@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
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{-# OPTIONS_GHC -fdefer-typed-holes #-}
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module Split (split) where
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import Glyphs
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@ -16,11 +14,14 @@ import Data.Void
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type P = Parsec Void Text
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lcChar :: P Char
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lcChar = Char.toLower <$> anySingle
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longestWith :: String -> (Text -> Maybe a) -> P a
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longestWith name p = try $ go . Text.singleton =<< anySingle where
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longestWith name p = try $ go . Text.singleton =<< lcChar where
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go acc = case p acc of
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Nothing -> fail $ "longestWith " <> name <> ": " <> show acc
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Just x -> try (do c <- anySingle; go $ Text.snoc acc c) <|> pure x
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Just x -> try (do c <- lcChar; go $ Text.snoc acc c) <|> pure x
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maxFrom :: String -> Map Text a -> P a
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maxFrom name i = longestWith name \x -> Map.lookup x i
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@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ initial :: P Glyph
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initial = maxFrom "initial" initials
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medial :: P Segs
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medial = maxFrom "medial" medials
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medial = P [] <$ chunk "\\" <|> maxFrom "medial" medials
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final :: P Glyph
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final = maxFrom "final" finals
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@ -40,18 +41,22 @@ ivowel = maxFrom "vowel" vowels
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word :: P [Piece]
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word = (<>) <$> some initMed <*> fin where
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initMed = try $
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[(i, ms) | i <- initial, ms <- some medial] <|>
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[(v, []) | v <- ivowel]
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[(i, [m]) | i <- initial, m <- medial] <|>
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[(v, []) | v <- ivowel] <|>
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dash
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fin = maybe [] (\x -> [(x, [])]) <$> optional final
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number :: P [Piece]
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number = [[h1] <> ns <> [h2] | h1 <- hash, ns <- some digit, h2 <- hash] where
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number = some (digit <|> hash) where
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hash = (num, []) <$ chunk "#"
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digit = [(numbers ! Char.digitToInt i, []) | i <- digitChar]
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punct :: P [Piece]
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punct = [[(p, [])] | p <- maxFrom "punctuation" punctuation]
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dash :: P Piece
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dash = (wave, []) <$ chunk "–"
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text :: P [[Piece]]
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text = space *> many (segment <* space) <* eof where
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segment = punct <|> number <|> word
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@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import Graphics.Svg hiding (mA, mR, lA, lR, cA, cR, sA, sR, aA, aR)
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import Data.Text (Text, pack)
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data Env = E {width, size, stroke :: !Double}
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data Env = E {width, size, stroke :: !Double, color :: !Text}
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data St = S {x, y, textWidth, textHeight :: !Double}
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-- nb textHeight is one lineheight less than the actual height
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-- unless ending with a 'newline'
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@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ title: List of abbreviations
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hidetoc: true
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backname: Lántas
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backlink: ../laantas
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lang: lántas
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...
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:::threecol
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@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
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---
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title: Lántas
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toc: false
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lang: lántas
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...
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:::splash
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`{#lántas | size = 200 ; stroke = 7}`
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:::
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1. [Phonology](phono.html)
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2. [Writing system] need to extract from the old mess
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2. [Writing system](writing.html)
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3. [Nouns](nouns.html)
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4. [Pronouns, etc](prons.html)
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5. [Verbs](verbs.html)
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title: Lántas nouns
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backname: Lántas
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backlink: .
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lang: lántas
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...
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Lántas is unusual (as far as I know) in that words which are often considered
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@ -13,9 +14,9 @@ genitive case of) nouns.
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The basic form of a noun is its singular, in all cases. The plural is formed by adding:
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- `{-al}` to a word ending in `{l}` or `{ł}`,
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- `{-l}` to a word ending in a vowel, or
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- `{-ł}` to a word ending in a consonant, syllabic or not, other than `{l}`.
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- `{!–al}` to a word ending in `{l}` or `{ł}`,
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- `{!–l}` to a word ending in a vowel, or
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- `{!–ł}` to a word ending in a consonant, syllabic or not, other than `{l}`.
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This plural form can also be applied to names of people. In this case it forms
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what is called an _associative plural_, and refers to a person plus a group
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@ -38,26 +39,26 @@ associated with them, usually their family or friend group.
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# Definiteness
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The definite suffix for nouns `!(DEF)!` is usually `{-m}`, and is used more
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The definite suffix for nouns `!(DEF)!` is usually `{!–m}`, and is used more
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frequently than 'the' in English. For example, in the first sentence below Sam
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has one dog, but in the second he is implied to have several. The names of
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people and places are also definite.
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The suffix has a few different forms depending on how the word ends:
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Ending Suffix Examples
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------------------------- --------- --------------------------------
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`{m}` or `{ḿ}` `{-am}` `{šaksḿ}` 'the ash',
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**TODO word ending in m**
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other consonant or `{ń}` `{-ḿ}` `{lántasḿ}` 'the language',
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`{kášńḿ}` 'the lizard'
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vowel, `{ŕ}`, or `{ł}` `{-m}` `{luwam}` 'the truth',
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`{laksŕm}` 'the fish',
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`{ustaiƶłm}` 'the singer'
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------------------------- --------- --------------------------------
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Ending Suffix Examples
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------------------------- ---------- --------------------------------
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`{m}` or `{ḿ}` `{!–am}` `{!šaksḿam}` 'the ash',
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**TODO word ending in m**
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other consonant or `{ń}` `{!–ḿ}` `{!lántasḿ}` 'the language',
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`{!kášńḿ}` 'the lizard'
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vowel, `{ŕ}`, or `{ł}` `{!–m}` `{!luwam}` 'the truth',
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`{!laksŕm}` 'the fish',
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`{!ustaiƶłm}` 'the singer'
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------------------------- ---------- --------------------------------
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A sequence `{ńḿ}` formed in this way is pronounced as `/nm̩/`. In other words,
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`{kášńḿ}` has *two* syllables, not three like it is written. An extra `{-a}` is
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`{!kášńḿ}` has *two* syllables, not three like it is written. An extra `{-a}` is
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inserted after the `{-m}` form of the suffix if it is needed due to another
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suffix following it.
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@ -87,65 +88,73 @@ suffix following it.
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The definite suffix is used:
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:::examples
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- When the referent is old information already mentioned.
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- `{Pas nú bairusina. Nai rala núm manifnut gašnat ippausi.}`\
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- `{!Pas nú bairusina.}` \
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`{!Nai rala núm manifnut gašnat ippausi.}` \
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I saw two people. One of them was wearing a nice shirt.
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- For people, places, countries, and other proper names.
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- `{Ƶuƶ pas kášńł ǧiššimamba nuabia.}`\
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- `{!Ƶuƶ pas kášńł ǧiššimamba nuabia.}`\
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Those two lizards live above the bakery.
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- In time phrases with `{gimi}`. However, `{naigimi}` 'sometime' is indefinite.
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- `{Gimimli lána.}`\
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- In time phrases with `{!gimi}`. However, `{!naigimi}` 'sometime' is indefinite.
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- `{!Gimimli lána.}`\
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I'm doing it now.
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- `{Naigimimli lámána.}`\
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- `{!Naigimimli lámána.}`\
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I'll do it at some point.
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- In statements of general fact.
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- `{Númsal pasla aƶal ai.}`\
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- `{!Númsal pasla aƶal ai.}`\
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Humans have two eyes.
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- __TODO: ?__
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:::
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The definite suffix is _not_ used (in contrast to English):
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:::examples
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- In superlatives.
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- `{Milnutlit aifa.}`\
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- `{!Milnutlit aifa.}`\
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It's the smallest.
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- __TODO: ?__
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:::
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# Core cases {#corecases}
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Declension for the core cases of `{nú}` 'man' and `{lun}` 'road' are shown
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Declension for the core cases of `{!nú}` 'man' and `{!lun}` 'road' are shown
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below. Some of the endings are slightly different in the case of a stem ending
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in a consonant or vowel, and if the ending starts with multiple consonants the
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final one of the stem is dropped.
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:::figure
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`!SG!` `!PL!`
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----------------------- ----------- -------------
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Nominative `!(NOM)!` `{nú}` `{nú·l}`
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Genitive `!(GEN)!` `{nú·t}` `{nú·t·ł}`
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Comitative `!(COM)!` `{nú·kas}` `{nú·kas·ł}`
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Caritive `!(CAR)!` `{nú·ssa}` `{nú·ssa·l}`
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Instrumental `!(INS)!` `{nú·la}` `{nú·la·l}`
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Essive `!(ESS)!` `{nú·gu}` `{nú·gu·l}`
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Translative `!(TRA)!` `{nú·sti}` `{nú·sti·l}`
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Exessive `!(EXE)!` `{nú·ču}` `{nú·ču·l}`
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`!SG !` `!PL!`
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----------------------- ------------ --------------
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Nominative `!(NOM)!` `{!nú}` `{!nú·l}`
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Genitive `!(GEN)!` `{!nú·t}` `{!nú·t·ł}`
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Comitative `!(COM)!` `{!nú·kas}` `{!nú·kas·ł}`
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Caritive `!(CAR)!` `{!nú·ssa}` `{!nú·ssa·l}`
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Instrumental `!(INS)!` `{!nú·la}` `{!nú·la·l}`
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Essive `!(ESS)!` `{!nú·gu}` `{!nú·gu·l}`
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Translative `!(TRA)!` `{!nú·sti}` `{!nú·sti·l}`
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Exessive `!(EXE)!` `{!nú·ču}` `{!nú·ču·l}`
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`!SG!` `!PL!`
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-------- ----------- --------------
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`!NOM!` `{lun}` `{lun·ł}`
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`!GEN!` `{lu·t}` `{lun·t·ł}`
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`!COM!` `{lun·kas}` `{lun·kas·ł}`
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`!CAR!` `{lu·ssa}` `{lu·ssa·l}`
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`!INS!` `{lun·la}` `{lun·la·l}`
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`!ESS!` `{lun·gu}` `{lun·gu·l}`
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`!TRA!` `{lu·sti}` `{lu·sti·l}`
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`!EXE!` `{lun·ču}` `{lun·ču·l}`
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`!SG!` `!PL!`
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-------- ------------ ---------------
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`!NOM!` `{!lun}` `{!lun·ł}`
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`!GEN!` `{!lu·t}` `{!lun·t·ł}`
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`!COM!` `{!lun·kas}` `{!lun·kas·ł}`
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`!CAR!` `{!lu·ssa}` `{!lu·ssa·l}`
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`!INS!` `{!lun·la}` `{!lun·la·l}`
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`!ESS!` `{!lun·gu}` `{!lun·gu·l}`
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`!TRA!` `{!lu·sti}` `{!lu·sti·l}`
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`!EXE!` `{!lun·ču}` `{!lun·ču·l}`
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:::
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The _nominative_ is the subject of sentences, and the unmarked form. The
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@ -221,7 +230,7 @@ affirmative statements.)
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The most common use of the _instrumental_ case is the "[theme]" of ditransitive
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sentences (while the recipient is in the genitive). It is also used for 'with'
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as in 'using', in distributive phrases such as `{kallila}` 'in threes, in sets
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as in 'using', in distributive phrases such as `{!kallila}` 'in threes, in sets
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of three, three each', for quantity expressions such as units, and quantifiers
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like 'every'.
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@ -312,48 +321,48 @@ indicate the relative position:
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:::
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Unlike for the core cases, the endings are the same regardless of whether the
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stem ends in a consonant or vowel, so they are only listed for `{nú}`.
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stem ends in a consonant or vowel, so they are only listed for `{!nú}`.
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:::figure
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`!ESS!` `!LAT!` `!ABL!` `!PRL!`
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---------- ------- ------------- --------------- --------------- ----------------
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`!AD!` `!SG!` `{nú·sa}` `{nú·sa·s}` `{nú·sa·n}` `{nú·sa·ri}`
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`!PL!` `{nú·sa·l}` `{nú·sa·s·ł}` `{nú·sa·n·ł}` `{nú·sa·ri·l}`
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`!IN!` `!SG!` `{nú·li}` `{nú·li·s}` `{nú·li·n}` `{nú·li·ri}`
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`!PL!` `{nú·li·l}` `{nú·li·s·ł}` `{nú·li·n·ł}` `{nú·li·ri·l}`
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`!PRE!` `!SG!` `{nú·ƶu}` `{nú·ƶu·s}` `{nú·ƶu·n}` `{nú·ƶu·ri}`
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`!PL!` `{nú·ƶu·l}` `{nú·ƶu·s·ł}` `{nú·ƶu·n·ł}` `{nú·ƶu·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!POST!` `!SG!` `{nú·gi}` `{nú·gi·s}` `{nú·gi·n}` `{nú·gi·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{nú·gi·l}` `{nú·gi·s·ł}` `{nú·gi·n·ł}` `{nú·gi·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!INTER!` `!SG!` `{nú·nua}` `{nú·nua·s}` `{nú·nua·n}` `{nú·nua·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{nú·nua·l}` `{nú·nua·s·ł}` `{nú·nua·n·ł}` `{nú·nua·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!SUPER!` `!SG!` `{nú·ba}` `{nú·ba·s}` `{nú·ba·n}` `{nú·ba·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{nú·ba·l}` `{nú·ba·s·ł}` `{nú·ba·n·ł}` `{nú·ba·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!SUB!` `!SG!` `{nú·ku}` `{nú·ku·s}` `{nú·ku·n}` `{nú·ku·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{nú·ku·l}` `{nú·ku·s·ł}` `{nú·ku·n·ł}` `{nú·ku·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!APUD!` `!SG!` `{nú·mi}` `{nú·mi·s}` `{nú·mi·n}` `{nú·mi·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{nú·mi·l}` `{nú·mi·s·ł}` `{nú·mi·n·ł}` `{nú·mi·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!ESS!` `!LAT!` `!ABL!` `!PRL!`
|
||||
---------- ------- -------------- ---------------- ---------------- -----------------
|
||||
`!AD!` `!SG!` `{!nú·sa}` `{!nú·sa·s}` `{!nú·sa·n}` `{!nú·sa·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·sa·l}` `{!nú·sa·s·ł}` `{!nú·sa·n·ł}` `{!nú·sa·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!IN!` `!SG!` `{!nú·li}` `{!nú·li·s}` `{!nú·li·n}` `{!nú·li·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·li·l}` `{!nú·li·s·ł}` `{!nú·li·n·ł}` `{!nú·li·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!PRE!` `!SG!` `{!nú·ƶu}` `{!nú·ƶu·s}` `{!nú·ƶu·n}` `{!nú·ƶu·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·ƶu·l}` `{!nú·ƶu·s·ł}` `{!nú·ƶu·n·ł}` `{!nú·ƶu·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!POST!` `!SG!` `{!nú·gi}` `{!nú·gi·s}` `{!nú·gi·n}` `{!nú·gi·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·gi·l}` `{!nú·gi·s·ł}` `{!nú·gi·n·ł}` `{!nú·gi·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!INTER!` `!SG!` `{!nú·nua}` `{!nú·nua·s}` `{!nú·nua·n}` `{!nú·nua·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·nua·l}` `{!nú·nua·s·ł}` `{!nú·nua·n·ł}` `{!nú·nua·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!SUPER!` `!SG!` `{!nú·ba}` `{!nú·ba·s}` `{!nú·ba·n}` `{!nú·ba·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·ba·l}` `{!nú·ba·s·ł}` `{!nú·ba·n·ł}` `{!nú·ba·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!SUB!` `!SG!` `{!nú·ku}` `{!nú·ku·s}` `{!nú·ku·n}` `{!nú·ku·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·ku·l}` `{!nú·ku·s·ł}` `{!nú·ku·n·ł}` `{!nú·ku·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!APUD!` `!SG!` `{!nú·mi}` `{!nú·mi·s}` `{!nú·mi·n}` `{!nú·mi·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·mi·l}` `{!nú·mi·s·ł}` `{!nú·mi·n·ł}` `{!nú·mi·ri·l}`
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
- `{Dufnamsas júlisina.}`\
|
||||
- `{!Dufnamsas júlisina.}`\
|
||||
`!(AD-LAT)!` I stuck it onto the wall.
|
||||
- `{Ǧimamsa aihapa?}`\
|
||||
- `{!Ǧimamsa aihapa?}`\
|
||||
`!(AD-ESS)!` Are you at home?
|
||||
- `{Sihamgit ǧimamlis šikkúmána.}`\
|
||||
- `{!Sihamgit ǧimamlis šikkúmána.}`\
|
||||
`!(IN-LAT)!` I'll be going home soon.
|
||||
- `{Sabut kalń káƶuri narasi.}`\
|
||||
- `{!Sabut kalń káƶuri narasi.}`\
|
||||
`!(PRE-PRL)!` A black cat passed in front of me.
|
||||
- `{Ǧimamgi waibifás.}`\
|
||||
- `{!Ǧimamgi waibifás.}`\
|
||||
`!(POST-ESS)!` They're playing round the back of the house.
|
||||
- `{Lunsari šikkúsina.}`\
|
||||
- `{!Lunsari šikkúsina.}`\
|
||||
`!(AD-PRL)!` I went down the road.
|
||||
- `{Lunliri šikkúsina.}`\
|
||||
- `{!Lunliri šikkúsina.}`\
|
||||
`!(IN-PRL)!` I went across the road.
|
||||
- `{Lunmiri šikkúsina.}`\
|
||||
- `{!Lunmiri šikkúsina.}`\
|
||||
`!(APUD-PRL)!` I followed (alongside) the river.
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
@ -424,17 +433,23 @@ variant is `{-ttás}`.
|
|||
- The mouse is squeaking quietly.
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
From adjectivals, several further derivations can be made: the _equative_, which expresses that two objects have an equal measure of some property; the _comparative_, which says that one object has more of a property than another object; and the _superlative_, which claims that an object has the most of a property. Derivation from `{gaisi}` 'white':
|
||||
From adjectivals, several further derivations can be made: the _equative_,
|
||||
which expresses that two objects have an equal measure of some property; the
|
||||
_comparative_, which says that one object has more of a property than another
|
||||
object; and the _superlative_, which claims that an object has the most of
|
||||
a property.
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
----------------------- ---------------
|
||||
Equative `!(EQU)!` `{gaisi·t·sat}`
|
||||
Comparative `!(CMP)!` `{gaisi·t·pat}`
|
||||
Superlative `!(SUPL)!` `{gaisi·t·lit}`
|
||||
----------------------- ---------------
|
||||
----------------------- ---------------- ------------
|
||||
Adjective `{!ausu·t}` big
|
||||
Equative `!(EQU)!` `{!ausu·t·sat}` as big as
|
||||
Comparative `!(CMP)!` `{!ausu·t·pat}` bigger than
|
||||
Superlative `!(SUPL)!` `{!ausu·t·lit}` the biggest
|
||||
----------------------- ---------------- ------------
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
The noun being compared with is in the [essive case](#corecases) for the equative, and the exessive for the comparative.
|
||||
The noun being compared with is in the [essive case](#corecases) for the
|
||||
equative, and the exessive for the comparative.
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- ǧimagu ausutsat
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -2,22 +2,32 @@
|
|||
title: Lántas numbers
|
||||
hidetoc: true
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
backlink: .
|
||||
lang: lántas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
--- ------------ ---- ----------------- ---- --------------- ------ -----------------
|
||||
1 `{nai}` 10 `{taksa}` 19 `{taksístu}` 100 `{bušŕ}`
|
||||
2 `{pas}` 11 `{tahnai}` 20 `{pastaksa}` 1000 `{nifma}`
|
||||
3 `{kalli}` 12 `{tappas}` 30 `{kaldaksa}` 10⁴ `{hárual}`
|
||||
4 `{šasḿ}` 13 `{takkalli}` 40 `{šastaksa}` 10⁵ `{taksahárual}`
|
||||
5 `{kaisi}` 14 `{taksasḿ}` 50 `{kaistaksa}` 10⁶ `{bušŕhárual}`
|
||||
6 `{ǧutta}` 15 `{takkaisi}` 60 `{ǧuttaksa}` 10⁷ `{nifmahárual}`
|
||||
7 `{libina}` 16 `{taččutta}` 70 `{libidaksa}` 10⁸ `{kḿpsi}`
|
||||
8 `{ńdá}` 17 `{taksalibina}` 80 `{ńtaksa}` 10¹² `{kahmil}`
|
||||
9 `{ístu}` 18 `{taksandá}` 90 `{ístaksa}` 10¹⁶ `{uhnat}`
|
||||
--- ------------ ---- ----------------- ---- --------------- ------ -----------------
|
||||
---- ------------------ ------ ------------------
|
||||
1 `{!nai}` 19 `{!taksístu}`
|
||||
2 `{!pas}` 20 `{!pastaksa}`
|
||||
3 `{!kalli}` 30 `{!kaldaksa}`
|
||||
4 `{!šasḿ}` 40 `{!šastaksa}`
|
||||
5 `{!kaisi}` 50 `{!kaistaksa}`
|
||||
6 `{!ǧutta}` 60 `{!ǧuttaksa}`
|
||||
7 `{!libina}` 70 `{!libidaksa}`
|
||||
8 `{!ńdá}` 80 `{!ńtaksa}`
|
||||
9 `{!ístu}` 90 `{!ístaksa}`
|
||||
10 `{!taksa}` 100 `{!bušŕ}`
|
||||
11 `{!tahnai}` 1000 `{!nifma}`
|
||||
12 `{!tappas}` 10⁴ `{!hárual}`
|
||||
13 `{!takkalli}` 10⁵ `{!taksahárual}`
|
||||
14 `{!taksasḿ}` 10⁶ `{!bušŕhárual}`
|
||||
15 `{!takkaisi}` 10⁷ `{!nifmahárual}`
|
||||
16 `{!taččutta}` 10⁸ `{!kḿpsi}`
|
||||
17 `{!taksalibina}` 10¹² `{!kahmil}`
|
||||
18 `{!taksandá}` 10¹⁶ `{!uhnat}`
|
||||
---- ------------------ ------ ------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Numbers between 20--99 are formed by analogy with those from 11--19, for example
|
||||
`{kaldappas}` for 32 or `{ǧuttaččutta}` for 66. Numbers are given from largest
|
||||
`{!kaldappas}` for 32 or `{!ǧuttaččutta}` for 66. Numbers are given from largest
|
||||
to smallest, with the value and place of each digit written as one word, so
|
||||
43,523 is `{šasḿhárual kallinifma kaisibušŕ pastakkalli}`.
|
||||
43,523 is `{!šasḿhárual kallinifma kaisibušŕ pastakkalli}`.
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
|
|||
title: Lántas phonology
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: .
|
||||
lang: lántas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
# Vowels
|
||||
|
@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ acute with a stroke: `{ł}`. The diphthongs are spelt `{ai au ia ua}`.
|
|||
* After `/tʃ dʒ ʃ j/`, `/u uː/` is fronted to `[y ʉː]`.
|
||||
* Before a syllabic consonant, a small schwa may be inserted if necessary to
|
||||
make pronunciation easier. This is most common between `/ln̩ nl̩/` and two copies
|
||||
of a single sound. For example, `{kalń}` 'cat': `/kaln̩/` → `[kɐlᵊn]`.
|
||||
of a single sound. For example, `{!kalń}` 'cat': `/kaln̩/` → `[kɐlᵊn]`.
|
||||
* `/r̩ l̩/` are pronounced as `[ɻː ɫ̩ː]`.
|
||||
* Syllabic `/n̩/` assimilates to `[ŋ̍]` before a velar consonant; no other
|
||||
assimilation for syllabic nasals occurs, though. (It does for *non*-syllabic
|
||||
|
@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ In places I have forgotten to update, `/θ/` might be written `{þ}` or `{ð}`.
|
|||
- Before `/i iː iə/`, `/ɾ/` becomes `[ʑ̞]`.
|
||||
- A nasal followed by a plosive assimilates to the same place of articulation
|
||||
(but for compound words this is not reflected in the spelling), for example
|
||||
`{rabanpa}` `[ravampa]` 'what book?'.
|
||||
`{!rabanpa}` `[ravampa]` 'what book?'.
|
||||
- The sequences `/tʃs/` is pronounced as `[tʃː]`, and `/ʃs sʃ ʃj sj/` are all
|
||||
`[ʃː]`.
|
||||
- Nasals before `/s x/` decay to a nasalisation of the previous vowel, or are
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
|
|||
title: Lántas pronouns, demonstratives, etc
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: .
|
||||
lang: lántas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
Pronouns are inflected for the same cases as other nouns, though their forms
|
||||
|
@ -10,8 +11,8 @@ are somewhat irregular.
|
|||
|
||||
# Personal pronouns
|
||||
|
||||
The first person plural `{til}` is only used inclusively of the listener. For an
|
||||
exclusive meaning, a form like `{rukas ká}` ('they and I') is used.
|
||||
The first person plural `{!til}` is only used inclusively of the listener. For an
|
||||
exclusive meaning, a form like `{!rukas ká}` ('they and I') is used.
|
||||
|
||||
The `!LOC!` column is the word stems which the [locational
|
||||
cases](#locational_cases) are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.
|
||||
|
@ -19,17 +20,17 @@ cases](#locational_cases) are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.
|
|||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
`!1SG!` `!1PL!` `!2SG!` `!2PL!` `!3SG!` `!3PL!`
|
||||
-------- ----------- ------------ ----------- ------------ ----------- ------------
|
||||
`!NOM!` `{ká}` `{til}` `{sur}` `{sual}` `{rú}` `{rúl}`
|
||||
`!GEN!` `{kat}` `{tial}` `{sut}` `{suatł}` `{rut}` `{rutł}`
|
||||
`!COM!` `{kakas}` `{tiksł}` `{sukas}` `{suksł}` `{rukas}` `{ruksł}`
|
||||
`!CAR!` `{kassa}` `{tissal}` `{sussa}` `{sussal}` `{russa}` `{russal}`
|
||||
`!INS!` `{kala}` `{tilla}` `{sulla}` `{sualla}` `{rulla}` `{rualla}`
|
||||
`!ESS!` `{kagu}` `{tigul}` `{sugu}` `{sugul}` `{rugu}` `{rugul}`
|
||||
`!TRA!` `{kasti}` `{tistil}` `{susti}` `{sustul}` `{rusti}` `{rustil}`
|
||||
`!EXE!` `{kaču}` `{tičul}` `{sučču}` `{suččul}` `{ruču}` `{ručul}`
|
||||
`!LOC!` `{ká–}` `{tí–l}` `{sú–}` `{sua–l}` `{rú–}` `{rua–l}`
|
||||
`!1SG!` `!1PL!` `!2SG!` `!2PL!` `!3SG!` `!3PL!`
|
||||
-------- ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------
|
||||
`!NOM!` `{!ká}` `{!til}` `{!sur}` `{!sual}` `{!rú}` `{!rúl}`
|
||||
`!GEN!` `{!kat}` `{!tial}` `{!sut}` `{!suatł}` `{!rut}` `{!rutł}`
|
||||
`!COM!` `{!kakas}` `{!tiksł}` `{!sukas}` `{!suksł}` `{!rukas}` `{!ruksł}`
|
||||
`!CAR!` `{!kassa}` `{!tissal}` `{!sussa}` `{!sussal}` `{!russa}` `{!russal}`
|
||||
`!INS!` `{!kala}` `{!tilla}` `{!sulla}` `{!sualla}` `{!rulla}` `{!rualla}`
|
||||
`!ESS!` `{!kagu}` `{!tigul}` `{!sugu}` `{!sugul}` `{!rugu}` `{!rugul}`
|
||||
`!TRA!` `{!kasti}` `{!tistil}` `{!susti}` `{!sustul}` `{!rusti}` `{!rustil}`
|
||||
`!EXE!` `{!kaču}` `{!tičul}` `{!sučču}` `{!suččul}` `{!ruču}` `{!ručul}`
|
||||
`!LOC!` `{!ká–}` `{!tí–l}` `{!sú–}` `{!sua–l}` `{!rú–}` `{!rua–l}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -37,24 +38,24 @@ cases](#locational_cases) are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.
|
|||
|
||||
There is a three way distance distinction for demonstratives: a new referent near the speaker/listener, a new referent distant from both, and old information. These will be glossed as 'this', 'yon', and 'that', respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
The near demonstrative is `{lua}`, whose declension is given below. For distant referents it is `{ƶua}` and for old information `{mua}`; they decline in the same way as `{lua}`.
|
||||
The near demonstrative is `{!lua}`, whose declension is given below. For distant referents it is `{!ƶua}` and for old information `{!mua}`; they decline in the same way as `{!lua}`.
|
||||
|
||||
The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the genitive: compare `{muƶ kalńł}` 'those cats' and `{mut kalńł}` 'that person's cats'. It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.
|
||||
The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the genitive: compare `{!muƶ kalńł}` 'those cats' and `{!mut kalńł}` 'that person's cats'. It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
`!SG!` `!PL!`
|
||||
-------- ----------- -------------
|
||||
`!NOM!` `{lua}` `{lul}`
|
||||
`!GEN!` `{lut}` `{lutł}`
|
||||
`!COM!` `{lukas}` `{luksł}`
|
||||
`!CAR!` `{lussa}` `{lussal}`
|
||||
`!INS!` `{lulla}` `{lullal}`
|
||||
`!ESS!` `{lugu}` `{lugul}`
|
||||
`!TRA!` `{lusti}` `{lustil}`
|
||||
`!EXE!` `{luču}` `{lučul}`
|
||||
`!LOC!` `{lu–}` `{lu–l}`
|
||||
`!ADJ!` `{luƶ}` `{luƶ}`
|
||||
`!SG!` `!PL!`
|
||||
-------- ------------ --------------
|
||||
`!NOM!` `{!lua}` `{!lul}`
|
||||
`!GEN!` `{!lut}` `{!lutł}`
|
||||
`!COM!` `{!lukas}` `{!luksł}`
|
||||
`!CAR!` `{!lussa}` `{!lussal}`
|
||||
`!INS!` `{!lulla}` `{!lullal}`
|
||||
`!ESS!` `{!lugu}` `{!lugul}`
|
||||
`!TRA!` `{!lusti}` `{!lustil}`
|
||||
`!EXE!` `{!luču}` `{!lučul}`
|
||||
`!LOC!` `{!lu–}` `{!lu–l}`
|
||||
`!ADJ!` `{!luƶ}` `{!luƶ}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
|
|||
title: Lántas verbs
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
lang: lántas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
138
pages/laantas/writing.md
Normal file
138
pages/laantas/writing.md
Normal file
|
@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas writing
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: .
|
||||
lang: lántas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
Lántas is written with a simple alphasyllabary, where most glyphs consist of
|
||||
a consonant or cluster with a descender marking the vowel following it. There
|
||||
are full-sized letters for vowels, used when they start a word or follow
|
||||
a syllabic consonant. As a quick example, here's the first sentence of
|
||||
*the North Wind and the Sun*:
|
||||
|
||||
:::example
|
||||
`{!Ruakul naipa bahútlit aimlis Laksit Fuhamkas Guwanḿ asumsas ba sua.
|
||||
| file = northwind0 ; size = 60 ; stroke = 2 }`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
# Vowels
|
||||
|
||||
At the start of a word, or after a syllabic consonant, these 'independent'
|
||||
vowel letters are used.
|
||||
|
||||
:::letter-list
|
||||
`{!a}` `{!á}` `{!i}` `{!í}` `{!u}` `{!ú}`
|
||||
`{!ai}` `{!au}` `{!ia}` `{!ua}`
|
||||
`{!ł}` `{!ḿ}` `{!ń}` `{!ŕ}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
In other cases, vowels are attached to the letter for the previous consonant.
|
||||
|
||||
:::letter-list
|
||||
`{!ta}` `{!tá}` `{!ti}` `{!tí}` `{!tu}` `{!tú}`
|
||||
`{!tai}` `{!tau}` `{!tia}` `{!tua}`
|
||||
`{!tł}` `{!tḿ}` `{!tń}` `{!tŕ}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
# Consonants
|
||||
|
||||
The basic consonant shapes are:
|
||||
|
||||
:::letter-list
|
||||
`{!t\}` `{!k\}` `{!g\}` `{!d\}` `{!ƶ\}` `{!p\}` `{!b\}`
|
||||
`{!s\}` `{!š\}` `{!l\}` `{!m\}` `{!n\}` `{!č\}` `{!ǧ\}`
|
||||
`{!w\}` `{!h\}` `{!f\}` `{!j\}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
Clusters are written with a single glyph called a 'conjunct'. These aren't
|
||||
always just the two letters glued together but they're not usually too
|
||||
surprising.
|
||||
|
||||
<nav>
|
||||
[`{t}`](#conj-t) ·
|
||||
[`{ƶ}`](#conj-ƶ) ·
|
||||
[`{s}`](#conj-s) ·
|
||||
[`{l}`](#conj-l) ·
|
||||
[`{m}`](#conj-m) ·
|
||||
[`{n}`](#conj-n) ·
|
||||
[`{r}`](#conj-r) ·
|
||||
[`{⁎}`](#conj-o)
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-t}
|
||||
`{!tt\}` `{!tk\}` `{!tg\}` `{!td\}` `{!tƶ\}` `{!tp\}` `{!tb\}` `{!ts\}`
|
||||
`{!tš\}` `{!tl\}` `{!tm\}` `{!tn\}` `{!tr\}` `{!tč\}` `{!tǧ\}` `{!tw\}`
|
||||
`{!th\}` `{!tf\}` `{!tj\}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-ƶ}
|
||||
`{!ƶt\}` `{!ƶk\}` `{!ƶg\}` `{!ƶd\}` `{!ƶƶ\}` `{!ƶp\}` `{!ƶb\}` `{!ƶs\}`
|
||||
`{!ƶš\}` `{!ƶl\}` `{!ƶm\}` `{!ƶn\}` `{!ƶr\}` `{!ƶč\}` `{!ƶǧ\}` `{!ƶw\}`
|
||||
`{!ƶh\}` `{!ƶf\}` `{!ƶj\}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-s}
|
||||
`{!st\}` `{!sk\}` `{!sg\}` `{!sd\}` `{!sƶ\}` `{!sp\}` `{!sb\}` `{!ss\}`
|
||||
`{!sš\}` `{!sl\}` `{!sm\}` `{!sn\}` `{!sr\}` `{!sč\}` `{!sǧ\}` `{!sw\}`
|
||||
`{!sh\}` `{!sf\}` `{!sj\}` `{!šš\}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
Conjuncts with `{!š\}` are the same as with `{!s\}`, but with the line above. In
|
||||
the case of `{!šš\}` the lines join up.
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-l}
|
||||
`{!lt\}` `{!lk\}` `{!lg\}` `{!ld\}` `{!lƶ\}` `{!lp\}` `{!lb\}` `{!ls\}`
|
||||
`{!lš\}` `{!ll\}` `{!lm\}` `{!ln\}` `{!lr\}` `{!lč\}` `{!lǧ\}` `{!lw\}`
|
||||
`{!lh\}` `{!lf\}` `{!lj\}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-m}
|
||||
`{!mt\}` `{!mk\}` `{!mg\}` `{!md\}` `{!mƶ\}` `{!mp\}` `{!mb\}` `{!ms\}`
|
||||
`{!mš\}` `{!ml\}` `{!mm\}` `{!mn\}` `{!mr\}` `{!mč\}` `{!mǧ\}` `{!mw\}`
|
||||
`{!mh\}` `{!mf\}` `{!mj\}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-n}
|
||||
`{!nt\}` `{!nk\}` `{!ng\}` `{!nd\}` `{!nƶ\}` `{!np\}` `{!nb\}` `{!ns\}`
|
||||
`{!nš\}` `{!nl\}` `{!nm\}` `{!nn\}` `{!nr\}` `{!nč\}` `{!nǧ\}` `{!nw\}`
|
||||
`{!nh\}` `{!nf\}` `{!nj\}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-r}
|
||||
`{!rt\}` `{!rk\}` `{!rg\}` `{!rd\}` `{!rƶ\}` `{!rp\}` `{!rb\}` `{!rs\}`
|
||||
`{!rš\}` `{!rl\}` `{!rm\}` `{!rn\}` `{!rr\}` `{!rč\}` `{!rǧ\}` `{!rw\}`
|
||||
`{!rh\}` `{!rf\}` `{!rj\}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-o}
|
||||
`{!kk\}` `{!ks\}` `{!pp\}` `{!ps\}` `{!pj\}`
|
||||
`{!bj\}` `{!čs\}` `{!čč\}` `{!hh\}`
|
||||
`{!hn\}` `{!hm\}` `{!fn\}` `{!fm\}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Punctuation
|
||||
|
||||
Punctuation in Lántas is very simple. Phrases within a sentence can be separated
|
||||
by a single circle, and sentences are ended by a double circle:
|
||||
|
||||
:::letter-list
|
||||
`{!ta, ta | file=comma}`
|
||||
`{!ta. ta | file=fullstop}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
Both have an equal amount of space either side, more for the second one, and if
|
||||
they are next to a line break they stay with the previous word.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Numbers
|
||||
|
||||
Numbers are written in base 10. Most of the digits are letters, with the
|
||||
ascenders removed if they had one. Numbers in running text are indicated by
|
||||
double vertical bars each side, and are grouped in fours.
|
||||
|
||||
:::letter-list
|
||||
`{!0}` `{!1}` `{!2}` `{!3}` `{!4}` `{!5}` `{!6}` `{!7}` `{!8}` `{!9}`
|
||||
`{!#18 5263 9772#}`
|
||||
:::
|
Loading…
Reference in a new issue