---
title: Lántas pronouns, demonstratives, etc
backname: Lántas
backlink: .
conlang: lántas
...

Pronouns are inflected for the same cases as other nouns, though their forms
are somewhat irregular.


# Personal pronouns

The first person plural `{!til}` is only used inclusively of the listener. For an
exclusive meaning, a form like `{!rukas ká}` ('they and I') is used.

The `!LOC!` column is the word stems which the [locational
cases](#locational_cases) are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.


:::figure

          `!1SG!`      `!1PL!`       `!2SG!`      `!2PL!`       `!3SG!`      `!3PL!`
-------- ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------
 `!NOM!`  `{!ká}`      `{!til}`      `{!sur}`     `{!sual}`     `{!rú}`      `{!rúl}`
 `!GEN!`  `{!kat}`     `{!tial}`     `{!sut}`     `{!suatł}`    `{!rut}`     `{!rutł}`
 `!COM!`  `{!kakas}`   `{!tiksł}`    `{!sukas}`   `{!suksł}`    `{!rukas}`   `{!ruksł}`
 `!CAR!`  `{!kassa}`   `{!tissal}`   `{!sussa}`   `{!sussal}`   `{!russa}`   `{!russal}`
 `!INS!`  `{!kala}`    `{!tilla}`    `{!sulla}`   `{!sualla}`   `{!rulla}`   `{!rualla}`
 `!ESS!`  `{!kagu}`    `{!tigul}`    `{!sugu}`    `{!sugul}`    `{!rugu}`    `{!rugul}`
 `!TRA!`  `{!kasti}`   `{!tistil}`   `{!susti}`   `{!sustul}`   `{!rusti}`   `{!rustil}`
 `!EXE!`  `{!kaču}`    `{!tičul}`    `{!sučču}`   `{!suččul}`   `{!ruču}`    `{!ručul}`
 `!LOC!`  `{!ká–}`     `{!tí–l}`     `{!sú–}`     `{!sua–l}`    `{!rú–}`     `{!rua–l}`
:::


# Demonstratives

There is a three way distance distinction for demonstratives: a new referent near the speaker/listener, a new referent distant from both, and old information. These will be glossed as 'this', 'yon', and 'that', respectively.

The near demonstrative is `{!lua}`, whose declension is given below. For distant referents it is `{!ƶua}` and for old information `{!mua}`; they decline in the same way as `{!lua}`.

The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the genitive: compare `{!muƶ kalńł}` 'those cats' and `{!mut kalńł}` 'that person's cats'. It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.

:::figure

          `!SG!`       `!PL!`
-------- ------------ --------------
 `!NOM!`  `{!lua}`     `{!lul}`
 `!GEN!`  `{!lut}`     `{!lutł}`
 `!COM!`  `{!lukas}`   `{!luksł}`
 `!CAR!`  `{!lussa}`   `{!lussal}`
 `!INS!`  `{!lulla}`   `{!lullal}`
 `!ESS!`  `{!lugu}`    `{!lugul}`
 `!TRA!`  `{!lusti}`   `{!lustil}`
 `!EXE!`  `{!luču}`    `{!lučul}`
 `!LOC!`  `{!lu–}`     `{!lu–l}`
 `!ADJ!`  `{!luƶ}`     `{!luƶ}`
:::


# Indefinites

The words 'someone', 'something', 'anyone', 'anything' are served by (a stressed form of) the numeral `{nai}` 'one'. 'Everyone' or 'everything' is `{nakasnai}`, and inflects the same way as `{nai}` itself. The words `{nala}` and `{nakasnala}` mean 'any' and 'every', respectively.


# Interrogatives

Interrogatives (question words) are formed with the enclitic `{-pa}`, attached to any noun phrase. As well as `{naipa}` 'what?, who?', it can be added to any other word to mean 'which?'.

:::glosses
- Naipa musat ai?
- Nai=pa   mu-sa-t     ai
- one=what that-AD-ESS be
- Who's there?

---

- Hámamlinaspa sidasiha?
- háma-m-li-nas=pa        sida-si-ha
- country-DEF-IN-ABL=what come-RPST-2SG
- Which country do you come from?
:::

Being a clitic, `{-pa}` is added to the end of the noun, after all other (non-clitic) endings such as case inflections, as shown in the above examples.