lang/pages/laantas/prons.md

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---
title: Lántas pronouns, demonstratives, etc
backname: Lántas
backlink: .
lang: lántas
...
Pronouns are inflected for the same cases as other nouns, though their forms
are somewhat irregular.
# Personal pronouns
The first person plural `{!til}` is only used inclusively of the listener. For an
exclusive meaning, a form like `{!rukas ká}` ('they and I') is used.
The `!LOC!` column is the word stems which the [locational
cases](#locational_cases) are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.
:::figure
`!1SG!` `!1PL!` `!2SG!` `!2PL!` `!3SG!` `!3PL!`
-------- ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------
`!NOM!` `{!ká}` `{!til}` `{!sur}` `{!sual}` `{!rú}` `{!rúl}`
`!GEN!` `{!kat}` `{!tial}` `{!sut}` `{!suatł}` `{!rut}` `{!rutł}`
`!COM!` `{!kakas}` `{!tiksł}` `{!sukas}` `{!suksł}` `{!rukas}` `{!ruksł}`
`!CAR!` `{!kassa}` `{!tissal}` `{!sussa}` `{!sussal}` `{!russa}` `{!russal}`
`!INS!` `{!kala}` `{!tilla}` `{!sulla}` `{!sualla}` `{!rulla}` `{!rualla}`
`!ESS!` `{!kagu}` `{!tigul}` `{!sugu}` `{!sugul}` `{!rugu}` `{!rugul}`
`!TRA!` `{!kasti}` `{!tistil}` `{!susti}` `{!sustul}` `{!rusti}` `{!rustil}`
`!EXE!` `{!kaču}` `{!tičul}` `{!sučču}` `{!suččul}` `{!ruču}` `{!ručul}`
`!LOC!` `{!ká}` `{!tíl}` `{!sú}` `{!sual}` `{!rú}` `{!rual}`
:::
# Demonstratives
There is a three way distance distinction for demonstratives: a new referent near the speaker/listener, a new referent distant from both, and old information. These will be glossed as 'this', 'yon', and 'that', respectively.
The near demonstrative is `{!lua}`, whose declension is given below. For distant referents it is `{!ƶua}` and for old information `{!mua}`; they decline in the same way as `{!lua}`.
The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the genitive: compare `{!muƶ kalńł}` 'those cats' and `{!mut kalńł}` 'that person's cats'. It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.
:::figure
`!SG!` `!PL!`
-------- ------------ --------------
`!NOM!` `{!lua}` `{!lul}`
`!GEN!` `{!lut}` `{!lutł}`
`!COM!` `{!lukas}` `{!luksł}`
`!CAR!` `{!lussa}` `{!lussal}`
`!INS!` `{!lulla}` `{!lullal}`
`!ESS!` `{!lugu}` `{!lugul}`
`!TRA!` `{!lusti}` `{!lustil}`
`!EXE!` `{!luču}` `{!lučul}`
`!LOC!` `{!lu}` `{!lul}`
`!ADJ!` `{!luƶ}` `{!luƶ}`
:::
# Indefinites
The words 'someone', 'something', 'anyone', 'anything' are served by (a stressed form of) the numeral `{nai}` 'one'. 'Everyone' or 'everything' is `{nakasnai}`, and inflects the same way as `{nai}` itself. The words `{nala}` and `{nakasnala}` mean 'any' and 'every', respectively.
# Interrogatives
Interrogatives (question words) are formed with the enclitic `{-pa}`, attached to any noun phrase. As well as `{naipa}` 'what?, who?', it can be added to any other word to mean 'which?'.
:::glosses
- Naipa musat ai?
- Nai=pa mu-sa-t ai
- one=what that-AD-ESS be
- Who's there?
---
- Hámamlinaspa sidasiha?
- háma-m-li-nas=pa sida-si-ha
- country-DEF-IN-ABL=what come-RPST-2SG
- Which country do you come from?
:::
Being a clitic, `{-pa}` is added to the end of the noun, after all other (non-clitic) endings such as case inflections, as shown in the above examples.