86 lines
3.5 KiB
Markdown
86 lines
3.5 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Lántas pronouns, demonstratives, etc
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backname: Lántas
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backlink: .
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conlang: lántas
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...
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Pronouns are inflected for the same cases as other nouns, though their forms
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are somewhat irregular.
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# Personal pronouns
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The first person plural `{!til}` is only used inclusively of the listener. For an
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exclusive meaning, a form like `{!rukas ká}` ('they and I') is used.
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The `!LOC!` column is the word stems which the [locational
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cases](#locational_cases) are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.
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:::figure
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`!1SG!` `!1PL!` `!2SG!` `!2PL!` `!3SG!` `!3PL!`
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-------- ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------
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`!NOM!` `{!ká}` `{!til}` `{!sur}` `{!sual}` `{!rú}` `{!rúl}`
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`!GEN!` `{!kat}` `{!tial}` `{!sut}` `{!suatł}` `{!rut}` `{!rutł}`
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`!COM!` `{!kakas}` `{!tiksł}` `{!sukas}` `{!suksł}` `{!rukas}` `{!ruksł}`
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`!CAR!` `{!kassa}` `{!tissal}` `{!sussa}` `{!sussal}` `{!russa}` `{!russal}`
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`!INS!` `{!kala}` `{!tilla}` `{!sulla}` `{!sualla}` `{!rulla}` `{!rualla}`
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`!ESS!` `{!kagu}` `{!tigul}` `{!sugu}` `{!sugul}` `{!rugu}` `{!rugul}`
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`!TRA!` `{!kasti}` `{!tistil}` `{!susti}` `{!sustul}` `{!rusti}` `{!rustil}`
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`!EXE!` `{!kaču}` `{!tičul}` `{!sučču}` `{!suččul}` `{!ruču}` `{!ručul}`
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`!LOC!` `{!ká–}` `{!tí–l}` `{!sú–}` `{!sua–l}` `{!rú–}` `{!rua–l}`
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:::
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# Demonstratives
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There is a three way distance distinction for demonstratives: a new referent near the speaker/listener, a new referent distant from both, and old information. These will be glossed as 'this', 'yon', and 'that', respectively.
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The near demonstrative is `{!lua}`, whose declension is given below. For distant referents it is `{!ƶua}` and for old information `{!mua}`; they decline in the same way as `{!lua}`.
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The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the genitive: compare `{!muƶ kalńł}` 'those cats' and `{!mut kalńł}` 'that person's cats'. It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.
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:::figure
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`!SG!` `!PL!`
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-------- ------------ --------------
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`!NOM!` `{!lua}` `{!lul}`
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`!GEN!` `{!lut}` `{!lutł}`
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`!COM!` `{!lukas}` `{!luksł}`
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`!CAR!` `{!lussa}` `{!lussal}`
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`!INS!` `{!lulla}` `{!lullal}`
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`!ESS!` `{!lugu}` `{!lugul}`
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`!TRA!` `{!lusti}` `{!lustil}`
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`!EXE!` `{!luču}` `{!lučul}`
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`!LOC!` `{!lu–}` `{!lu–l}`
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`!ADJ!` `{!luƶ}` `{!luƶ}`
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:::
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# Indefinites
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The words 'someone', 'something', 'anyone', 'anything' are served by (a stressed form of) the numeral `{nai}` 'one'. 'Everyone' or 'everything' is `{nakasnai}`, and inflects the same way as `{nai}` itself. The words `{nala}` and `{nakasnala}` mean 'any' and 'every', respectively.
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# Interrogatives
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Interrogatives (question words) are formed with the enclitic `{-pa}`, attached to any noun phrase. As well as `{naipa}` 'what?, who?', it can be added to any other word to mean 'which?'.
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:::glosses
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- Naipa musat ai?
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- Nai=pa mu-sa-t ai
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- one=what that-AD-ESS be
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- Who's there?
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---
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- Hámamlinaspa sidasiha?
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- háma-m-li-nas=pa sida-si-ha
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- country-DEF-IN-ABL=what come-RPST-2SG
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- Which country do you come from?
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:::
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Being a clitic, `{-pa}` is added to the end of the noun, after all other (non-clitic) endings such as case inflections, as shown in the above examples.
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