271 lines
8.7 KiB
Markdown
271 lines
8.7 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: back on my bullshit
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...
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<center style="width: 70%; margin: auto; font-style: italic">
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What happens if Ancient Greek, Latin, and Welsh are mashed together by someone
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who doesn't know any of them? A big mess is what.
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</center>
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# Phonology
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## Vowels
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<figure>
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| | Front | Mid | Back |
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|-----:|:-------------:|:-------------:|:-------------:|
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| High | #(i) #/i, iː/ | | #(u) #/u, uː/ |
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| Mid | #(e) #/ɛ, eː/ | #(ə) #/ə, ɘː/ | #(o) #/ɔ, oː/ |
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| Low | #(a) #/aː/ | #(a) #/ä/ | |
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</figure>
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* The allowed diphthongs #/ai̯ au̯ ei̯ eu̯ oi̯ ou̯ ui̯/. They are written as their
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two component vowels.
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* Length and stress are indicated [using diacritics]{#dia}:
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* stressed short vowels with an acute accent (#(á));
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* unstressed long vowels with a macron (#(ā));
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* stressed long vowels with a circumflex (#(â)).
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Diphthongs have the diacritic on the first letter. Stress isn't indicated
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on monosyllabic words, unless inflections are added which cause the word to
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become multisyllabic.
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### Umlaut
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At certain times, either the last vowel, or all vowels in some words, will
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undergo *i*-umlaut, where they will move closer to #[i]. This process is
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reflected in the spelling of affected forms. Vowels move one step along the
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following graphs:
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<figure>
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<object data=iuml-p.svg>
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<div class=twocol>
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* \#(e → i)
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* \#(o, ə, a → e)
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* \#(u → y)
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</div>
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</object>
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<object data=iuml-d.svg>
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<div class=twocol>
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* \#(ei → i)
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* \#(eu, oi, ai → ei)
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* \#(ou → eu)
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* \#(au → ai)
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</div>
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</object>
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</figure>
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Forms which cause umlaut of the last vowel are marked with a †; forms causing
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umlaut of the whole words are marked ‡. Only some words are affected by umlaut;
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those which do are also marked with †.
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### Stress
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Stress is unpredictable and is indicated with diacritics (see [above](#dia)).
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Monosyllabic words are unmarked for stress, but when inflections are added
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which give them more than one syllable, those forms of the word *are* marked.
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Most affixes don't affect the stress; those which do are pointed out. Compound
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words have the primary stress on the last root.
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## Consonants
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| | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal |
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|----------:|:-------------:|:-------------:|:-------------:|
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| Plosive | #(p b) #/p b/ | #(t d) #/t d/ | #(k g) #/k ɡ/ |
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| Fricative | #(f) #/f/ | #(s) #/s/ | #(h) #/χ/ |
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| Nasal | #(m) #/m/ | #(n) #/n/ | |
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| Lateral | | #(l) #/l/ | |
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| Flap | | #(r) #/ɾ/ | |
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| Semivowel | #(w) #/w/ | | #(y) #/j/ |
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### Allophones
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<div class=twocol>
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* \#(s → ʃ / \_{C,#})
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* \#(s → z / {b, g}\_, \_{b, g, d})
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* \#(ɾ → ʃ / t\_)
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* \#(ɾ → ʒ / d\_)
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* \#(χ → ç / \_{i, iː, ɛ, eː})
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* \#(l → ɬ / #\_, \_#)
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* \#(ɾ → ɾ̥ / #\_, \_#)
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* \#(N → m / \_p, etc)
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* \#({b, d, g} → {p, t, k} / \_#)
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* \#({p, t, k} → {pʰ, tʰ, kʰ} / #\_V, V\_V)
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* \#(· → ɦ / V_V)
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</div>
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## Syllable structure
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```ebnf
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word = {syll}+.
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syll = [onset], nucleus, [coda].
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onset = consonant
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| ['s'], (plosive | fricative | 'm'), ['ɾ' | 'l']
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| ('p' | 'k'), 's'
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| ('t' | 'd' | 'k' | 'ɡ'), 'm'
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| ('p' | 'b' | 'k' | 'ɡ'), 'n'.
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medial = ([glide], vowel) - ('yi' | 'wu').
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coda = consonant
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| 'm', ('p' | 'b')
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| 'n', ('t' | 'd' | 'k' | 'ɡ')
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| ('s' | 'l' | 'r'), plosive
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| plosive, 's'.
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```
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# Morphology
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## Nouns
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* cases: #!NOM!; #!ACC!; #!LOC!; #!ALL!; #!ABL!; #!VOC!
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* numbers:
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* \#!SG!: numbers ending in 1 other than 11; 0
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* \#!DU!: numbers ending in 2 other than 12
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* \#!PL!: otherwise
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* genders: animate #!(ANI)!, inanimate #!(INA)!, and mixed #!(MIX)!
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- \#!MIX! words inflect themselves like #!ANI!
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- \#!MIX! agreement: like #!ANI! in #!NOM!, #!ACC!, #!VOC!, otherwise
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like #!INA!
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* adjectives & def art agree with head noun
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<div class=twocol>
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- «nyā» cat #!ANI!
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- ǎweȠ child #!ANI!
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- «hwêha» road #!INA!
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- «kyeséi» kobold #!ANI!
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- «búses»† sky #!MIX!
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</div>
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# Declension I
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Words ending in a short «e», «ə», or «a», indicated as «V» in the following
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table.
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- The illicit sequence «-əi-» becomes «-ei-», and «-ii-» becomes «-i-».
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- If the penultimate syllable of the stem is short and stressed, and the
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ending begins with a long vowel, then the stress is moved to that long
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vowel.
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<figure>
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| | #!ANI.SG! | #!ANI.DU! | #!ANI.PL! | #!INA.SG! | #!INA.DU! | #!INA.PL! |
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|-------:|:---------:|:---------:|:---------:|:---------:|:---------:|:---------:|
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| #!NOM! | #(--V) | #(--V̄g) | #(--Vn)‡ | #(--V) | #(--V̄g) | #(--V̄)‡ |
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| #!ACC! | #(--o) | #(--of) | #(--ī)‡ | #(--V̄) | #(--V̄f) | #(--ī)‡ |
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| #!LOC! | #(--Vd) | #(--Vds) | #(--Vid)‡ | #(--Vd) | #(--Vid) | #(--Vid)‡ |
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| #!ALL! | #(--Vls) | #(--Vlg) | #(--Vks)‡ | #(--Vl) | #(--V̄ks) | #(--V̄ks)‡ |
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| #!ABL! | #(--V̄st) | #(--V̄sk) | #(--V̄d)‡ | #(--V̄st) | #(--V̄d) | #(--V̄d)‡ |
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| #!VOC! | #(--Vi) | #(--Vig) | #(--Vin)‡ | #(--V) | #(--V̄g) | #(--V̄)‡ |
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</figure>
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<figure>
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| | #!SG! | #!DU! | #!PL! |
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|-------:|:---------:|:---------:|:----------:|
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| #!NOM! | #(éw·e) | #(ew·êg) | #(í·win)‡ |
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| #!ACC! | #(éw·o) | #(éw·of) | #(i·wî)‡ |
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| #!LOC! | #(éw·ed) | #(éw·eds) | #(í·wid)‡ |
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| #!ALL! | #(éw·els) | #(éw·elg) | #(í·wīks)‡ |
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| #!ABL! | #(ew·êst) | #(ew·êsk) | #(i·wîd)‡ |
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| #!VOC! | #(éw·ei) | #(ew·êig) | #(í·win)‡ |
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| | #!SG! | #!DU! | #!PL! |
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|-------:|:-----------:|:-----------:|:-----------:|
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| #!NOM! | #(hwêh·a) | #(hwêh·āg) | #(hwêh·ā) |
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| #!ACC! | #(hwêh·ā) | #(hwêh·āf) | #(hwêh·ī) |
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| #!LOC! | #(hwêh·ad) | #(hwêh·aid) | #(hwêh·aid) |
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| #!ALL! | #(hwêh·als) | #(hwêh·āks) | #(hwêh·āks) |
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| #!ABL! | #(hwêh·āst) | #(hwêh·ād) | #(hwêh·ād) |
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| #!VOC! | #(hwêh·a) | #(hwêh·āg) | #(hwêh·ā) |
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</figure>
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# Declension II
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Words ending in a long vowel or diphthong.
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- Endings are the same for animate and inanimate.
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- Second declension nouns never experience umlaut.
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- If the stem ends in a front vowel «ē ī» or a diphthong ending in «i», then
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«ᴇ» denotes «e»; otherwise, «ə».
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<figure>
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| | #!SG! | #!DU! | #!PL! |
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|-------:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|
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| #!NOM! | #(--) | #(--k) | #(--n) |
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| #!ACC! | #(--) | #(--k) | #(--n) |
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| #!LOC! | #(--t) | #(--yᴇ) | #(--d) |
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| #!ALL! | #(--s) | #(--rᴇ) | #(--yᴇ) |
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| #!ABL! | #(--s) | #(--h) | #(--d) |
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| #!VOC! | #(--) | #(--k) | #(--n) |
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</figure>
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<figure>
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| | #!SG! | #!DU! | #!PL! |
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|-------:|:-----------:|:------------:|:------------:|
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| #!NOM! | #(kyeséi) | #(kyeséi·k) | #(kyeséi·n) |
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| #!ACC! | #(kyeséi) | #(kyeséi·k) | #(kyeséi·n) |
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| #!LOC! | #(kyeséi·t) | #(kyeséi·ye) | #(kyeséi·d) |
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| #!ALL! | #(kyeséi·s) | #(kyeséi·re) | #(kyeséi·ye) |
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| #!ABL! | #(kyeséi·s) | #(kyeséi·h) | #(kyeséi·d) |
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| #!VOC! | #(kyeséi) | #(kyeséi·k) | #(kyeséi·n) |
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| | #!SG! | #!DU! | #!PL! |
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|-------:|:--------:|:---------:|:---------:|
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| #!NOM! | #(nyā) | #(nyā·k) | #(nyā·n) |
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| #!ACC! | #(nyā) | #(nyā·k) | #(nyā·n) |
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| #!LOC! | #(nyā·t) | #(nyâ·yə) | #(nyā·d) |
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| #!ALL! | #(nyā·s) | #(nyâ·rə) | #(nyâ·yə) |
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| #!ABL! | #(nyā·s) | #(nyā·h) | #(nyā·d) |
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| #!VOC! | #(nyā) | #(nyā·k) | #(nyā·n) |
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</figure>
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# Declension III
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Words ending in a short vowel followed by «s».
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- The illicit sequence «-əi» becomes «-ei», and «-ii» becomes «-i».
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- For these words the dual is the same as the plural.
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- Unlike in the first declension, the stress doesn't move.
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<figure>
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| | #!SG! | #!DU!/#!PL! |
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|-------:|:--------:|:-----------:|
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| #!NOM! | #(--Vs) | #(--V̄) |
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| #!ACC! | #(--Vi)† | #(--V̄s) |
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| #!LOC! | #(--Vnt) | #(--Vnī)‡ |
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| #!ALL! | #(--Vns) | #(--Vsi)† |
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| #!ABL! | #(--Vks) | #(--Vgos) |
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| #!VOC! | #(--V) | #(--V̄) |
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</figure>
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<figure>
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| | #!SG! | #!DU!/#!PL! |
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|-------:|:---------:|:-----------:|
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| #!NOM! | #(búses) | #(búsē) |
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| #!ACC! | #(búsi)† | #(búsēs) |
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| #!LOC! | #(búsent) | #(bísinī) |
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| #!ALL! | #(búsens) | #(búsisi) |
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| #!ABL! | #(búseks) | #(búsegos) |
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| #!VOC! | #(búse) | #(búsē) |
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</figure>
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