Compare commits
No commits in common. "main" and "sketches" have entirely different histories.
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@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
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|||
*.eot filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
||||
*.ttf filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
||||
*.woff filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
||||
*.woff2 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
||||
style/fonts/**/*.svg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
|
|||
_build
|
||||
_tmp
|
||||
dist-newstyle
|
||||
style/fonts/pragmatapro/*.woff2
|
||||
tags
|
||||
TAGS
|
||||
92
Makefile
92
Makefile
|
|
@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
|
|||
HOST ?= rhiannon.website
|
||||
REMOTE_USER ?= www-data
|
||||
IDFILE ?= ~/.ssh/xyz
|
||||
REMOTE_DIR ?= lang
|
||||
|
||||
TMPDIR ?= _tmp
|
||||
BUILDDIR ?= _build
|
||||
PAGESDIR ?= pages
|
||||
DATADIR ?= data
|
||||
TEMPLATE ?= $(DATADIR)/template.html
|
||||
|
||||
STATICEXTS := yaml
|
||||
|
||||
PAGES != find $(PAGESDIR) -name '*.md'
|
||||
STATICS != parallel find $(PAGESDIR) -name '\*.{}' ::: $(STATICEXTS)
|
||||
OUTPUTPAGES = \
|
||||
$(patsubst $(PAGESDIR)/%.md,$(BUILDDIR)/%.html,$(PAGES)) \
|
||||
$(patsubst $(PAGESDIR)/%,$(BUILDDIR)/%,$(STATICS))
|
||||
|
||||
STYLE != find style -type f
|
||||
OUTPUTSTYLE = $(patsubst %,$(BUILDDIR)/%,$(STYLE))
|
||||
|
||||
OUTPUT = $(OUTPUTPAGES) $(OUTPUTSTYLE)
|
||||
|
||||
LANGFILTER = $(TMPDIR)/langfilter
|
||||
LAANTAS_SCRIPT = $(TMPDIR)/laantas-script
|
||||
EXECS = $(LANGFILTER)
|
||||
|
||||
CABAL_FLAGS ?= -O -v0
|
||||
|
||||
.PHONY: all
|
||||
all: build
|
||||
|
||||
.PHONY: build
|
||||
build: $(OUTPUT)
|
||||
|
||||
$(BUILDDIR)/%.html: $(PAGESDIR)/%.md $(TEMPLATE) $(LANGFILTER) $(LAANTAS_SCRIPT)
|
||||
@echo "[pandoc] $<"
|
||||
mkdir -p $(dir $@)
|
||||
mkdir -p $(basename $@)
|
||||
LAANTAS_SCRIPT="$(LAANTAS_SCRIPT)" \
|
||||
DIRNAME="$(basename $@)" \
|
||||
FILENAME="$@" \
|
||||
pandoc -s --toc --template $(TEMPLATE) -o $@ $< \
|
||||
--filter $(LANGFILTER)
|
||||
|
||||
$(BUILDDIR)/%: $(PAGESDIR)/%
|
||||
$(copy)
|
||||
|
||||
$(BUILDDIR)/%: %
|
||||
$(copy)
|
||||
|
||||
define copy
|
||||
@echo "[copy] $<"
|
||||
mkdir -p $(dir $@)
|
||||
cp $< $@
|
||||
endef
|
||||
|
||||
$(LANGFILTER): langfilter/*.hs langfilter/langfilter.cabal
|
||||
$(cabal-exe)
|
||||
|
||||
$(LAANTAS_SCRIPT): laantas-script/*
|
||||
$(cabal-exe)
|
||||
|
||||
define cabal-exe
|
||||
@echo "[build] $(notdir $@)"
|
||||
cabal build $(notdir $@) $(CABAL_FLAGS)
|
||||
mkdir -p $(dir $@)
|
||||
find dist-newstyle -name $(notdir $@) -type f -exec cp {} $(TMPDIR) \;
|
||||
endef
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
upload: build
|
||||
@echo "[upload]"
|
||||
@rsync --recursive --partial --progress --copy-links \
|
||||
--compress --human-readable --hard-links --size-only \
|
||||
--delete --delete-after \
|
||||
--rsh='ssh -l $(REMOTE_USER) -i $(IDFILE)' \
|
||||
$(BUILDDIR)/ $(HOST):$(REMOTE_DIR)/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.PHONY: clean distclean
|
||||
clean:
|
||||
@echo "[clean]"
|
||||
rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)
|
||||
rm -rf $(TMPDIR)
|
||||
distclean: clean
|
||||
@echo "[distclean]"
|
||||
cabal clean
|
||||
|
||||
.SILENT:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
|
|||
packages:
|
||||
./langfilter,
|
||||
./laantas-script
|
||||
|
||||
source-repository-package
|
||||
type: git
|
||||
location: https://git.rhiannon.website/rhi/svg-builder
|
||||
tag: 39bb6a4e04ec2caccc23576b062ebfa0566bfb96
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
|
|||
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||||
<html$if(lang)$ lang=$lang$$endif$$if(dir)$ dir=$dir$$endif$>
|
||||
<meta charset=utf-8>
|
||||
|
||||
<link rel=stylesheet href=/style/page.css>
|
||||
$for(css)$
|
||||
<link rel=stylesheet href=/style/$css$>
|
||||
$endfor$
|
||||
|
||||
$for(header-includes)$
|
||||
$header-includes$
|
||||
$endfor$
|
||||
|
||||
<title>$pagetitle$</title>
|
||||
|
||||
$for(include-before)$
|
||||
$include-before$
|
||||
$endfor$
|
||||
|
||||
$if(title)$
|
||||
<header>
|
||||
<h1>$title$</h1>
|
||||
</header>
|
||||
|
||||
$endif$
|
||||
$if(toc)$
|
||||
<nav id=toc>
|
||||
<h2>Contents</h2>
|
||||
$table-of-contents$
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
$endif$
|
||||
|
||||
<main>
|
||||
$body$
|
||||
</main>
|
||||
|
||||
$if(hide-footer)$$else$
|
||||
<footer>
|
||||
$if(backlink)$
|
||||
<a href=$backlink$>$backname$</a> ·
|
||||
$endif$
|
||||
<a href=/>All conlangs</a>
|
||||
</footer>
|
||||
$endif$
|
||||
|
||||
$for(include-after)$
|
||||
$include-after$
|
||||
$endfor$
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 8.5 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Gspol
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<style>
|
||||
@import url(//fonts.googleapis.com/earlyaccess/notosanskr.css);
|
||||
.word {
|
||||
font-family: 'Noto Sans KR', serif;
|
||||
font-style: normal;
|
||||
}
|
||||
.mini { font-size: smaller }
|
||||
.huge { font-size: 36pt }
|
||||
.centered {
|
||||
text-align: center;
|
||||
margin-left: 7em;
|
||||
margin-right: 7em;
|
||||
}
|
||||
</style>
|
||||
|
||||
<center>
|
||||
<div class="mini centered">
|
||||
<span class="word huge">긋포ᇐ</span><br>
|
||||
If the above text doesn't look like [this image](gspol.png), the rest of this page is not going to be very comprehensible.
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
</center>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Phonology
|
||||
|
||||
Each syllable consists of an initial, an optional #/j/, a vowel, and an optional final.
|
||||
|
||||
## Consonants
|
||||
|
||||
### Initials
|
||||
|
||||
<div class=mini>
|
||||
|
||||
Bilabial Alveolar Retroflex Velar Glottal
|
||||
------------------ ---------------- ---------------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------
|
||||
Plain plosive «ᄇ» #/p/ _b_ «ᄃ» #/t/ _d_ «ᄌ» #/ʈ/ _đ_ «ᄀ» #/k/ _g_ «ᅙ» #/ʔ/ _x_
|
||||
Aspirated plosive «ᄑ» #/pʰ/ _p_ «ᄐ» #/tʰ/ _t_ «ᄎ» #/ʈʰ/ _ţ_ «ᄏ» #/kʰ/ _k_
|
||||
Ejective plosive «ᄈ» #/pʼ/ _pp_ «ᄄ» #/tʼ/ _tt_ «ᄍ» #/ʈʼ/ _ţţ_ «ᄁ» #/kʼ/ _kk_
|
||||
Prenasal plosive «ᄜ» #/ᵐb/ _mb_ «ᄕ» #/ⁿd/ _nd_ «ꥭ» #/ᶯɖ/ _ņđ_ «ᅁ» #/ᵑɡ/ _ŋg_
|
||||
Fricative «ᄡ» #/f/ _f_ «ꥢ» #/θ/ _z_ «ᄒ» #/h/ _h_
|
||||
«ᄉ» #/s/ _s_ «ᄴ» #/ʂ/ _ş_
|
||||
Nasal «ᄆ» #/m/ _m_ «ᄂ» #/n/ _n_ «ᄘ» #/ɳ/ _ņ_
|
||||
Lateral «ᄅ» #/l/ _l_ «ᄙ» #/ɭ/ _ļ_
|
||||
#/s/ + Plosive «ᄲ» #/sp/ _sb_ «ᄯ» #/st/ _sd_ «ᄶ» #/ʂʈ/ _sđ_ «ᄭ» #/sk/ _sg_
|
||||
#/s/ + Asp plosive «ᄺ» #/spʰ/ _sp_ «ᄹ» #/stʰ/ _st_ «ᄷ» #/ʂʈʰ/ _sţ_ «ᄸ» #/skʰ/ _sk_
|
||||
#/s/ + Nasal «ᄱ» #/sm/ _sm_ «ᄮ» #/sn/ _sn_
|
||||
#/s/ + Lateral «ᄰ» #/sɬ/ _sl_
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
### Finals
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<div class=mini>
|
||||
|
||||
Bilabial Alveolar Retroflex Velar Glottal
|
||||
------------------ ---------------- ---------------- ----------------- ---------------- ----------------
|
||||
Unreleased plosive «ᄇ» #/p˺/ _b_ «ᄃ» #/t˺/ _d_ «ᄌ» #/ʈ˺/ _đ_ «ᄀ» #/k˺/ _g_
|
||||
Preasp plosive «ᄑ» #/ʰp/ _p_ «ᄐ» #/ʰt/ _t_ «ᄎ» #/ʰʈ/ _ţ_ «ᄏ» #/ʰk/ _k_
|
||||
Fricative «ᇪ»† #/f/ _f_ «ᇨ»† #/θ/ _z_ «ᇂ» #/h/ _h_
|
||||
«ᆺ»† #/s/ _s_
|
||||
Nasal «ᆷ»† #/m/ _m_ «ᆫ»† #/n/ _n_ «ퟋ»† #/ɳ/ _ņ_ «ᆼ»† #/ŋ/ _ŋ_
|
||||
Lateral «ᆯ»† #/l/ _l_ «ᇐ»† #/ɭ/ _ļ_
|
||||
Plosive + #/s/ «ᆹ» #/ps/ _bs_ «ퟐ» #/ts/ _ds_ «ᆪ» #/ks/ _gs_
|
||||
Nasal + #/s/ «ᇝ» #/ms/ _ms_ «ᇇ» #/ns/ _ns_ «ᇱ» #/ŋs/ _ŋs_
|
||||
Lateral + #/s/ «ᆳ» #/ɬs/ _ls_
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
Consonants marked with † become syllabic and replace a «ㅡ» #/ɯ/. Thus, Gspol («긋포ᇐ») is pronounced #/ks̩.poɭ/.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Vowels
|
||||
|
||||
Front Back
|
||||
------------- -------------- --------------
|
||||
High «ㅣ» #/i/ _i_ «ㅡ» #/ɯ/ _ı_
|
||||
«ᅱ» #/y/ _ü_ «ᅮ» #/u/ _u_
|
||||
Mid «ᅦ» #/e/ _e_ «ᅥ» #/ɤ/ _ë_
|
||||
«ᅬ» #/ø/ _ö_ «ᅩ» #/o/ _o_
|
||||
Low «ᅢ» #/æ/ _ä_ «ᅡ» #/ɑ/ _a_
|
||||
|
||||
A #/j/ between the initial and vowel is indicated the same as in Korean:
|
||||
«ᅡ» #/ɑ/ → «ᅣ» #/jɑ/, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Politeness & formality levels
|
||||
|
||||
The names ending in «엔» are adjectival verbs, and the ones ending in «헨» are locatives.
|
||||
|
||||
Politeness Low Medium High Very high
|
||||
---------- --------------- ------------ ------------ -----------------
|
||||
Informal «ᄭᅩ핸» «티블엔»
|
||||
_sgohen_ _tibılen_
|
||||
low genial
|
||||
Middle «파싱엔» «승해엔»
|
||||
_pasiŋen_ _sıŋhäen_
|
||||
casual polite
|
||||
Formal «라ퟐ고엔» «쿄헨» «삼ᅙᅩᆼ엔» «라ᄴᅩᇁ 삼ᅙᅩᆼ엔»
|
||||
_ladsgoen_ _kjohen_ _samxoŋen_ _laşop samxoŋen_
|
||||
authoritarian middle respectful extremely respectful
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Nouns
|
||||
|
||||
## Particles
|
||||
|
||||
After vowel After consonant
|
||||
------------ --------------- -------------------
|
||||
Absolutive «새» _sä_ «애» _ä_
|
||||
Ergative «담» _dam_ «얌» _jam_
|
||||
Instrumental «ꥢᅱ» _zü_ «휘» _hü_
|
||||
Locative «헨» _hen_ «옌» _jen_
|
||||
|
||||
Ditransitive sentences have secundative marking, meaning that the recipient (the primary/"indirect" object) is marked using the absolutive, and the theme (the secondary/"direct" object) with the instrumental.
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
|
|||
긋:
|
||||
p: gıs
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- (region where Gspol is mainly spoken)
|
||||
- 긋포ᇐ: Gspol
|
||||
|
||||
포ᇐ:
|
||||
p: poļ
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- language
|
||||
- speech
|
||||
|
||||
잉른:
|
||||
p: iŋ·lın
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- England
|
||||
- 잉른포ᇐ: English
|
||||
|
||||
ᄰㅣᇀ:
|
||||
p: slit
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: person
|
||||
|
||||
ᅁᅵᆸ엔:
|
||||
p: ŋgib·en
|
||||
t: v adj
|
||||
d: male
|
||||
|
||||
ᅁᅵᆸᄰㅣᇀ:
|
||||
p: ŋgib·slit
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: man
|
||||
|
||||
ᄡᅦ에엔:
|
||||
p: fe·e·en
|
||||
t: v adj
|
||||
d: female
|
||||
|
||||
ᄡᅦ에ᄰㅣᇀ:
|
||||
p: fe·e·slit
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: woman
|
||||
|
||||
ᄴᅡ엔:
|
||||
p: şa·en
|
||||
t: vi
|
||||
d: sleep
|
||||
|
||||
가:
|
||||
p: ga
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: dog
|
||||
|
||||
윰센:
|
||||
p: üm·sen
|
||||
t: vt
|
||||
d: see
|
||||
|
||||
ᄭᅩ:
|
||||
p: sgo
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- place below sth
|
||||
- ᄭᅩ헨: low
|
||||
|
||||
티블엔:
|
||||
p: ti·bıl·en
|
||||
t: v adj
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- friendly
|
||||
- genial
|
||||
|
||||
파싱엔:
|
||||
p: pa·siŋ·en
|
||||
t: v adj
|
||||
d: casual
|
||||
|
||||
승해엔:
|
||||
p: sıŋ·hä·en
|
||||
t: v adj
|
||||
d: polite
|
||||
|
||||
라ퟐ엔:
|
||||
p: lads·en
|
||||
t: vt
|
||||
d: lead
|
||||
|
||||
고:
|
||||
p: go
|
||||
t: {suf: [v, n]}
|
||||
d: -er
|
||||
|
||||
라ퟐ고:
|
||||
p: lads·go
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: leader
|
||||
|
||||
라ퟐ고엔:
|
||||
p: lads·go·en
|
||||
t: v adj
|
||||
d: authoritarian
|
||||
|
||||
쿄:
|
||||
p: kjo
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- middle of sth
|
||||
- 쿄헨: in the middle
|
||||
|
||||
삼ᅙᅩᆼ:
|
||||
p: sam·xoŋ
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- respect
|
||||
- deference
|
||||
|
||||
삼ᅙᅩᆼ엔:
|
||||
p: sam·xoŋ·en
|
||||
t: v adj
|
||||
d: respectful
|
||||
|
||||
라ᄴᅩᇁ:
|
||||
p: la·şop
|
||||
t: adv
|
||||
d: extremely
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Constructed languages
|
||||
hidetoc: true
|
||||
nofooter: true
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
[Yeah][wiki]. So far I only have one language even approaching usability:
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Lántas]__ #/laːntas/, which wins the prizes for the longest I've stuck with one language, and the most detailed I've ever got with a single language. It's got _lots_ of noun inflection and a significant amount on verbs too. I was a bit obsessed with Finnish when I first started it, which might be evident. (Not just in the amount of inflection, but also in things like the unmotivated inclusion of clusters like #/ps/ and #/ks/.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The others have barely anything to them so far.
|
||||
|
||||
* __[Tengan]__, or #(tté ŋa) #/tʼɛ˥ ŋɑ˩/, an isolating-ish language with evidentiality and clicks and a featural script (i.e. like Hangul, but not as good).
|
||||
* __[Zalajmkwély]__ #/zɑlɑɪmkweˈliː/, something initiating from a conlang-in-an-hour challenge thing but then I got kinda attached to it.
|
||||
|
||||
[Lántas]: laantas/
|
||||
[Tengan]: tengan/
|
||||
[Zalajmkwély]: zalajmkwely/
|
||||
[wiki]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_language
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"
|
||||
href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="320" height="97"
|
||||
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5.0, 14.0) scale(3.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#g" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="5.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#m" x="6.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="12.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ml" x="13.0" />
|
||||
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|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5.0, 62.0) scale(3.0)" class="script">
|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
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</g>
|
||||
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 2.4 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
|||
Gimimli mathamat kihnuja namaksumasti aisina.
|
||||
{
|
||||
gimi-m-li matha-m-at kihnu-ja namaksu-m-asti ai-si-na
|
||||
time-DEF-IN world-DEF-GEN destroy-REL death-DEF-TRA be-RPST-1SG
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"
|
||||
href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="800" height="155"
|
||||
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
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<g transform="translate(5.0, 20.0) scale(5.0)" class="script">
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#eos" x="135.0" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5.0, 100.0) scale(5.0)" class="script">
|
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<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dua" x="123.0" />
|
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<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#h" x="125.0" />
|
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<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="133.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#eos" x="135.0" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 3.6 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
|
|||
Láhasijaðba míllanamku ibjahatul.
|
||||
{
|
||||
lá-ha-si-ja-ð-ba mílla-na-m-ku ibja-ha-tul
|
||||
do-2SG-RPST-REL-NOM-SUP know-1SG-DEF-SUB think-2SG-NEG
|
||||
You don't think I know what you've done.
|
||||
}
|
||||
Pašuja nisł kali aimat mulin suaha.
|
||||
{
|
||||
pašu-ja nis-ł ka-li ai-m-at mulin sua-ha
|
||||
break-REL thought-PL 1SG-AD be-DEF-GEN therefore say-2SG
|
||||
So you say I'm crazy.
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"
|
||||
href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="800" height="155"
|
||||
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5.0, 20.0) scale(5.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ŕ" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#k" x="12.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="17.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ls" x="19.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="29.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d" x="31.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dú" x="36.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#š" x="38.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dḿ" x="43.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#t" x="45.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="48.25" />
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#eop" x="147.0" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5.0, 100.0) scale(5.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ŕ" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="12.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="17.0" />
|
||||
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|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="24.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#sn" x="26.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dai" x="36.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#a" x="43.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#s" x="45.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="50.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#r" x="52.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dai" x="57.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#s" x="59.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dai" x="64.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#eos" x="66.0" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 3.0 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||
Ŕ kalsudúšḿt lau ǧisat hámam sidasai, ŕ nakasnai asuraisai.
|
||||
{ [ɻ̩ ˌkaɬʲsuðuːʃm̩t lau ˌʤisat ˈxaːmam sɪðasai | ɻ̩ ˌnakasnai asuˈraisai]
|
||||
ŕ kalsu-dúš-ḿ-t lau ǧisa-t háma-m sida-sai
|
||||
and strike-3PL-DEF-GEN in_order_to fire-GEN nation-DEF come-DPST
|
||||
ŕ nakasnai asurai-sai
|
||||
and everything change-DPST
|
||||
|
||||
And the fire nation attacked, and everything changed.
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: List of abbreviations
|
||||
title: Lántas—List of abbreviations
|
||||
hidetoc: true
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
conlang: lántas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
:::threecol
|
||||
<div class=twocol>
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
: first person
|
||||
|
|
@ -80,12 +79,14 @@ INT
|
|||
LAT
|
||||
: --lative case
|
||||
|
||||
NAGT
|
||||
: non-agentive
|
||||
|
||||
NEG
|
||||
: negative
|
||||
|
||||
NOM
|
||||
: nominaliser
|
||||
: nominative case
|
||||
: nominaliser; (nominative case)
|
||||
|
||||
OBJ
|
||||
: object
|
||||
|
|
@ -135,4 +136,4 @@ SUP
|
|||
TRA
|
||||
: translative case
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"
|
||||
href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="800" height="255"
|
||||
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(45.0, 60.0) scale(5.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#m" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="6.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="8.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="13.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ǧ" x="20.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="25.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ks" x="27.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="36.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="38.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="43.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ŕ" x="50.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#m" x="62.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="68.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="70.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="75.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#p" x="82.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="87.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#r" x="89.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dai" x="94.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="96.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="101.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#m" x="103.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="106.0" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(45.0, 150.0) scale(5.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#f" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="6.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ll" x="8.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="18.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#t" x="20.0" />
|
||||
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{I am the first who has written novels in the Spanish language, though many have hitherto appeared among us, all of them translated from foreign authors. But these are my own, neither imitated nor stolen from anyone; my genius has engendered them, my pen has brought them forth, and they are growing up in the arms of the press.}
|
||||
|
||||
Ispanalántasla paraijað natta aina.
|
||||
{ ispana-lántas-la parai-ja-ð na-tta ai-na
|
||||
| spain-language-INS speak-REL-NOM one-ADV be-1SG
|
||||
| I am the first to write in Spanish. }
|
||||
Liččala maškutrabanł tíruli bairusailú,
|
||||
{ ličča mašku-t-raban-ł tíru-li bairu-sai-lú
|
||||
| many story-GEN-book-PL past-IN see-DPST-PSV
|
||||
| Many have already been seen among us, }
|
||||
ŕminu nakasnala ran lisla asurat lántaslin paraisailú.
|
||||
{ ŕminu nakasna-la ran lisla asura-t lántas-li-n parai-sai-lú
|
||||
| but every-INS thing again other-GEN language-IN-ABL write-DPST-PSV
|
||||
| but all of them were translated from another language. }
|
||||
Ŕ lul fasitta kat ai.
|
||||
{ ŕ lu-l fasi-tta kat ai
|
||||
| and this-PL complete-ADV 1SG;GEN be
|
||||
| But these are my own. }
|
||||
Gurubasanł júlilúfáštul, kaubasilúfáštul.
|
||||
{ guruba-sa-n-ł júli-lú-fáš-tul kauba-si-lú-fáš-tul
|
||||
| copy-AD-ABL-PL take-PSV-3PL-NEG steal-RPST-PSV-3PL-NEG
|
||||
| They aren't copies, and they weren't stolen. }
|
||||
Kat časmá lásibúš,
|
||||
{ kat časmá lá-si-búš
|
||||
| my genius make-RPST-3PL;OBJ
|
||||
| My genius created them, }
|
||||
ŕ kat ǧunai lusas júlisibúš
|
||||
{ ŕ kat ǧunai lu-sa-s júli-si-búš
|
||||
| and my pen this-AD-LAT bring-RPST-3PL;OBJ
|
||||
| my pen brought them forth, }
|
||||
ŕ samńt lirajat iššasku gḿbafáš.
|
||||
{ ŕ samń-t lira-ja-Ø-t iššas-ku gḿba-fáš
|
||||
| and ink-GEN press-REL-NOM-GEN care-SUB grow-3PL;SBJ
|
||||
| and they grow in the care of the press. }
|
||||
|
||||
|
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{ vim: set lbr : }
|
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
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<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"
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href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
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<svg width="400" height="75"
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
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<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"
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href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lw" x="79" />
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</g>
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<g transform="translate(65, 190)" class="word">
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<text x="25">–ll–</text>
|
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<text x="91">–lm–</text>
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<text x="162">–ln–</text>
|
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<text x="226">–lr–</text>
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<text x="292">–lč–</text>
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</g>
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<g transform="translate(195, 310)" class="word">
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<text x="35">–lh–</text>
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<text x="111">–lf–</text>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
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<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
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<svg width="630" height="330" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
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</g>
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</g>
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<g transform="translate(65, 190)" class="word">
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<text x="28">–ml–</text>
|
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<text x="237">–mr–</text>
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<text x="154" y="30" class="ipa">uə</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1.3 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="320" height="260" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 25) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
|
||||
<g>
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(8)">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dá" x="5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(16)">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#di" x="5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(24)">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dí" x="5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(32)">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#du" x="5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(40)">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dú" x="5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(48)">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dai" x="5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(56)">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dau" x="5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 95)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="15">ta</text>
|
||||
<text x="55">tá</text>
|
||||
<text x="95">ti</text>
|
||||
<text x="135">tí</text>
|
||||
<text x="175">tu</text>
|
||||
<text x="215">tú</text>
|
||||
<text x="255">tai</text>
|
||||
<text x="295">tau</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(30, 160) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<g>
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dia" x="5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(8)">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dua" x="5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(16)">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dḿ" x="5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(24)">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dń" x="5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(32)">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dł" x="5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(40)">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dŕ" x="5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(48)">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#d0" x="2.5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(30, 230)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="15">tia</text>
|
||||
<text x="55">tua</text>
|
||||
<text x="95">tḿ</text>
|
||||
<text x="135">tń</text>
|
||||
<text x="175">tł</text>
|
||||
<text x="215">tŕ</text>
|
||||
<text x="255">–t</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 2.7 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="15" height="15" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#eop" x="-0.5" y="-1"
|
||||
transform="scale(5)" class="script" />
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 348 B |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="15" height="30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#eos" x="-2.5" y="0.5"
|
||||
transform="scale(5)" class="script" />
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 349 B |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Examples
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
# The North Wind and the Sun
|
||||
|
||||
_The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveller came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveller take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveller fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveller took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two._
|
||||
|
||||
«Ruakul naipa bahútlit aimlis
|
||||
Laksit Fuhamkas Guwanḿ asumsas ba sua.
|
||||
Gimimli ufat kukkit ippauja šikkúþł ruamiril nara.
|
||||
Šikkúþłm kukkimat rumin júlim natta abudajað
|
||||
bahútlit aimat
|
||||
laimitta šikkúbu.
|
||||
Gimimli Laksit Fuham rut bássatlit fuha,
|
||||
ŕminu hakkatta fuhafamat gimimli
|
||||
kubutta šikkúþłm kukkimat rumi ńgua.
|
||||
Mulin Laksit Fuham čaubam bulla.
|
||||
Gimimli Guwanḿ ufatta tílju,
|
||||
ŕ šikkúþłm kukkimat šutta rumin júli.
|
||||
Mulin Guwanḿ bahútlit aimat Laksit Fuham suam bulla.»
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object data=northwind.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Ruakul naipa bahútlit aimlis
|
||||
ˌruə̯kɔɬʲ ˌnæɪ̯pɐ bɐˈxoːtɬɪt æɪ̯mlɪs
|
||||
rua-ku-l nai=pa bahú-t-lit ai-m-li-s
|
||||
3-SUB-PL one=what strength-GEN-SUP be-DEF-IN-ABL
|
||||
About which of them was stronger
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Laksit Fuhamkas Guwanḿ asumsas ba sua.
|
||||
ˌlaksɪt ˈfuxɑmkɑs ˈɡɔwɑnm̩ ˌasʊmsɐs bɐ ˌsuə̯
|
||||
laksi-t fuha-m-kas guwan-ḿ asu-m-sa-s ba sua
|
||||
north-GEN blow-DEF-COM sun-DEF others-DEF-AD-LAT against say
|
||||
the North Wind and the Sun were arguing.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Gimimli ufat kukkit ippauja šikkúþł ruamiril nara.
|
||||
ˌɡɛmɪmlɪ ˌufɐt ˈkɔkːɛt ˌipːɑʊ̯jɐ ˈʃikːoːθɫ̩ ˌɾuə̯mɪʑɪɬʲ ˌnarɐ
|
||||
gimi-m-li ufan-t kukki-t ippau-ja šikkú-þł rua-mi-ri-l nara
|
||||
time-DEF-IN warm-GEN coat-GEN wear-REL go-er 3-APUD-PRL-PL walk
|
||||
Then, a traveller wearing a warm coat walked past.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Šikkúþłm kukkimat rumin júlim natta abudajað
|
||||
ˌʃikːoːθɫ̩m ˈkɔkːɛmɐt ˌɾumɪn ˌjuːlɪm ˈnatːɐ ˌavʊðɐjɐθ
|
||||
šikkúþł-m kukki-m-at ru-mi-n júli-m na-tta abuda-ja-ð
|
||||
traveller-DEF coat-DEF-GEN 3SG-APUD-ABL take-DEF one-ADV cause-REL-NOM
|
||||
The one to first make the traveller remove his coat
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
bahútlit aimat
|
||||
bɐˈxoːtɬɪt æɪ̯mɐt
|
||||
bahútlit ai-m-at
|
||||
strongest be-DEF-GEN
|
||||
would be the stronger
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
laimitta šikkúbu.
|
||||
ˌlæɪ̯mɪtːɐ ˌʃikːoːvʊ
|
||||
laimi-tta šikkú-bu
|
||||
same-ADV go-3PL
|
||||
is what they agreed.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Gimimli Laksit Fuham rut bássatlitta fuha,
|
||||
ˌɡɛmɪmlɪ ˈlaksɪt ˈfuxɑm ɾʊt ˌbaːsːɐtɬɪtːɐ ˈfuxɑ
|
||||
gimimli Laksit_Fuham rut bássa-t-lit-ta fuha
|
||||
then the:North:Wind 3SG;GEN force-GEN-SUP-ADV blow
|
||||
Then the North Wind blew his hardest,
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
ŕminu hakkatta fuhafamat gimimli
|
||||
ˌɻ̩ːmɪnʊ ˌxɑkːɑtːɐ ˈfuxɑfɐmɐt ˌɡɛmɪmlɪ
|
||||
ŕ-minu hakka-tta fuha-fa-m-at gimimli
|
||||
and-still harsh-ADV blow-3SG-DEF-GEN as
|
||||
but the stronger he blew
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
kubutta šikkúþłm kukkimat rumi ńgua.
|
||||
ˌkɔvʊtːɐ ˌʃɪkːoːθɫ̩m ˌkɔkːɛmɐt ɾʊmɪ ˈŋ̩ɡɔə̯
|
||||
kubu-tta šikkúþłm kukkim-at ru-mi ńgua
|
||||
close-ADV the:traveller the:coat-GEN 3SG-APUD pull
|
||||
the closer the traveller pulled his coat around himself.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Mulin Laksit Fuham čaubam bulla.
|
||||
ˌmulɪn ˈlaksɪt ˈfuhɑm ˈtʃɑʊ̯vɐm ˌbuɫːɑ
|
||||
mu-li-n Laksit_Fuham čauba-m bulla
|
||||
that-AD-ABL the:North:Wind give_up-DEF must
|
||||
So the North Wind had to give up.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Gimimli Guwanḿ ufatta tílju,
|
||||
ɡɛˌmimlɪ ˈɡɔwɑnm̩ ʊˈfatːɐ ˌtɪːljʊ
|
||||
gimimli Guwanḿ ufan-tta tílju
|
||||
then the:sun warm-ADV shine
|
||||
Then the Sun shone out warmly,
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
ŕ šikkúþłm kukkimat šutta rumin júli.
|
||||
ɻ̩ː ˌʃikːoːθl̩m ˈkɔkːɛmɐt ˈʃutːɐ ˌɾumɪn ˌjyːlɪ
|
||||
ŕ šikkúþłm kukkimat šun-tta ru-mi-n júli
|
||||
and the:traveller the:coat:GEN immediate-ADV 3SG-APUD-ABL take
|
||||
and immediately the traveller took off his coat.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Mulin Guwanḿ bahútlit aimat Laksit Fuham suam bulla.
|
||||
ˌmulɪn ˈɡɔwɑnm̩ bɐˌxoːtɬɪt æɪ̯mɐt ˈlaksɪt ˈfuxɑm suɐ̯m ˌbuɫːɐ
|
||||
mulin Guwanḿ bahútlit ai-m-at Laksit_Fuham sua-m bulla
|
||||
so the:Sun strongest be-DEF-GEN the:North:Wind say-DEF must
|
||||
So the North Wind had to say that the Sun was the stronger.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# Long-time nuclear waste warning message
|
||||
|
||||
> Long-time nuclear waste warning messages are intended to deter human intrusion
|
||||
> at nuclear waste repositories in the far future, within or above the order of
|
||||
> magnitude of 10,000 years. Nuclear semiotics is an interdisciplinary field of
|
||||
> research, first done by the Human Interference Task Force since 1981.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> —[Wikipedia](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-time_nuclear_waste_warning_messages)
|
||||
|
||||
- [This place is a message... and part of a system of messages ...pay attention
|
||||
to it!](#nuc1)
|
||||
- Sending this message was important to us. We considered ourselves to be a
|
||||
powerful culture.
|
||||
- This place is not a place of honor ... no highly esteemed deed is commemorated
|
||||
here... nothing valued is here.
|
||||
- What is here was dangerous and repulsive to us. This message is a warning
|
||||
about danger.
|
||||
- The danger is in a particular location... it increases towards a center... the
|
||||
center of danger is here... of a particular size and shape, and below us.
|
||||
- The danger is still present, in your time, as it was in ours.
|
||||
- The danger is to the body, and it can kill.
|
||||
- The form of the danger is an emanation of energy.
|
||||
- The danger is unleashed only if you substantially disturb this place
|
||||
physically.
|
||||
- This place is best shunned and left uninhabited.
|
||||
|
||||
**#(Luð fasḿ sua ai. Suatł kaubat jat ai. Mansihášbum bulla.)**
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Luð fasḿ sua ai.
|
||||
ˈluθ ˈfasm̩ ˈsuə̯ ai̯
|
||||
lu-ð fas-ḿ sua-Ø ai
|
||||
this-ADJ place-DEF say-N be
|
||||
This place is a message.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Suatł kaubat jat ai.
|
||||
ˌsuə̯tɫ̩ kɑo̯vɐt ˌjat ai̯
|
||||
sua-Ø-t-ł kauba-t jat ai
|
||||
say-N-GEN-PL group-GEN piece be
|
||||
It is one of a series of messages.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Mansihášbum bulla.
|
||||
ˈmansixɑːʒbʊm ˌbuɫːə
|
||||
mansi-háš-bu-m bulla
|
||||
understand-2PL-3SG-DEF must
|
||||
You must pay attention to it.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Luð suamat suam ausut aim ibjasináš. Bahút núl ainášḿ ibjasináš.
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Luð suamat suam ausut aim ibjasináš.
|
||||
lu-ð sua-Ø-m-at sua-m ausu-t ai-m ibja-si-náš
|
||||
this-ADJ say-N-DEF-GEN say-DEF important-GEN be-DEF believe-PST-1PL
|
||||
We thought it important to leave this message.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Bahút núl ainášḿ ibjasináš.
|
||||
bahú-t núl ai-náš-ḿ ibja-si-náš
|
||||
strong-GEN person-PL be-1PL-DEF believe-PST-1PL
|
||||
We believed ourselves to be powerful people.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Luð fasḿsa šit lá sawaitul.
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Luð fasḿsa šit lá sawaitul.
|
||||
lu-ð fas-ḿ-sa ši-t lá sawai-tul
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# Test sentences
|
||||
|
||||
([Source](http://web.archive.org/web/20120427054736/http://fiziwig.com/conlang/syntax_tests.html))
|
||||
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<style scope>
|
||||
p { margin-bottom: 0; }
|
||||
.gloss { margin-top: 6pt; }
|
||||
</style>
|
||||
|
||||
1. The sun shines.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Guwanḿ tílju.
|
||||
guwan-ḿ tílju
|
||||
sun-DEF shine
|
||||
The sun shines.
|
||||
```
|
||||
2. The sun is shining.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Sá guwanḿ tílju.
|
||||
sá guwanḿ tílju
|
||||
now the:sun shine
|
||||
The sun is shining now.
|
||||
```
|
||||
3. The sun shone.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Guwanḿ tíljusai.
|
||||
guwanḿ tílju-sai
|
||||
the:sun shine-DPST
|
||||
The sun shone.
|
||||
```
|
||||
4. The sun will shine.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Guwanḿ tíljumá.
|
||||
guwanḿ tílju-má
|
||||
the:sun shine-FUT
|
||||
The sun will shine.
|
||||
```
|
||||
5. The sun has been shining.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Guwanḿ tíljusi.
|
||||
guwanḿ tílju-si
|
||||
the:sun shine-RPST
|
||||
The sun shone recently.
|
||||
```
|
||||
6. The sun is shining again.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Guwanḿ lisla tílju.
|
||||
guwanḿ lis-la tílju
|
||||
the:sun new-INS shine
|
||||
The sun is shining again.
|
||||
```
|
||||
7. The sun will shine tomorrow.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Guwanḿgi guwanḿ tíljumá.
|
||||
guwan-ḿ-gi guwanḿ tíljumá
|
||||
day-DEF-POST;ESS the:sun will:shine
|
||||
The sun will shine tomorrow.
|
||||
```
|
||||
8. The sun shines brightly.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Guwanḿ tílju ufatta.
|
||||
guwanḿ tílju ufa(n)-tta
|
||||
the:sun shine bright-ADV
|
||||
The sun shines brightly (or warmly).
|
||||
```
|
||||
9. The bright sun shines.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Ufat guwanḿ tílju.
|
||||
ufa(n)-t guwanḿ tílju
|
||||
bright-GEN the:sun shine
|
||||
The bright/warm sun shines.
|
||||
```
|
||||
10. The sun is rising now.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Sá guwanḿ bisisidu.
|
||||
sá guwanḿ bisi-sidu
|
||||
now the:sun raise-RFL
|
||||
Now the sun is rising.
|
||||
```
|
||||
11. All the people shouted.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Nakasnala númł miaššasi.
|
||||
nakasnala nú-m-ł miašša-si
|
||||
every;INS person-DEF-PL shout-RPST
|
||||
All of the people shouted.
|
||||
```
|
||||
12. Some of the people shouted.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Nala númł miaššasi.
|
||||
nala númł miaššasi
|
||||
one;INS the:people shouted
|
||||
Some of the people shouted.
|
||||
```
|
||||
13. Many of the people shouted twice.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Liččala númł patta miaššasi.
|
||||
Ličča-la númł pa(s)-tta miaššasi
|
||||
many-INS the:people two-ADV shouted
|
||||
Many of the people shouted twice.
|
||||
```
|
||||
14. Happy people often shout.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Líbit númł tutim miašša.
|
||||
líbi(s)-t númł tutim miašša
|
||||
happy-GEN the:people often shout
|
||||
Happy people often shout.
|
||||
```
|
||||
15. The kitten jumped up.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Kalnišḿ šisas niasgasi.
|
||||
kalń-iš-ḿ ši-sa-s niasga-si
|
||||
cat-DIM-DEF high-AD-LAT jump-RPST
|
||||
The kitten jumped up.
|
||||
```
|
||||
16. The kitten jumped onto the table.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Kalnišḿ lahmisḿsas niasgasi.
|
||||
kalńišḿ lahmis-ḿ-sa-s niasgasi
|
||||
the:kitten table-DEF-AD-LAT jumped
|
||||
The kitten jumped onto the table
|
||||
```
|
||||
17. My little kitten walked away.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Katas milnut kalnišḿ lusan narasi.
|
||||
kat-as milnu-t kalńišḿ lu-sa-n nara-si
|
||||
my-CONJ little-GEN the:kitten this-AD-ABL walk-RPST
|
||||
My little kitten walked away from here.
|
||||
```
|
||||
18. It's raining.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Tippi santu.
|
||||
tippi santu
|
||||
water rains
|
||||
It's raining.
|
||||
```
|
||||
19. The rain came down.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Santutippi kisas kassasi.
|
||||
santu-tippi ki-sa-s kassa-si
|
||||
rain-water down-AD-LAT fall-RPST
|
||||
Rain fell down.
|
||||
```
|
||||
20. The kitten is playing in the rain.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Kalnišḿ lut gimimli warai tippim santum.
|
||||
kalnišḿ lut gimi-m-li warai tippi santu-m
|
||||
the:kitten this;GEN time-DEF-IN play water rain-DEF
|
||||
The kitten plays while it rains.
|
||||
```
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
21. The rain has stopped.
|
||||
22. Soon the rain will stop.
|
||||
23. I hope the rain stops soon.
|
||||
24. Once wild animals lived here.
|
||||
25. Slowly she looked around.
|
||||
26. Go away!
|
||||
27. Let's go!
|
||||
28. You should go.
|
||||
29. I will be happy to go.
|
||||
30. He will arrive soon.
|
||||
31. The baby's ball has rolled away.
|
||||
32. The two boys are working together.
|
||||
33. This mist will probably clear away.
|
||||
34. Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
|
||||
35. We should eat more slowly.
|
||||
36. You have come too soon.
|
||||
37. You must write more neatly.
|
||||
38. Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
|
||||
39. Henry's dog is lost.
|
||||
40. My cat is black.
|
||||
41. The little girl's doll is broken.
|
||||
42. I usually sleep soundly.
|
||||
43. The children ran after Jack.
|
||||
44. I can play after school.
|
||||
45. We went to the village for a visit.
|
||||
46. We arrived at the river.
|
||||
47. I have been waiting for you.
|
||||
48. The campers sat around the fire.
|
||||
49. A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
|
||||
50. The child waited at the door for her father.
|
||||
51. Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
|
||||
52. Were you born in this village?
|
||||
53. Can your brother dance well?
|
||||
54. Did the man leave?
|
||||
55. Is your sister coming for you?
|
||||
56. Can you come tomorrow?
|
||||
57. Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
|
||||
58. Does the robin sing in the rain?
|
||||
59. Are you going with us to the concert?
|
||||
60. Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
|
||||
61. We sailed down the river for several miles.
|
||||
62. Everybody knows about hunting.
|
||||
63. On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
|
||||
64. Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
|
||||
65. An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
|
||||
66. The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
|
||||
67. The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
|
||||
68. Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
|
||||
69. The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
|
||||
70. The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
|
||||
71. On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
|
||||
72. During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
|
||||
73. When will your guests from the city arrive?
|
||||
74. Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
|
||||
75. Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
|
||||
76. Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
|
||||
77. The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
|
||||
78. The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
|
||||
79. The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
|
||||
80. The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
|
||||
81. A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
|
||||
82. I am very happy.
|
||||
83. These oranges are juicy.
|
||||
84. Sea water is salty.
|
||||
85. The streets are full of people.
|
||||
86. Sugar tastes sweet.
|
||||
87. The fire feels hot.
|
||||
88. The little girl seemed lonely.
|
||||
89. The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
|
||||
90. I have lost my blanket.
|
||||
91. A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
|
||||
92. At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
|
||||
93. Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
|
||||
94. Their voices sound very happy.
|
||||
95. Is today Monday?
|
||||
96. Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
|
||||
97. Will you be ready on time?
|
||||
98. Will you send this message for me?
|
||||
99. Are you waiting for me?
|
||||
100. Is this the first kitten of the litter?
|
||||
101. Are these shoes too big for you?
|
||||
102. How wide is the River?
|
||||
103. Listen.
|
||||
104. Sit here by me.
|
||||
105. Keep this secret until tomorrow.
|
||||
106. Come with us.
|
||||
107. Bring your friends with you.
|
||||
108. Be careful.
|
||||
109. Have some tea.
|
||||
110. Pip and his dog were great friends.
|
||||
111. John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
|
||||
112. You and I will go together.
|
||||
113. They opened all the doors and windows.
|
||||
114. He is small, but strong.
|
||||
115. Is this tree an oak or a maple?
|
||||
116. Does the sky look blue or gray?
|
||||
117. Come with your father or mother.
|
||||
118. I am tired, but very happy.
|
||||
119. He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
|
||||
120. Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
|
||||
121. A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
|
||||
122. The first part of the story is very interesting.
|
||||
123. The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
|
||||
124. The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
|
||||
125. Stop your game and be quiet.
|
||||
126. The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
|
||||
127. Do you like summer or winter better?
|
||||
128. That boy will have a wonderful trip.
|
||||
129. They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
|
||||
130. They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
|
||||
131. Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
|
||||
132. I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
|
||||
133. Aha! I have caught you!
|
||||
134. This string is too short!
|
||||
135. Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
|
||||
136. Alas! that news is sad indeed!
|
||||
137. Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
|
||||
138. Are you warm enough now?
|
||||
139. They heard the warning too late.
|
||||
140. We are a brave people, and love our country.
|
||||
141. All the children came except Mary.
|
||||
142. Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
|
||||
143. This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
|
||||
144. On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
|
||||
145. Our bird's name is Jacko.
|
||||
146. The river knows the way to the sea.
|
||||
147. The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
|
||||
148. They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
|
||||
149. The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
|
||||
150. We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.
|
||||
151. We learn something new each day.
|
||||
152. The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
|
||||
153. Did you find the distance too great?
|
||||
154. Hurry, children.
|
||||
155. Madam, I will obey your command.
|
||||
156. Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
|
||||
157. In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
|
||||
158. Tell the last part of that story again.
|
||||
159. Be quick or you will be too late.
|
||||
160. Will you go with us or wait here?
|
||||
161. She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
|
||||
162. Think first and then act.
|
||||
163. I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
|
||||
164. Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
|
||||
165. Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
|
||||
166. We consider them our faithful friends.
|
||||
167. We will make this place our home.
|
||||
168. The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
|
||||
169. The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
|
||||
170. I hurt myself.
|
||||
171. She was talking to herself.
|
||||
172. He proved himself trustworthy.
|
||||
173. We could see ourselves in the water.
|
||||
174. Do it yourself.
|
||||
175. I feel ashamed of myself.
|
||||
176. Sit here by yourself.
|
||||
177. The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
|
||||
178. They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
|
||||
179. With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
|
||||
180. All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
|
||||
181. Light he thought her, like a feather.
|
||||
182. Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
|
||||
183. In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
|
||||
184. The boy who brought the book has gone.
|
||||
185. These are the flowers that you ordered.
|
||||
186. I have lost the book that you gave me.
|
||||
187. The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
|
||||
188. Come when you are called.
|
||||
189. I shall stay at home if it rains.
|
||||
190. When he saw me, he stopped.
|
||||
191. Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
|
||||
192. I shall lend you the books that you need.
|
||||
193. Come early next Monday if you can.
|
||||
194. If you come early, wait in the hall.
|
||||
195. I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
|
||||
196. Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
|
||||
197. He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
|
||||
198. Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
|
||||
199. I have found the ring I lost.
|
||||
200. Play and I will sing.
|
||||
201. That is the funniest story I ever heard.
|
||||
202. She is taller than her brother.
|
||||
203. They are no wiser than we.
|
||||
204. Light travels faster than sound.
|
||||
205. We have more time than they.
|
||||
206. She has more friends than enemies.
|
||||
207. He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
|
||||
208. When the wind blew, the traveller wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
|
||||
209. I am sure that we can go.
|
||||
210. We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
|
||||
211. "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
|
||||
212. I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
|
||||
213. My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
|
||||
214. Why he has left the city is a mystery.
|
||||
215. The house stands where three roads meet.
|
||||
216. He has far more money than brains.
|
||||
217. Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
|
||||
218. I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.
|
||||
-->
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas
|
||||
hidetoc: true
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
<style>
|
||||
h1::before, h2::before, h3::before { content: "" !important; }
|
||||
</style>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object data="laantas.svg"></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
This grammar has finally got so long it is worth splitting it into several pages.
|
||||
|
||||
# Contents
|
||||
|
||||
#. [Phonology](phonology.html)
|
||||
#. [Writing system](script.html)
|
||||
#. [Nouns](nouns.html)
|
||||
#. [Pronouns & demonstratives](pronouns.html)
|
||||
#. [Verbs](verbs.html)
|
||||
#. [Numbers](numbers.html)
|
||||
#. [Personal Names](names.html)
|
||||
#. [Syntax](syntax.html) (not done yet)
|
||||
#. [Examples](examples.html)
|
||||
#. [List of abbreviations](abbrevs.html)
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="405" height="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(65, 25) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#a" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#á" x="6" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#i" x="15" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#í" x="26" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#u" x="37" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ú" x="48" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(65, 70)" class="word">
|
||||
<text>a</text>
|
||||
<text x="38">á</text>
|
||||
<text x="87">i</text>
|
||||
<text x="144">í</text>
|
||||
<text x="197">u</text>
|
||||
<text x="256">ú</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 135) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ai" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#au" x="11" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ia" x="21" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ua" x="32" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ḿ" x="43" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ń" x="55" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ł" x="64" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ŕ" x="74" />
|
||||
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 185)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="12">ai</text>
|
||||
<text x="67">au</text>
|
||||
<text x="119">ia</text>
|
||||
<text x="174">ua</text>
|
||||
<text x="229">ḿ</text>
|
||||
<text x="285">ń</text>
|
||||
<text x="330">ł</text>
|
||||
<text x="385">ŕ</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1.5 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="202" height="90" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,5) scale(8)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#l" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dá" x="5" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#nt" x="6" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="16" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#s" x="17" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#d0" x="19.5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 615 B |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"
|
||||
href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="1000" height="155"
|
||||
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5.0, 20.0) scale(5.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#k" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="5.0" />
|
||||
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|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dń" x="12.0" />
|
||||
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|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="24.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#š" x="26.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="31.0" />
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<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="38.0" />
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<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#s" x="40.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="42.5" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#k" x="52.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dai" x="57.0" />
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</svg>
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|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1.3 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||
kaitlit waišat laðasjuakas puppanua fímat ahnanáš
|
||||
ausujuajuat gulmisari purailúja guabut purai
|
||||
iksala parailúja mašku, násná raušgil lisla paraim mapsusináš
|
||||
bahnit bais baudat sua dansu ŕ kifat suafa
|
||||
|
||||
waišala mapsusifa
|
||||
nalapa lásidusifa?
|
||||
waišala mapsusifa
|
||||
násná dagusal maimáfamat ibjana
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Personal Names
|
||||
hidetoc: true
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
Names in Lántas can be very long in their full form, containing multiple
|
||||
goneonymics[^goneo] (names referring to their parents, biological or
|
||||
otherwise); at least one given name, usually two; several adjectival epithets;
|
||||
and a toponym (referring to the town where they grew up), in that order. An
|
||||
example of a full name is «Mafitsuš Kampatsuš Mammu Šamni Bahút Tamnissa-Amat
|
||||
Gappatkirḿlin» meaning, in order, "Child of Mafi (mother), Child of Kampa
|
||||
(father), Mammu Šamni, Strong, Loyal to their Family, from Gappatkir". In most
|
||||
situations they would be referred to as either Mammu or Šamni depending on
|
||||
their preference. Many names are even longer than this; as a culture, Lántas
|
||||
speakers take significant pride in giving their children particularly long
|
||||
names. The given names themselves have no inherent meaning or gender bias, but
|
||||
names are frequently reused within a family.
|
||||
|
||||
[^goneo]: Full disclosure: I made this word up.
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
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After Width: | Height: | Size: 22 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
|
|||
Ruakul naipa bahútlit aimlis
|
||||
Laksit Fuhamkas Guwanḿ asumsas ba sua.
|
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Gimimli ufat kukkit ippauja šikkúþł ruamiril nara.
|
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Šikkúþłm kukkimat rumin júlim natta abudajað
|
||||
bahútlit aimat
|
||||
laimitta suabu.
|
||||
Gimimli Laksit Fuham rut bássatlit fuha,
|
||||
ŕminu hakkatta fuhafamat gimimli
|
||||
kubutta šikkúþłm kukkimat rumi ńgua.
|
||||
Mulin Laksit Fuham čaubam bulla.
|
||||
Gimimli Guwanḿ ufatta tílju,
|
||||
ŕ šikkúþłm kukkimat šutta rumin júli.
|
||||
Mulin Guwanḿ bahútlit aimat Laksit Fuham suam bulla.
|
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
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<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
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externalResourcesRequired="true">
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<g transform="translate(5,25) scale(3)" class="script">
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#f" x="28" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#du" x="34" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#h" x="36" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="44" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mk" x="46" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="56" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#s" x="58" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#d0" x="60" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#g" x="68" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#du" x="73" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#w" x="75" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="81" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#n" x="83" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dḿ" x="88" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#a" x="95" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#s" x="97" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#du" x="102" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ms" x="104" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="115" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#s" x="117" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#d0" x="119" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#b" x="127" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="133" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#l" x="140" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#du" x="145" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#l" x="147" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#di" x="152" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#n" x="154" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#d0" x="156" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#s" x="164" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dua" x="169" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#eop" x="171" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,75)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="37">Laksit</text>
|
||||
<text x="135">Fuhamkas</text>
|
||||
<text x="235">Guwanḿ</text>
|
||||
<text x="325">asumsas</text>
|
||||
<text x="393">ba</text>
|
||||
<text x="449">lulin</text>
|
||||
<text x="504">sua,</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,120) scale(3)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#r" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dua" x="5" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ll" x="7" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="17" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#n" x="24" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dai" x="29" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#p" x="31" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="36" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#b" x="43" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="49" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#h" x="51" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dú" x="59" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#tl" x="61" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#di" x="70" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" x="72" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#d0" x="75" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ai" x="82" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#m" x="89" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#d0" x="92" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#eos" x="97" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,170)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="25">rualla</text>
|
||||
<text x="91">naipa</text>
|
||||
<text x="179">bahútlit</text>
|
||||
<text x="265">aim.</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 3.3 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Nouns
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
Nouns are the words which name and refer to specific entities. Lántas is unusual in that words which are often considered to form a separate "adjective" class, or, occasionally, a subset of verbs, are also (the genitive case of) nouns.
|
||||
|
||||
# Number
|
||||
|
||||
The basic form of a noun is its singular, in all cases. The plural is formed by adding:
|
||||
|
||||
* «-al» to a word ending in «l» or «ł»,
|
||||
* «-l» to a word ending in a vowel, or
|
||||
* «-ł» to a word ending in a consonant, syllabic or not, other than «l».
|
||||
|
||||
This plural form can also be applied to names of people. In this case it forms what is called an _associative plural_, and refers to a person plus a group associated with them, usually their family or friend group.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
ǧunail
|
||||
ǧunai-l
|
||||
stick-PL
|
||||
sticks
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Jánimł
|
||||
Jáni-m-ł
|
||||
John-DEF-PL
|
||||
John and his friends
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
# Core cases {#corecases}
|
||||
|
||||
Declension for the core cases of «nú» 'man' and «lun» 'road' are shown below. Some of the endings are slightly different in the case of a stem ending in a consonant or vowel, and if the ending starts with multiple consonants the final one of the stem is dropped.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
| | Singular | Plural |
|
||||
|----------------------:|:---------|:-----------|
|
||||
| Nominative #!(NOM)! | «nú» | «nú·l» |
|
||||
| Genitive #!(GEN)! | «nú·t» | «nú·t·ł» |
|
||||
| Comitative #!(COM)! | «nú·kas» | «nú·kas·ł» |
|
||||
| Caritive #!(CAR)! | «nú·ssa» | «nú·ssa·l» |
|
||||
| Instrumental #!(INS)! | «nú·la» | «nú·la·l» |
|
||||
| Essive #!(ESS)! | «nú·gu» | «nú·gu·l» |
|
||||
| Translative #!(TRA)! | «nú·sti» | «nú·sti·l» |
|
||||
| Exessive #!(EXE)! | «nú·ču» | «nú·ču·l» |
|
||||
|
||||
| | Singular | Plural |
|
||||
|-------:|:--------------|:----------------|
|
||||
| #!NOM! | «lun» | «lun·ł» |
|
||||
| #!GEN! | «lu~~n~~·t» | «lun·t·ł» |
|
||||
| #!COM! | «lun·kas» | «lun·kas·ł» |
|
||||
| #!CAR! | «lu~~n~~·ssa» | «lu~~n~~·ssa·l» |
|
||||
| #!INS! | «lun·la» | «lun·la·l» |
|
||||
| #!ESS! | «lun·gu» | «lun·gu·l» |
|
||||
| #!TRA! | «lu~~n~~·sti» | «lu~~n~~·sti·l» |
|
||||
| #!EXE! | «lun·ču» | «lun·ču·l» |
|
||||
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The _nominative_ is the subject of sentences, and the unmarked form. The _genitive_ is used for the object of sentences, the possessive, and for modifying other nouns (see [below](#adjectivals)).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Jánim línait bairusi.
|
||||
Jáni-m línai-t bairu-si
|
||||
John-DEF mouse-GEN see-RPST
|
||||
John saw a mouse.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Jánimat línai
|
||||
Jáni-ma-t línai
|
||||
John-DEF-GEN mouse
|
||||
John's mouse
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
ausut línai
|
||||
ausu-t línai
|
||||
large-GEN mouse
|
||||
a large mouse
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
For _inalienable_ possession (body parts, family members, etc), the [definite](#definiteness) is usually used instead of an explicit genitive construction.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Nattumatł bairusina.
|
||||
nattu-ma-t-ł bairu-si-na
|
||||
parent-DEF-GEN-PL see-PST-1SG
|
||||
I saw my [the] parents.
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The _comitative_ case is used for 'and' between two nouns, as well as 'with' in the sense of 'accompanied by'. It is used on all but the _last_ noun being conjoined, with the last one taking the semantic case for the whole sequence. The opposite case, the _caritive_, means 'without', and is also used for _negative_ possessive statements. (See the adessive, described below, for affirmative statements.)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
suksł ká
|
||||
suksł ká
|
||||
they;COM I
|
||||
they and I
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Kalńkas þasit bairusina.
|
||||
kalń-kas þasi-t bairu-si-na
|
||||
cat-COM dog-GEN see-RPST-1SG
|
||||
I saw a cat and a dog.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Sairiassa aina.
|
||||
sairia-ssa ai-na
|
||||
money-CAR be-1SG
|
||||
I don't have any money.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Kat fadaukas ká rut ǧimamlis šikkúsi.
|
||||
kat fadau-kas ká rut ǧima-m-li-s šikkú-si
|
||||
my friend-COM I his house-DEF-IN-LAT go-RPST
|
||||
I went with my friend to his house.
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The most common use of the _instrumental_ case is the [theme] of ditransitive sentences (while the recipient is in the genitive). It is also used for 'with' as in 'using', in distributive phrases such as «kallila» 'in threes, in sets of three, three each', for quantity expressions such as units, and quantifiers like 'every'.
|
||||
|
||||
[theme]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundative_language
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Sanǧula paraina.
|
||||
sanǧu-la parai-na
|
||||
pen-INS write-1SG
|
||||
I write with a pen.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
kalli litrala tippi
|
||||
kalli litra-la tippi
|
||||
three litre-INS water
|
||||
three litres of water
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
nakasnala hámal
|
||||
nakasnala háma-l
|
||||
every;INS country-PL
|
||||
every country
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
nala núl
|
||||
nala nú-l
|
||||
any;INS person-PL
|
||||
some people
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
nai rala númł
|
||||
nai ra(n)-la nú-m-ł
|
||||
one thing-INS person-DEF-PL
|
||||
one of the people
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
nala númł
|
||||
nala nú-m-ł
|
||||
any;INS person-DEF-PL
|
||||
some of the people
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The _essive_ case indicates a state, while the _translative_ and _exessive_ cases indicate a change of state. The translative marks the new state, and the exessive the old. The essive and exessive are most commonly used with comparatives (see [below](#adjectivals)).
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO: examples__
|
||||
|
||||
# Locational cases
|
||||
|
||||
The locational cases are formed by pairs of suffixes, one for the type of
|
||||
motion and one for the orientation or part of the target object.[^tsez]
|
||||
Unlike for the core cases, the endings are the same regardless of whether the
|
||||
stem ends in a consonant or vowel, so they are only listed for «nú».
|
||||
|
||||
These cases have formulaic names, e.g., 'adessive' (at), 'absuperlative' (from above), and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
[^tsez]: You might think that this sounds too mathematical or artificial to occur in a natural language, but in fact some Caucasian languages, such as [Tsez] and [Archi], do exactly this.
|
||||
|
||||
[Tsez]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsez_language "Tsez on Wikipedia"
|
||||
[Archi]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archi_language "Archi on Wikipedia"
|
||||
|
||||
* _ad--_ (_al--_): 'at'
|
||||
* _in--_ (_il--_): 'in'
|
||||
* _pre--_: 'in front of'
|
||||
* _post--_: 'behind'
|
||||
* _inter--_: 'between' or 'among'
|
||||
* _super--_: 'on top of' or 'over'
|
||||
* _sub--_: 'below' or 'under'
|
||||
* _apud--_: 'near' or 'next to'
|
||||
* _--essive_: 'at' or 'on'
|
||||
* _--lative_: 'towards'
|
||||
* _ab--lative_: 'away from'
|
||||
* _per--lative_: 'through' or 'along'
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
| | | Essive (ESS) | Lative (LAT) | Ab--lative (ABL) | Per--lative (PRL) |
|
||||
|-----------:|------:|--------------|--------------|------------------|-------------------|
|
||||
| Ad– | #!SG! | «nú·sa» | «nú·sa·s» | «nú·sa·n» | «nú·sa·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(AD)! | #!PL! | «nú·sa·l» | «nú·sa·s·ł» | «nú·sa·n·ł» | «nú·sa·ri·l» |
|
||||
| In– | #!SG! | «nú·li» | «nú·li·s» | «nú·li·n» | «nú·li·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(IN)! | #!PL! | «nú·li·l» | «nú·li·s·ł» | «nú·li·n·ł» | «nú·li·ri·l» |
|
||||
| Pre– | #!SG! | «nú·ðu» | «nú·ðu·s» | «nú·ðu·n» | «nú·ðu·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(PRE)! | #!PL! | «nú·ðu·l» | «nú·ðu·s·ł» | «nú·ðu·n·ł» | «nú·ðu·ri·l» |
|
||||
| Post– | #!SG! | «nú·gi» | «nú·gi·s» | «nú·gi·n» | «nú·gi·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(POST)! | #!PL! | «nú·gi·l» | «nú·gi·s·ł» | «nú·gi·n·ł» | «nú·gi·ri·l» |
|
||||
| Inter– | #!SG! | «nú·nua» | «nú·nua·s» | «nú·nua·n» | «nú·nua·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(INTER)! | #!PL! | «nú·nua·l» | «nú·nua·s·ł» | «nú·nua·n·ł» | «nú·nua·ri·l» |
|
||||
| Super– | #!SG! | «nú·ba» | «nú·ba·s» | «nú·ba·n» | «nú·ba·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(SUPER)! | #!PL! | «nú·ba·l» | «nú·ba·s·ł» | «nú·ba·n·ł» | «nú·ba·ri·l» |
|
||||
| Sub– | #!SG! | «nú·ku» | «nú·ku·s» | «nú·ku·n» | «nú·ku·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(SUB)! | #!PL! | «nú·ku·l» | «nú·ku·s·ł» | «nú·ku·n·ł» | «nú·ku·ri·l» |
|
||||
| Apud– | #!SG! | «nú·mi» | «nú·mi·s» | «nú·mi·n» | «nú·mi·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(APUD)! | #!PL! | «nú·mi·l» | «nú·mi·s·ł» | «nú·mi·n·ł» | «nú·mi·ri·l» |
|
||||
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
* Subessive is used for:
|
||||
* 'in the opinion of': «Kaku manifnut ai.» That's pleasant to me/I like that.
|
||||
- Superessive is used for:
|
||||
- 'about': «Suba jaisi fína.» I dreamt about you.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- -->
|
||||
|
||||
* \#!(AD--LAT)! «Dufnamsas júlisina.» I stuck it onto the wall.
|
||||
* \#!(AD--ESS)! «Ǧimamsa aihapa?» Are you at home?
|
||||
* \#!(IN--LAT)! «Sihamgit ǧimamlis šikkúmána.» I'll be going home soon.
|
||||
* \#!(PRE--PRL)! «Sabut kalń káðuri narasi.» A black cat passed in front of me.
|
||||
* \#!(POST--ESS)! «Ǧimamgi waibifás.» They're playing round the back of the house.
|
||||
* \#!(AD--PRL)! «Lunsari šikkúsina.» I went down the road.
|
||||
* \#!(IN--PRL)! «Lunliri šikkúsina.» I went across the road.
|
||||
* \#!(APUD--PRL)! «Lunmiri šikkúsina.» I followed (alongside) the river.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The orientation suffixes give rise to the following words:
|
||||
|
||||
<div class=twocol>
|
||||
- «fansað»: surface
|
||||
- «fanlið»: interior
|
||||
- «fanduð»: front
|
||||
- «fangið»: back
|
||||
- «fannuað»: company
|
||||
- «fambað»: top
|
||||
- «fankuð»: bottom
|
||||
- «fammið»: vicinity
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Definiteness
|
||||
|
||||
The definite suffix for nouns (DEF) is «-m», and is used more frequently than 'the' in English. For example, in the second sentence below Sam has one dog, and in the third he is implied to have several. The names of people and places are also definite.
|
||||
|
||||
After a consonant or «-ń», the definite suffix is «-ḿ»; the sequence «ńḿ» is pronounced as a single syllable, as #/nm̩/. After «-m» or «-ḿ», the suffix is «-am». The definite suffix occurs _between_ the stem and the case ending. Between the «-m» form and a case suffix starting with a consonant cluster, or the genitive singular «-t», an extra epenthetic «-a» is added.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
guwanḿt samńḿ
|
||||
guwan-ḿ-t samń-ḿ
|
||||
sun-DEF-GEN colour-DEF
|
||||
the colour of the sun
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Sámimat þasi
|
||||
Sami-ma-t þasi
|
||||
Sam-DEF-GEN dog
|
||||
one of Sam's dogs
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Sámimat þasim
|
||||
Sami-ma-t þasim
|
||||
Sam-DEF-GEN dog-DEF
|
||||
Sam's dog
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The definite suffix is used:
|
||||
|
||||
* When the referent is old information already mentioned.
|
||||
«Pas nú bairusina. Nai rala núm manifnut gašnat ippausi.» I saw two people. One of them was wearing a nice shirt.
|
||||
|
||||
* For people, places, countries, and other proper names.
|
||||
«Danielḿ Włjáhámamli nuabia.» Daniel lives in Austria.
|
||||
|
||||
* In time phrases with «gimi».
|
||||
«Gimimli lána.» I'm doing it now.
|
||||
However, «naigimi» 'sometime' is indefinite.
|
||||
«Naigimili lámána.» I'll do it at some point.
|
||||
|
||||
* In statements of general fact.
|
||||
«Númsal pasla aðal ai.» Humans have two eyes.
|
||||
|
||||
* __TODO: ?__
|
||||
|
||||
The definite suffix is _not_ used (in contrast to English):
|
||||
|
||||
* In superlatives.
|
||||
«Milnutlit aifa.» It's the smallest.
|
||||
|
||||
* __TODO: ?__
|
||||
|
||||
# Adjectivals
|
||||
|
||||
Most words considered as adjectives in other languages are in fact grammatically nouns in Lántas; words such as «sabu» can be translated as 'the colour black'. When one noun modifies another attributively, the [genitive case](#corecases) suffix «-(a)t» is used. Additional adjectives after the first additionally take a special conjunctive suffix «-as», similar to the comitative case. Adjectives, like other noun modifiers, precede the head noun in most cases. However, they can follow it if they indicate a property considered inherent to the objects in question.
|
||||
|
||||
Genitive forms can be used as adverbs with the suffix «-tta»; the conjunctive variant is «-ttás».
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
sabut þasi
|
||||
sabu-t þasi
|
||||
black-GEN dog
|
||||
a black dog
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
líbisat þasi
|
||||
líbis-at þasi
|
||||
happy-GEN dog
|
||||
a happy dog
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
sabut líbistas þasi
|
||||
sabu-t líbis-t-as þasi
|
||||
black-GEN happy-GEN-CONJ dog
|
||||
a happy black dog
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Línaim sihatta irhi.
|
||||
línai-m siha-tta irhi
|
||||
mouse-GEN small-ADV squeak
|
||||
The mouse is squeaking quietly.
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
From adjectivals, several further derivations can be made: the _equative_, which expresses that two objects have an equal measure of some property; the _comparative_, which says that one object has more of a property than another object; and the _superlative_, which claims that an object has the most of a property. Derivation from «gaisi» 'white':
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
------------------- --------------
|
||||
Equative (EQU) «gaisi·t·sat»
|
||||
Comparative (CMP) «gaisi·t·pat»
|
||||
Superlative (SUPL) «gaisi·t·lit»
|
||||
------------------- --------------
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The noun being compared with is in the [essive case](#corecases) for the equative, and the exessive for the comparative.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
ǧimagu ausutsat
|
||||
ǧima-gu ausu-t-sat
|
||||
house-ESS big-GEN-EQU
|
||||
as big as a house
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
fíraču panísatpat
|
||||
fíra-ču panísa-t-pat
|
||||
sky-EXE blue-GEN-CMP
|
||||
bluer than the sky
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Numbers
|
||||
hidetoc: true
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
| | | | | | | | |
|
||||
|---|----------|----|---------------|----|-------------|------|---------------|
|
||||
| 1 | «nai» | 10 | «taksa» | 19 | «taksístu» | 100 | «bušŕ» |
|
||||
| 2 | «pas» | 11 | «tahnai» | 20 | «pastaksa» | 1000 | «nifma» |
|
||||
| 3 | «kalli» | 12 | «tappas» | 30 | «kaldaksa» | 10⁴ | «hárual» |
|
||||
| 4 | «šasḿ» | 13 | «takkalli» | 40 | «šastaksa» | 10⁵ | «taksahárual» |
|
||||
| 5 | «kaisi» | 14 | «taksasḿ» | 50 | «kaistaksa» | 10⁶ | «bušŕhárual» |
|
||||
| 6 | «ǧutta» | 15 | «takkaisi» | 60 | «ǧuttaksa» | 10⁷ | «nifmahárual» |
|
||||
| 7 | «libina» | 16 | «taččutta» | 70 | «libidaksa» | 10⁸ | «kḿpsi» |
|
||||
| 8 | «ńdá» | 17 | «taksalibina» | 80 | «ńtaksa» | 10¹² | «kahmil» |
|
||||
| 9 | «ístu» | 18 | «taksandá» | 90 | «ístaksa» | 10¹⁶ | «uhnat» |
|
||||
|
||||
Numbers between 20--99 are formed by analogy with those from 11--19, for example «kaldappas» for 32.
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="450" height="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 25) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#1" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#2" x="8" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#3" x="16" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#4" x="23" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#5" x="31" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#6" x="38" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#7" x="45" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#8" x="54" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#9" x="61" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#0" x="70" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 70)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="15">1</text>
|
||||
<text x="55">2</text>
|
||||
<text x="90">3</text>
|
||||
<text x="130">4</text>
|
||||
<text x="165">5</text>
|
||||
<text x="200">6</text>
|
||||
<text x="240">7</text>
|
||||
<text x="279">8</text>
|
||||
<text x="319">9</text>
|
||||
<text x="363">0</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(105, 135) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#num" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#4" x="3" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#8" x="12" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#7" x="18" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#3" x="26" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#5" x="32" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#num" x="38" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(105, 180)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="100">48,735</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1.5 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—phonology
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
# Vowels
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object data=pure-vowels.svg></object>
|
||||
<object data=diphthongs1.svg></object>
|
||||
<object data=diphthongs2.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
There are three basic vowels #/i a u/, diphthongs #/ai au iə uə/, and syllabic consonants #/m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩/. Neither of these last two sets have a length distinction, and have the same duration as a long vowel. Note that #/u uː/ are substantially more central than #/i iː/, and the initial place of #/uə/ is further back than pure #/uː/.
|
||||
|
||||
Long vowels, and syllabic consonants other than «l», are spelt with a acute accent: «í á ú ḿ ń ŕ». A syllabic «l», because of its height, replaces the acute with a stroke: «ł». The diphthongs are spelt «ai au ia ua».
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Allophony
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object data=vowel-allophones1.svg></object>
|
||||
<object data=vowel-allophones2.svg></object>
|
||||
<object data=vowel-allophones-diph.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
* After a velar consonant, including #/ɫ w/, the vowels #/a aː ai i iː iə u uː uə/ are backed and lowered to the forms labelled #[ɑ ɑː ɑe ɛ eː eə ɔ oː ɔə], respectively, in the figures above.
|
||||
* After #/j/, #/i iː iə/ become #[e eː eə].
|
||||
* After #/ʧ ʤ ʃ j/, #/u uː/ is fronted to #[y ʉː].
|
||||
* Before a syllabic consonant, a small schwa may be inserted if necessary to make pronunciation easier. This is most common between #/ln̩ nl̩/ and two copies of a single sound. For example, «kalń» #/kaln̩/ #[kɐlᵊn] 'cat'.
|
||||
* \#/r̩ l̩/ are pronounced as #[ɻː ɫ̩ː].
|
||||
* Syllabic #/n̩/ assimilates to #[ŋ̍] before a velar consonant; no other assimilation for syllabic nasals occurs, though.
|
||||
* Unstressed short vowels are somewhat reduced, #/a/ more than the others.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Consonants
|
||||
|
||||
Where unspecified, consonants are spelt the same way as in IPA.
|
||||
|
||||
| | Labial | Dental | Postalveolar | Velar |
|
||||
|-------------|----------|-----------------|--------------|----------|
|
||||
| Plosive | #/p b/ | #/t d/ | #/ʧ ʤ/ «č ǧ» | #/k g/ |
|
||||
| Fricative | #/f/ | #/θ s/ «þ/ð, s» | #/ʃ/ «š» | #/x/ «h» |
|
||||
| Nasal | #/m/ | #/n/ | | |
|
||||
| Flap | #/ɾ/ «r» | | | |
|
||||
| Approximant | #/w/ | #/l/ | #/j/ | |
|
||||
|
||||
The phonemes #/p t ʧ k s ʃ m n ɾ l x/ can be geminated. For the purposes of syllable structure, geminated consonants are counted the same as two separate ones. Geminate versions of most consonants are spelt by doubling the letter: «pp», «tt», «kk», etc. The phoneme #/θ/ is spelt «þ» word-initially (and at the beginning of components of compound words), and «ð» elsewhere.[^ð]
|
||||
|
||||
[^ð]: An Icelandic person on the Internet once told me off for having intramorphemic 'þ's in a language and it has stuck with me since.
|
||||
|
||||
## Allophony
|
||||
|
||||
* Before #/i iː iə/, #/ɾ/ becomes #[ʑ̞], a laminal fricative with only a small amount of actual friction, almost #[ɹ̻].
|
||||
* A nasal followed by a plosive assimilates to the same place of articulation (but for compound words this is not reflected in the spelling), for example «rabanpa» #[ravampa] 'what book?'.
|
||||
* The sequences #/ʧs ʃs sʃ/ are pronounced as #[tʃː ʃː ʃː].
|
||||
* Nasals before #/s x/ decay to a nasalisation of the previous vowel, or are dropped entirely if that vowel is a syllabic consonant.
|
||||
* Voiced plosives #/b d ʤ ɡ/ become fricatives #[v ð ʒ ɣ] between proper vowels. The allophone #[v] is pronounced #[β] by some speakers.
|
||||
* The velar fricative #/x/ becomes #[h] before #/r̩/, and is palatalised to #[ç] before #/i iː iə/.
|
||||
* Long #/ʧː/ is pronounced as #[ṯːʃ]. Long #/ɾ l/ become #[ʐː ɫː].
|
||||
* Non-final #/l/ is velarized #[ɫ] after a back vowel (including the allophones #[ɑ ɑː]). After other vowels, it is palatalised.
|
||||
* Non-syllabic #/l/ is pronounced as #[ɬʲ] at the end of words, even after a back vowel. After #/t/ it is #[ɬ]. The phoneme #/ɾ/ is also devoiced #[ɾ̥] word-finally. The sequence #/lθ/ is realised as #[ɬʲː].
|
||||
* In many dialects, the long obstruents #/pː tː ʧː kː sː ʃː/ are pronounced as ejectives #[pʼ tʼ ʧ ʼ kʼ sʼ ʃʼ], and the long sonorants #/mː nː lː/ as #[bᵐ dⁿ ɮː].
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Syllable structure
|
||||
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
The allowed shape of a syllable is <var>CV</var>(<var>C</var>) where <var>V</var> is any vowel and <var>C</var> a consonant, such that all clusters take one of the following forms:
|
||||
|
||||
* <var>KC</var>, where
|
||||
<var>K</var> can be any of
|
||||
#/m n l r θ s ʃ t/ _(coda consonants)_;
|
||||
* <var>FN</var>,
|
||||
where <var>F</var> can be
|
||||
#/f θ s ʃ x/ _(fricatives)_ and
|
||||
<var>N</var> can be
|
||||
#/m n/ _(nasals)_;
|
||||
* <var>P</var>#/s/, where
|
||||
<var>P</var> can be #/p t ʧ k/ _(voiceless plosives)_;
|
||||
* \#/pj bj lj rj/; and
|
||||
* geminate consonants.
|
||||
|
||||
Aside from these, a word can also start with a vowel. At the end of a word, the consonants from <var>K</var> are allowed. A syllabic consonant cannot be next to the non-syllabic form of the same consonant---for example, the sequences #/ll̩/ and #/l̩l/ are not possible. Two distinct syllabic consonants can be next to each other, however---even without a non-syllabic consonant in between---and are pronounced as two separate syllables as normal.
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes an inflectional ending can cause an invalid sequence of syllabic and non-syllabic consonant. In this case, the sequence is replaced with «a» plus a long form of the consonant: «suaþł» 'speaker'---«suaþalla» 'from a speaker'.
|
||||
|
||||
Occasionally, loanwords break the consonant clustering rules, such as «mikrugram».
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Stress
|
||||
|
||||
Words are stressed on the first long vowel; if there are no long vowels, _or_ the only one is in the final syllable of multiple, then the stress is on the first syllable. For the purposes of deciding stress placement, neither diphthongs nor syllabic consonants are counted as long.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Epenthesis
|
||||
|
||||
Many inflectional endings begin with a consonant. In some cases, this will cause an illegal consonant cluster according to the above rules. Therefore, an epenthetic vowel will sometimes need to be inserted. This vowel depends on the affix being added, and so is given at the same time as the inflections themselves. Note that if multiple inflections are added, only the extra vowels necessary to make the word legal (going left to right) are inserted: as further affixes are stacked, these will appear to surface and vanish again. See, for instance, the examples given for [adjectival genitives](nouns.html#adjectivals).
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Pronouns & demonstratives
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
Pronouns are inflected for the same cases as other nouns, though their forms are somewhat irregular.
|
||||
|
||||
# Personal pronouns
|
||||
|
||||
The first person plural «til» is only used inclusively of the listener. For an exclusive meaning, one must say «rukas ká» ('they and I') or similar. (The name «tiallántas» is fossilised, however, and does not change to «rukaskatlántas» when talking to a non-speaker.)
|
||||
|
||||
The LOC column is the word stems which the [locational cases](#locational_cases) are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
| | 1SG | 1PL | 2SG | 2PL | 3SG | 3PL |
|
||||
|----:|---------|----------|---------|----------|---------|----------|
|
||||
| NOM | «ká» | «til» | «sur» | «sual» | «rú» | «rúl» |
|
||||
| GEN | «kat» | «tial» | «sut» | «suatł» | «rut» | «rutł» |
|
||||
| COM | «kakas» | «tiksł» | «sukas» | «suksł» | «rukas» | «ruksł» |
|
||||
| CAR | «kassa» | «tissal» | «sussa» | «sussal» | «russa» | «russal» |
|
||||
| INS | «kala» | «tilla» | «sulla» | «sualla» | «rulla» | «rualla» |
|
||||
| ESS | «kagu» | «tigul» | «sugu» | «sugul» | «rugu» | «rugul» |
|
||||
| TRA | «kasti» | «tistil» | «susti» | «sustul» | «rusti» | «rustil» |
|
||||
| EXE | «kaču» | «tičul» | «sučču» | «suččul» | «ruču» | «ručul» |
|
||||
| LOC | «ka–» | «ti–l» | «su–» | «sua–l» | «ru–» | «rua–l» |
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Demonstratives
|
||||
|
||||
There is a three way distance distinction for demonstratives: a new referent near the speaker/listener, a new referent distant from both, and old information. These will be glossed as 'this', 'yon', and 'that', respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
The near demonstrative is «lua», whose declension is given below. For distant referents it is «þua» and for old information «mua»; they decline in the same way as «lua».
|
||||
|
||||
The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the genitive: compare «muð kalńł» 'those cats' and «mut kalńł» 'that person's cats'. It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
| | Singular | Plural |
|
||||
|----:|----------|-----------|
|
||||
| NOM | «lua» | «lul» |
|
||||
| GEN | «lut» | «lutł» |
|
||||
| COM | «lukas» | «luksł» |
|
||||
| CAR | «lussa» | «lussal» |
|
||||
| INS | «lulla» | «lulllal» |
|
||||
| ESS | «lugu» | «lugul» |
|
||||
| TRA | «lusti» | «lustil» |
|
||||
| EXE | «luču» | «lučul» |
|
||||
| LOC | «lu–» | «lu–l» |
|
||||
| ADJ | «luð» | «luð» |
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Indefinites
|
||||
|
||||
The words 'someone', 'something', 'anyone', 'anything' are served by (a stressed form of) the numeral «nai» 'one'. 'Everyone' or 'everything' is «nakasnai», and inflects the same way as «nai» itself. The words «nala» and «nakasnala» mean 'any' and 'every', respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Interrogatives
|
||||
|
||||
Interrogatives (question words) are formed with the enclitic «-pa», attached to any noun phrase. As well as «naipa» 'what?, who?', it can be added to any other word to mean 'which?'.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Naipa musat ai?
|
||||
Nai=pa mu-sa-t ai
|
||||
one=what that-AD-ESS be
|
||||
Who's there?
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Hámamlinaspa sidasiha?
|
||||
háma-m-li-nas=pa sida-si-ha
|
||||
country-DEF-IN-ABL=what come-RPST-2SG
|
||||
Which country do you come from?
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Being a clitic, «-pa» is added to the end of the noun, after all other (non-clitic) endings such as case inflections, as shown in the above examples.
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="210" height="160" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,5)">
|
||||
<!-- help lines -->
|
||||
<g stroke="#999">
|
||||
<line x1="50" y1="75" x2="200" y2="75" />
|
||||
<line x1="100" y1="0" x2="150" y2="150" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- outer trapezoid -->
|
||||
<polygon points="0 0 200 0 200 150 100 150"
|
||||
fill="transparent" stroke="black" />
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- í -->
|
||||
<circle cx="25" cy="15" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="37" y="15" class="ipa">iː</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- i -->
|
||||
<circle cx="50" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="60" y="30" class="ipa">i</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- ú -->
|
||||
<circle cx="150" cy="15" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="163" y="15" class="ipa">uː</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- u -->
|
||||
<circle cx="125" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="138" y="30" class="ipa">u</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- á -->
|
||||
<circle cx="110" cy="135" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="123" y="135" class="ipa">aː</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- a -->
|
||||
<circle cx="125" cy="115" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="115" y="115" class="ipa">a</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1.2 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|||
Líbis arkunlangaskun. Subaraditḿku fíja lántaslinł suanáš, lántatł fítḿ naikuja lálkas dawinlinł suanáš. Núkaubat fírat fínáš, mulin lántatł fínášlam tikul líbis fínáš.
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
|
|||
import std.features
|
||||
import std.symbols.ipa
|
||||
import std.symbols.ipa.diacritics
|
||||
|
||||
#########
|
||||
# SETUP #
|
||||
#########
|
||||
|
||||
feature stress
|
||||
# needs to go directly after vowel instead of the normal place
|
||||
symbol ˈ (diacritic) [+stress]
|
||||
|
||||
symbol ɡ [(g)]
|
||||
symbol ɫ [(l) +bk +hi]
|
||||
symbol ɬ [(l) -son -vc]
|
||||
|
||||
symbol dʒ [(ʒ) -cont]
|
||||
symbol tʃ [(ʃ) -cont]
|
||||
|
||||
feature [V] [-cons +syll]
|
||||
feature [I] [[V] +fr +hi]
|
||||
feature [U] [[V] -bk +hi]
|
||||
feature [A] [[V] +lo]
|
||||
feature [N] [+nas +cons *syll]
|
||||
feature [ALV] [+ant -dist *syll +cons]
|
||||
feature [PST] [+str -ant +dist *syll +cons]
|
||||
|
||||
# Phonix hangs if it's unable to display a sound. And fricatives aren't just
|
||||
# plosive +cont, because of course they aren't.
|
||||
symbol ?v [(b) +cont] rule ?v-v (persist) ?v => v
|
||||
symbol ?f [(p) +cont] rule ?f-f (persist) ?f => f
|
||||
symbol ?θ [(t) +cont] rule ?θ-θ (persist) ?θ => θ
|
||||
symbol ?ð [(d) +cont] rule ?ð-ð (persist) ?ð => ð
|
||||
symbol ?x [(k) +cont] rule ?x-x (persist) ?x => x
|
||||
symbol ?ɣ [(g) +cont] rule ?ɣ-ɣ (persist) ?ɣ => ɣ
|
||||
|
||||
feature long
|
||||
symbol ː (diacritic) [+long]
|
||||
|
||||
rule schwa-glide ə => [-syll]
|
||||
|
||||
syllable
|
||||
onset [-syll]
|
||||
onset [*syll]
|
||||
nucleus [+syll]
|
||||
coda [-syll]
|
||||
coda ([-syll])[*syll]
|
||||
|
||||
#####################
|
||||
# INITIAL ALLOPHONY #
|
||||
#####################
|
||||
|
||||
rule nasal-assim [+nas] => [$Place] / _ [$Place +cons]
|
||||
rule r-before-i ɾ => zʲ / _ i
|
||||
rule s-after-postalv s => ʃ / _ [+str +dist]
|
||||
|
||||
rule nas-cont1 [-cons] => [+nas] / _ [[N]][+cons +cont]
|
||||
rule nas-cont2 [[N]] => * / [+nas -cons] _ [+cons +cont]
|
||||
rule nas-cont3 [[N]] => * / [+syll +cons] _ [+cons +cont]
|
||||
rule nas-vowel-spread [-cons] => [+nas] / _ [+nas -cons]
|
||||
|
||||
rule nas-glide-fix
|
||||
[+syll -cons][-cons -syll +nas] => [+nas][-nas]
|
||||
|
||||
rule iv-voiced [+vc -cont] => [+cont] / [-cons] _ [-cons]
|
||||
|
||||
rule x-before-sr x => h / r̩ _
|
||||
rule x-after-sr x => h / _ r̩
|
||||
rule x-before-i x => ç / _ i
|
||||
|
||||
rule double-r ɾɾ => ʐʐ
|
||||
rule final-r ɾ => ɾ̥ / _ $
|
||||
|
||||
rule double-l ll => ɫɫ
|
||||
rule postv-l l => lʲ / _ [+cons] // _ l
|
||||
rule tl l => ɬ / t _
|
||||
rule final-l l => ɬʲ / _ $
|
||||
rule lθ lθ => ɬʲɬʲ
|
||||
rule l-back l => ɫ / _ [+bk]
|
||||
|
||||
rule back-a [[A]] => [-fr +bk] / [+bk] _
|
||||
rule lower-hi1 [[V] +hi] => [-hi +str] / [+bk] _ // [+lat] _
|
||||
rule lower-hi2 [-hi -lo *long] => [-str] // _ [-cons]
|
||||
rule ji [[V] +fr +hi] => [-hi +str] / j _
|
||||
rule ju [[V] +bk +hi] => [-bk +fr] / j _
|
||||
rule pst-u [[V] +bk +hi] => [-bk +fr] / [[PST]] _
|
||||
rule wu [[V] +bk +hi] => [-hi +str] / w _
|
||||
rule alv-i [[V] +fr +hi] => [-str] / [[ALV]] _
|
||||
rule syll-l l̩ => ɫ̩
|
||||
rule syll-n-v n̩ => ŋ̩ / _ [+bk +cons]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#################
|
||||
# SOUND CHANGES #
|
||||
#################
|
||||
|
||||
rule init-j-nasal j => ɲ / $ _
|
||||
rule iv-j-fort j => ʒ / [[V]] _ [[V]]
|
||||
|
||||
rule au-mono [[A] *stress] => ɔː / _ w
|
||||
rule au-mono2 w => * / [(ɔː)] _
|
||||
rule ai-mono-f [[A] *stress] => æː / _ j
|
||||
rule ai-mono-f2 j => * / [(æː)] _
|
||||
rule uə-mono [[V] *stress +bk] => ɤː / _ ə̯
|
||||
rule uə-mono2 ə̯ => * / [(ɤː)] _
|
||||
rule iə-mono [[V] *stress +fr *ro] => ɨː / _ ə̯
|
||||
rule iə-mono2 ə̯ => * / [(ɨː)] _
|
||||
rule ye-mono [[V] *stress +fr +ro] => øː / _ ə̯
|
||||
rule yə-mono2 ə̯ => * / [(øː)] _
|
||||
|
||||
rule hiatus-merge1 [+long] => [*long] / _ [[V]]
|
||||
rule hiatus-merge2 [+long] => [*long] / [[V]] _
|
||||
rule hiatus-merge3 [[V]] => [-syll] / [[V]] _
|
||||
rule one-glide [-cons -syll] => * / _ [-cons -syll]
|
||||
rule ns-a-frontness [-cons -syll +lo] => [$fr $bk] / [-cons $fr $bk] _
|
||||
|
||||
rule eow-nasal1 [[V]] => [+nas] / _ [+nas *syll] $
|
||||
rule eow-nasal2 [+nas *syll] => * / [[V] +nas] _ $
|
||||
|
||||
syllable
|
||||
onset [-syll]
|
||||
onset [*syll]
|
||||
nucleus [+syll]
|
||||
coda [-syll]
|
||||
coda ([-syll])[*syll]
|
||||
|
||||
rule poststress-vowel1 [[V] *long] => * / [+stress] [*syll] _ [] // _ [<coda>]
|
||||
rule poststress-vowel2 [[V] *long] => * / [+stress] [-syll] _ [] // _ [<coda>]
|
||||
rule unstressed-short [[V] *stress] => [*long] // _ $
|
||||
|
||||
rule eow-u [[V] +ro -fr] => u / _ $
|
||||
rule eow-schwa1 [[V] *long *nas -hi] => ə / _ $
|
||||
|
||||
rule no-v-wj [-cons -syll] => * / [+cons] _ [+cons]
|
||||
|
||||
rule init-glide-cons [-cons -syll] => * / $ _ [+cons]
|
||||
rule syll-glide [+cons +syll *stress] => [*syll] / _ [-cons -syll]
|
||||
rule l-light ɫ => l / _ j
|
||||
rule l-pal l => ʎ / _ j
|
||||
rule l-pal2 j => * / ʎ _
|
||||
|
||||
rule syll-r-v1 * => ɑ / _ [(r̩)]
|
||||
rule syll-r-v2 [+syll] => [+stress] / _ [(r) +stress]
|
||||
rule syll-r-v3 [(r̩)] => ɾ
|
||||
|
||||
rule syll-n-v1 n̩ˈ => ɛ̃ˈ
|
||||
rule syll-n-v2 * => j / ɛ̃ˈ _
|
||||
rule syll-n-v3 n̩ => ɛ̃
|
||||
|
||||
rule syll-m-v1 m̩ˈ => ɔ̃ˈ
|
||||
rule syll-m-v2 * => w / ɔ̃ˈ _
|
||||
rule syll-m-v3 m̩ => ɔ̃
|
||||
|
||||
rule syll-l-v1 ɫ̩ˈ => uˈ
|
||||
rule syll-l-v2 ɫ̩ => u
|
||||
|
||||
syllable
|
||||
onset [-syll]
|
||||
onset [*syll]
|
||||
nucleus [+syll]
|
||||
coda [-syll]
|
||||
coda ([-syll])(ɾ)[*syll]
|
||||
|
||||
rule nonrhotic [(ɾ) <coda>] => ə̯
|
||||
rule a-r a => ɑ / _ ə̯
|
||||
|
||||
rule voice-l [(ɬ)] => l
|
||||
rule coda-l [+lat <coda>] => ɫ
|
||||
|
||||
rule debuc-fric-coda
|
||||
[+cont -vc <coda> $Place $Manner] => χ // _ [$Place $Manner]
|
||||
rule debuc-fric-coda2
|
||||
χ => ç / [+fr +syll] _
|
||||
|
||||
rule ts-pal1 t => tʃ / _ s
|
||||
rule ts-pal2 s => * / tʃ _
|
||||
rule ts-pal3 ɪ => i / [[PST]] _
|
||||
|
||||
rule nasal-a ã => ɑ̃
|
||||
rule nasal-y [+fr +hi +ro +nas +syll] => ø̃
|
||||
rule nasal-i [+fr +hi *ro +nas +syll] => ẽ
|
||||
rule nasal-u [+bk +hi +nas +syll] => õ
|
||||
|
||||
rule ps p => w / [-cons] _ s
|
||||
rule ww w => * / _ w
|
||||
rule ks k => j / [-cons] _ s
|
||||
rule jj j => * / _ j
|
||||
|
||||
rule iv-pls-v [-cont -vc] => [+vc] / [-cons] _ [-cons]
|
||||
rule iv-s-v s => z / [-cons] _ [-cons]
|
||||
rule iv-š-v ʃ => ʒ / [-cons] _ [-cons]
|
||||
rule iv-gem-s
|
||||
[-son $Place $Manner] => * / [-cons] _ [$Place $Manner] [-cons]
|
||||
rule iv-gem-s2 t => * / _ tʃ
|
||||
|
||||
rule final-i-pst [+hi +fr *ro] => * / [[PST]] _ $
|
||||
|
||||
rule ð-ɣ ð => ɣ / [-cons] _ [-cons]
|
||||
rule ð-ː ð => [$Place $Manner $vc] / [+cons $vc $Place $Manner] _
|
||||
rule ɣ-w wɣ => ɣw
|
||||
rule ɣ-j ɣ => * / j _
|
||||
|
||||
rule t-pls t => θ / _ [-cont] // _ t
|
||||
|
||||
rule ə̯-unstressed ə̯ => * / [*stress] _ // _ $
|
||||
|
||||
rule a-unstressed [+lo *stress] => ə // _ [-cons <coda>]
|
||||
|
||||
rule ɣ-ʁ ɣ => ʁ
|
||||
rule χɾ χ => ʃ / _ ɾ
|
||||
|
||||
###########
|
||||
# CLEANUP #
|
||||
###########
|
||||
|
||||
rule cleanup-syll [+cons -syll] => [*syll]
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Writing System
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
<style>
|
||||
object.script { vertical-align: middle; }
|
||||
</style>
|
||||
|
||||
Lántas is natively written with an [abugida], meaning that consonants are full letters, while vowels (including syllabic consonants) are written as modifiers to the previous consonant.
|
||||
|
||||
[abugida]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida
|
||||
|
||||
As an example of how it looks, here is the first sentence of [The North Wind and the Sun][nwas]:
|
||||
|
||||
[nwas]: examples.html#the-north-wind-and-the-sun
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=northwind2.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Independent vowels
|
||||
|
||||
These are used when a word begins with a vowel (or syllabic consonant).
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=ivowels.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Vowel diacritics
|
||||
|
||||
These are attached to a consonant symbol to indicate the following vowel.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=dvowels.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Base consonants
|
||||
|
||||
These letters are the base shapes for single consonants. The glyphs below do not actually mean anything (except the one for «j»); the final stem is given a descender for an #/a/, and an underline indicates no vowel. (See [above](#vowel-diacritics).)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=consonants.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Consonant clusters are written with a ligature called a _conjunct_ derived from the two base letters.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Conjunct consonants
|
||||
|
||||
While many conjuncts are not exactly the two consonants mashed together, the form is usually predictable.
|
||||
|
||||
## Conjuncts with «t»
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-t.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Conjuncts with «ð»
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-th.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Conjuncts with «s»/«š»
|
||||
|
||||
The conjuncts starting with «š», other than «šp», are the same as with «s» except with the overline added. (In «šš» the overlines merge, as shown below.)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-s.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Conjuncts with «l»
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-l.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Conjuncts with «m»
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-m.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Conjuncts with «n»
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-n.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Conjuncts with «r»
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-r.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Others
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-o.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Punctuation
|
||||
|
||||
The end of phrase <object class=script data=eop.svg></object> and end of sentence <object class=script data=eos.svg></object> marks, transcribed as commas and full stops/question marks/exclamation marks[^fs], have the same amount space either side of them, more for the latter. When they are on a line break, they stay with the previous word, like in the example at the top of this page (and like in most scripts).
|
||||
|
||||
[^fs]: Even though there's no distinction in the native script, questions look weird in the transcription with no "?" after them.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Numbers
|
||||
|
||||
Numbers are written in base 10 using modified letters. Numbers in running text are surrounded by double vertical bars, and digits are grouped into fours.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object data=numbers.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 2.9 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Syntax
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO__
|
||||
|
||||
- word order head-final
|
||||
- polite address avoids 2nd person pronouns/verb suffixes
|
||||
- ‘the more X, the more Y’: lusari X-CMP vb, musari Y-CMP [vb] NB no accent
|
||||
- place-manner-time by default
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Verbs
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO: intro__
|
||||
|
||||
The infinitive is unmarked (but always ends in a vowel), and is the citation form for verbs as well as being used in several constructions.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Tense
|
||||
|
||||
There is a distinction between two different past tenses, _recent_ and _distant_ past. The recent past is most commonly used, while the distant past is used to denote an action happening further in the past than to another action already expressed using the recent.
|
||||
|
||||
Stories are narrated in the present tense.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
-------------------- --------
|
||||
Distant past (DPST) «--sai»
|
||||
Recent past (RPST) «--si»
|
||||
Present (PRS) «--»
|
||||
Future (FUT) «--má»
|
||||
-------------------- --------
|
||||
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasim kalńḿt jaðí.
|
||||
þasi-m kalń-ḿ-t jaðí
|
||||
dog-DEF cat-DEF-GEN love;PRS
|
||||
The dog loves the cat.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasim kalńḿt jaðísi.
|
||||
þasim kalńḿt jaðí-si
|
||||
the:dog the:cat love-RPST
|
||||
The dog loved the cat.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasim kalńḿt jaðísai.
|
||||
þasim kalńḿt jaðí-sai
|
||||
the:dog the:cat love-DPST
|
||||
The dog had loved the cat (until …).
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasim kalńḿt jaðímá.
|
||||
þasim kalńḿt jaðí-má
|
||||
the:dog the:cat love-FUT
|
||||
The dog will love the cat.
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Person
|
||||
|
||||
These suffixes are used instead of pronouns, but not used with nouns, in the subject and object positions. The subject suffix comes before the object. For the plural, the vowel is lengthened and an «--š» is added (e.g. «na» → «náš»).
|
||||
|
||||
Just like with the [pronouns](#pronouns), the first person plurals «--náš» and «--dúš» can only be used with an inclusive meaning. The exclusive sense is expressed by using conjunctions of pronouns instead of suffixes.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
1st person 2nd person 3rd person
|
||||
-------------- ------------ ------------ -----------
|
||||
Subject (SBJ) «--na» «--ha» «--fa»
|
||||
Object (OBJ) «--du» «--gu» «--bu»
|
||||
-------------- ------------ ------------ -----------
|
||||
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Bairunagu.
|
||||
bairu-na-gu
|
||||
see-1SG;SBJ-2SG;OBJ
|
||||
I see you.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasim bairunáš.
|
||||
þasi-m bairu-náš
|
||||
dog-DEF see-1PL;SBJ
|
||||
We see the dog.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasim bairudúš.
|
||||
þasi-m bairu-dúš
|
||||
dog-DEF see-1PL;OBJ
|
||||
The dog sees us.
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Voice
|
||||
|
||||
There is a four way voice distinction. The voice markers are placed between the tense and person markers.
|
||||
|
||||
- The _active_ voice is the default form of the verb and does not modify the roles of the arguments.
|
||||
- The _passive_ voice promotes the direct object of the verb to subject position, leaving the former subject role unspecified. There is no way to specify the agent (i.e., no equivalent to _by_); to merely emphasise the object but keep the subject specified, the object can be moved to the beginning of the clause.
|
||||
- The _reflexive_ voice indicates that the subject(s) act on themselves.
|
||||
- The _reciprocal_ voice indicates that the subjects act on each other.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
----------------- ----------
|
||||
Active (ACT) «--»
|
||||
Passive (PSV) «--lú»
|
||||
Reflexive (RFL) «--sidu»
|
||||
Reciprocal (RCP) «--lði»
|
||||
----------------- ----------
|
||||
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasimat tassána.
|
||||
þasimat tassá-na
|
||||
the:dog wash-1SG
|
||||
I wash the dog.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasim tassálú.
|
||||
þasim tassá-lú
|
||||
the:dog wash-PSV
|
||||
The dog is washed.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Tassásiduna.
|
||||
tassá-sidu-na
|
||||
wash-RFL-1SG
|
||||
I wash myself.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Tassálðináš.
|
||||
tassá-lði-náš
|
||||
wash-RCP-1PL
|
||||
We wash each other.
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Negative
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO__
|
||||
|
||||
«--tul»
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Nominal forms
|
||||
|
||||
A verb stem can also be used as a noun: for example, «šikkú» both means 'to go' and 'an act of going'. The definite plural is also used to mean the act in a general sense. The definite form is also used for the verb of content clauses, for example indirect quotations.
|
||||
|
||||
Auxiliary verbs such as modals use this construction as well.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
hipsamł
|
||||
hipsa-m-ł
|
||||
solve_problem-DEF-PL
|
||||
logic (the general act of problem solving)
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Fíra fuham suasifa.
|
||||
fíra fuha-m sua-si-fa
|
||||
air blow-DEF say-RPST-3SG
|
||||
He said it was windy.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Šikkúnamat ušminatul.
|
||||
šikkú-na-m-at ušmi-na-tul
|
||||
go-1SG-DEF-GEN want-1SG-NEG
|
||||
I don't want to go.
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Modifier forms
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO__ used to form relative clauses, come before noun & other modifiers
|
||||
|
||||
- «--ja»: other
|
||||
- «núm bairuja þasim»: the dog the man sees
|
||||
- «núm bairusija þasim»: the dog the man saw
|
||||
|
||||
- nominalised with extra «-ð» at the end
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Pro-verbs
|
||||
|
||||
Pro-verbs are placeholders standing in for verb phrases; they are the verb equivalent of pronouns.
|
||||
|
||||
The word for 'to do this' is «mai». It bears an obvious resemblance to the [pronoun] «mua». There are also the rarer «lai» and «þai», only used when contrasting between two options.
|
||||
|
||||
- «Naranášḿ iš lut saunusam gibanášḿ fulla. _Laim iš þaim_ ušmiha?»
|
||||
We can walk or take the bus. _Which_ do you want to do?
|
||||
- «_Þaim_ ušmina.»
|
||||
I want to do _that_ (i.e., take the bus).
|
||||
|
||||
There is also a negative pro-verb «tulla», 'to not do this/that'.
|
||||
|
||||
[pronoun]: pronouns.html
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Polar questions
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO__
|
||||
|
||||
Polar (yes/no) questions add a «--ǧi» clitic on the word or phrase being questioned. The word being questioned receives the primary stress. If there is no particular focus for the question, it is attached to the final word of the sentence.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Inlantimsasǧi šikkúmáha?
|
||||
Inlanti-m-sa-s-ǧi šikkú-má-ha
|
||||
England-DEF-AD-LAT-QU go-FUT-2SG
|
||||
Are you going to England (vs going somewhere else)?
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Surǧi Inlantimsas šikkúmá?
|
||||
sur-ǧi Inlantimsas šikkúmá
|
||||
2SG-QU to:England will:go
|
||||
Is it you (vs someone else) who is going to England?
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Inlantimsas šikkúmáhaǧi?
|
||||
Inlantimsas šikkúmáha-ǧi
|
||||
to:England you:will:go-QU
|
||||
Are you going to England (vs coming from it)?
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To answer a yes/no question, the verbs «mai» or «tulla», respectively, are conjugated for person (but not tense, etc). Their literal meaning are as pro-verbs, 'to (not) do this'.
|
||||
|
||||
- «Inlantimsasǧi šikkúmáha?---Maina/Tullana.»
|
||||
Are you going to England?---Yes, I am/No, I'm not.
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="210" height="160" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1">
|
||||
<defs>
|
||||
<marker id="arrowhead"
|
||||
markerWidth="10" markerHeight="12"
|
||||
orient="auto" refX="11" refY="5"
|
||||
viewBox="0 0 12 10">
|
||||
<polygon points="0 0 12 5 0 10" fill="black" />
|
||||
</marker>
|
||||
<marker id="circle"
|
||||
markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6"
|
||||
orient="auto" refX="3" refY="3"
|
||||
viewBox="0 0 6 6">
|
||||
<circle cx="3" cy="3" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
</marker>
|
||||
</defs>
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,5)">
|
||||
<!-- help lines -->
|
||||
<g stroke="#999">
|
||||
<line x1="50" y1="75" x2="200" y2="75" />
|
||||
<line x1="100" y1="0" x2="150" y2="150" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- outer trapezoid -->
|
||||
<polygon points="0 0 200 0 200 150 100 150"
|
||||
fill="transparent" stroke="black" />
|
||||
|
||||
<line x1="55" y1="55" x2="115" y2="70"
|
||||
stroke="black"
|
||||
marker-start="url(#circle)"
|
||||
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
||||
<text x="80" y="50" class="ipa">eə</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<line x1="190" y1="105" x2="130" y2="70"
|
||||
stroke="black"
|
||||
marker-start="url(#circle)"
|
||||
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
||||
<text x="175" y="83" class="ipa">ɔə</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<line x1="175" y1="120" x2="90" y2="80"
|
||||
stroke="black"
|
||||
marker-start="url(#circle)"
|
||||
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
||||
<text x="120" y="105" class="ipa">ɑe</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1.5 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="210" height="160" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,5)">
|
||||
<!-- help lines -->
|
||||
<g stroke="#999">
|
||||
<line x1="50" y1="75" x2="200" y2="75" />
|
||||
<line x1="100" y1="0" x2="150" y2="150" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- outer trapezoid -->
|
||||
<polygon points="0 0 200 0 200 150 100 150"
|
||||
fill="transparent" stroke="black" />
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="55" cy="65" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="65" y="65" class="ipa">e</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="50" cy="40" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="63" y="40" class="ipa">eː</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="160" cy="55" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="170" y="57" class="ipa">o</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="160" cy="40" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="173" y="38" class="ipa">oː</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="185" cy="135" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="172" y="135" class="ipa">ɑː</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="175" cy="115" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="185" y="115" class="ipa">ɑ</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1.1 KiB |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="210" height="160" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,5)">
|
||||
<!-- help lines -->
|
||||
<g stroke="#999">
|
||||
<line x1="50" y1="75" x2="200" y2="75" />
|
||||
<line x1="100" y1="0" x2="150" y2="150" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- outer trapezoid -->
|
||||
<polygon points="0 0 200 0 200 150 100 150"
|
||||
fill="transparent" stroke="black" />
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="75" cy="95" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="85" y="95" class="ipa">ɛ</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="160" cy="80" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="170" y="83" class="ipa">ɔ</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="65" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="55" y="30" class="ipa">y</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="90" cy="25" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="104" y="23" class="ipa">ʉː</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 940 B |
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
|
|||
Atlantim
|
||||
Włjáhámam
|
||||
abjas
|
||||
abuda
|
||||
ai
|
||||
amar
|
||||
asum
|
||||
asura
|
||||
asurai
|
||||
atkir
|
||||
ausu
|
||||
aða
|
||||
ba
|
||||
bahú
|
||||
bairu
|
||||
bais
|
||||
bassa
|
||||
baudan
|
||||
bauðu
|
||||
bisi
|
||||
bulla
|
||||
bušŕ
|
||||
bušŕhárual
|
||||
bássa
|
||||
dagu
|
||||
daičči
|
||||
dalu
|
||||
dansu
|
||||
dawa
|
||||
dawajua
|
||||
dawin
|
||||
daš
|
||||
dufna
|
||||
dus
|
||||
fadau
|
||||
fasil
|
||||
fuha
|
||||
fullu
|
||||
fí
|
||||
fíra
|
||||
fńt
|
||||
fńtjat
|
||||
fńtraban
|
||||
fḿka
|
||||
gaisi
|
||||
gappa
|
||||
gari
|
||||
gašna
|
||||
giba
|
||||
gifu
|
||||
gimi
|
||||
gimimgi
|
||||
gimimli
|
||||
gimimðu
|
||||
gram
|
||||
gulmi
|
||||
guruba
|
||||
guwan
|
||||
guwin
|
||||
gḿba
|
||||
haidai
|
||||
haidaitŕ
|
||||
hakka
|
||||
hatas
|
||||
hipsa
|
||||
háma
|
||||
hárual
|
||||
ibja
|
||||
iksa
|
||||
inlandi
|
||||
ippau
|
||||
irhi
|
||||
iš
|
||||
išŕ
|
||||
iššas
|
||||
jat
|
||||
jaðí
|
||||
jašai
|
||||
jua
|
||||
juš
|
||||
já
|
||||
júli
|
||||
kahmil
|
||||
kai
|
||||
kaisi
|
||||
kaistaksa
|
||||
kaldaksa
|
||||
kalli
|
||||
kalsu
|
||||
kalń
|
||||
kassa
|
||||
kauba
|
||||
kautu
|
||||
ki
|
||||
kihnu
|
||||
kilu
|
||||
kiši
|
||||
kuafú
|
||||
kuafúsas
|
||||
kubu
|
||||
kudas
|
||||
kufnu
|
||||
kukki
|
||||
ká
|
||||
kášń
|
||||
kí
|
||||
kútsi
|
||||
kḿpsi
|
||||
lahmis
|
||||
laimi
|
||||
laksir
|
||||
laksŕ
|
||||
lau
|
||||
libidaksa
|
||||
libina
|
||||
lippu
|
||||
lippupanísa
|
||||
lira
|
||||
lis
|
||||
lisma
|
||||
litra
|
||||
ličča
|
||||
lua
|
||||
lun
|
||||
lá
|
||||
lántas
|
||||
líbis
|
||||
línai
|
||||
magń
|
||||
manifnu
|
||||
mapa
|
||||
mapsu
|
||||
matham
|
||||
mašku
|
||||
maškutraban
|
||||
miašša
|
||||
miga
|
||||
mikru
|
||||
milli
|
||||
milnu
|
||||
minu
|
||||
mitra
|
||||
mua
|
||||
mulin
|
||||
mílla
|
||||
nai
|
||||
naigimi
|
||||
naipa
|
||||
nakasnai
|
||||
nakku
|
||||
nala
|
||||
nalapa
|
||||
namaksu
|
||||
nara
|
||||
nassú
|
||||
nattu
|
||||
niasga
|
||||
niba
|
||||
nibaran
|
||||
nifma
|
||||
nifmahárual
|
||||
nis
|
||||
nuabia
|
||||
nú
|
||||
pa
|
||||
panísa
|
||||
panísalippu
|
||||
parai
|
||||
pas
|
||||
pastaksa
|
||||
pašu
|
||||
raban
|
||||
ran
|
||||
rusmá
|
||||
rú
|
||||
rúl
|
||||
sabu
|
||||
sairia
|
||||
samń
|
||||
santi
|
||||
santu
|
||||
saunu
|
||||
sawai
|
||||
sida
|
||||
sira
|
||||
siraikášń
|
||||
sua
|
||||
sual
|
||||
suapa
|
||||
sufa
|
||||
sumu
|
||||
sur
|
||||
sural
|
||||
sá
|
||||
słka
|
||||
tahnai
|
||||
takkaisi
|
||||
takkalli
|
||||
taksa
|
||||
taksahárual
|
||||
taksalibina
|
||||
taksandá
|
||||
taksasḿ
|
||||
taksístu
|
||||
tamnis
|
||||
tappas
|
||||
tassá
|
||||
taččutta
|
||||
tiallántas
|
||||
til
|
||||
tippi
|
||||
tippilun
|
||||
tiwa
|
||||
tuka
|
||||
tutim
|
||||
tušura
|
||||
tušurajað
|
||||
tílju
|
||||
tíru
|
||||
túsal
|
||||
tŕ
|
||||
ufan
|
||||
uhnat
|
||||
učča
|
||||
ušmi
|
||||
waibi
|
||||
waračča
|
||||
wassuna
|
||||
waugar
|
||||
wá
|
||||
włjá
|
||||
ákkí
|
||||
ístaksa
|
||||
ístu
|
||||
ðiš
|
||||
þalussu
|
||||
þasi
|
||||
þua
|
||||
þuna
|
||||
þł
|
||||
časmá
|
||||
čauba
|
||||
čá
|
||||
čámus
|
||||
ńdá
|
||||
ńgua
|
||||
ńtaksa
|
||||
ŕ
|
||||
ŕminu
|
||||
šakka
|
||||
šaksḿ
|
||||
šastaksa
|
||||
šasḿ
|
||||
ši
|
||||
šikkú
|
||||
šun
|
||||
šúsł
|
||||
ǧasku
|
||||
ǧima
|
||||
ǧimadalu
|
||||
ǧisa
|
||||
ǧunai
|
||||
ǧutta
|
||||
ǧuttaksa
|
||||
ǧáhnu
|
||||
|
|
@ -25,19 +25,16 @@ mansi:
|
|||
d:
|
||||
- read
|
||||
- understand
|
||||
- manna:
|
||||
d: ok
|
||||
n: (from mansina)
|
||||
e:
|
||||
o: bairusinabu, ŕminu, mansisinabutul
|
||||
t: i (tried to) read it but I didn't understand
|
||||
|
||||
bauƶu:
|
||||
bauðu:
|
||||
p: ˈbaw.θu
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- west
|
||||
- bauƶut: western
|
||||
- bauðut: western
|
||||
|
||||
čá:
|
||||
p: ˈtʃaː
|
||||
|
|
@ -79,12 +76,13 @@ guwan:
|
|||
d:
|
||||
- sun
|
||||
- day
|
||||
- guwanḿ: summer (jun-aug)
|
||||
|
||||
ǧáhnu:
|
||||
p: ˈdʒaːx.nu
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: brown, orange
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- autumn
|
||||
- ǧáhnut: brown, orange
|
||||
|
||||
ǧima:
|
||||
p: ˈdʒi.ma
|
||||
|
|
@ -107,7 +105,7 @@ háma:
|
|||
- land
|
||||
- country
|
||||
|
||||
jaƶí:
|
||||
jaðí:
|
||||
p: ˈja.θiː
|
||||
t: {v: t}
|
||||
d: love
|
||||
|
|
@ -117,8 +115,8 @@ kalń:
|
|||
t: n
|
||||
d: cat
|
||||
|
||||
rawŕ:
|
||||
p: ra.wr̩
|
||||
kautu:
|
||||
p: ˈkaw.tu
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: dragon
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -187,8 +185,7 @@ parai:
|
|||
- write
|
||||
- "lisla parai":
|
||||
- rewrite
|
||||
- d: translate
|
||||
n: 'from: INABL'
|
||||
- 'translate (from: INABL)'
|
||||
|
||||
ustai:
|
||||
p: ˈus.tai
|
||||
|
|
@ -207,8 +204,8 @@ iksa:
|
|||
t: n
|
||||
d: hand
|
||||
|
||||
kufu:
|
||||
p: ˈku.fu
|
||||
guabu:
|
||||
p: ˈɡua.bu
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: [crap, shit]
|
||||
n: vulgar, obviously
|
||||
|
|
@ -228,7 +225,7 @@ ran:
|
|||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- thing
|
||||
- of them (after quantity)
|
||||
- of them (after quantity; used instead of rúl)
|
||||
- ranł: mood (coll)
|
||||
- ranla:
|
||||
d: of
|
||||
|
|
@ -314,7 +311,7 @@ sá:
|
|||
d: now
|
||||
n: usually fronted in sentence
|
||||
|
||||
gimimƶu:
|
||||
gimimðu:
|
||||
p: ɡi.ˈmim.θu
|
||||
t: {pp: GEN}
|
||||
d: before
|
||||
|
|
@ -331,12 +328,12 @@ włjá:
|
|||
- east
|
||||
- włját: eastern
|
||||
|
||||
ƶasi:
|
||||
þasi:
|
||||
p: ˈθa.si
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: dog
|
||||
|
||||
ƶł:
|
||||
þł:
|
||||
p: ˈθl̩
|
||||
t: {suf: [n, n]}
|
||||
d: person
|
||||
|
|
@ -357,10 +354,10 @@ ai:
|
|||
p: ˈaj
|
||||
t: {v: i}
|
||||
d: be (copula)
|
||||
see: suwai
|
||||
see: sawai
|
||||
|
||||
suwai:
|
||||
p: ˈsu.waj
|
||||
sawai:
|
||||
p: ˈsa.waj
|
||||
t: {v: i}
|
||||
d: exist
|
||||
n: used with locations
|
||||
|
|
@ -378,12 +375,12 @@ jua:
|
|||
t: {suf: [_, _]}
|
||||
d: excessive, very
|
||||
|
||||
laƶas:
|
||||
laðas:
|
||||
p: ˈla.θas
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: proud
|
||||
|
||||
laƶasjua:
|
||||
laðasjua:
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: pretension
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -890,7 +887,7 @@ lua:
|
|||
d: this
|
||||
n: near speaker
|
||||
|
||||
ƶua:
|
||||
þua:
|
||||
p: ˈθuə
|
||||
t: prn
|
||||
d: that
|
||||
|
|
@ -1048,13 +1045,12 @@ abjas:
|
|||
- equal to (mathematics)
|
||||
see: laimi
|
||||
|
||||
ƶuna:
|
||||
þuna:
|
||||
p: ˈθu.na
|
||||
- t: adv
|
||||
t: adv
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- exactly
|
||||
- "ƶuna gimimli": just now
|
||||
- ƶunat: exact
|
||||
- "þuna gimimli": just now
|
||||
|
||||
daš:
|
||||
p: ˈdaʃ
|
||||
|
|
@ -1062,7 +1058,7 @@ daš:
|
|||
d:
|
||||
- because
|
||||
- dašpa: why?
|
||||
# see: galtúm # this word no longer exists??????
|
||||
see: galtúm
|
||||
|
||||
lisma:
|
||||
- p: ˈlis.ma
|
||||
|
|
@ -1137,11 +1133,11 @@ manifnu:
|
|||
- manifnut:
|
||||
- pleasant
|
||||
- nice
|
||||
- taƶmanifnuču:
|
||||
- taðmanifnuču:
|
||||
- disgusting
|
||||
- (stronger than just \'unpleasant\')
|
||||
|
||||
taƶ:
|
||||
tað:
|
||||
p: taθ
|
||||
t: {pre: [n, n]}
|
||||
d: 'un-'
|
||||
|
|
@ -1172,20 +1168,16 @@ nuabia:
|
|||
t: {v: t}
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- throw
|
||||
- radiate
|
||||
- "rút čauba": give up (coll)
|
||||
|
||||
tílju:
|
||||
- p: ˈtiːl.ju
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- light
|
||||
- energy
|
||||
d: light
|
||||
- t: {v: i}
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- glow
|
||||
- shine (of the sun)
|
||||
- smile
|
||||
|
||||
waračča:
|
||||
p: wa.ˈɾat.tʃa
|
||||
|
|
@ -1242,18 +1234,6 @@ iksa:
|
|||
n:
|
||||
- imperative auxiliary
|
||||
- only used in second person
|
||||
- if 2sg is the subject of the auxiliary clause too, the marker in that
|
||||
clause can be omitted
|
||||
- can be used alone with an adjectival noun for the object
|
||||
e:
|
||||
- o: šikkúm iksaha
|
||||
t: go away
|
||||
- o: rusmánam iksaha
|
||||
t: let me sleep
|
||||
- o: kait iksaha
|
||||
t: be good
|
||||
- o: ufat iksaha
|
||||
t: stay warm (said on oct 31, the last day before winter)
|
||||
|
||||
gari:
|
||||
p: ˈɡa.ɾi
|
||||
|
|
@ -1377,7 +1357,6 @@ kai:
|
|||
d:
|
||||
- goodness
|
||||
- kait: good
|
||||
- "Y.NOM kait X.INTER.ESS ai": X likes Y
|
||||
|
||||
wá:
|
||||
p: ˈwaː
|
||||
|
|
@ -1402,12 +1381,10 @@ ahna:
|
|||
d: try
|
||||
|
||||
šúsł:
|
||||
p: ˈʃuː.sl̩
|
||||
p: ˈʃu.sl̩
|
||||
t: {v: t}
|
||||
d: want
|
||||
n:
|
||||
- used with object only
|
||||
- passive is šusullú
|
||||
n: used with object only
|
||||
see: ušmi
|
||||
|
||||
lis:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1427,7 +1404,6 @@ ufan:
|
|||
- ufat:
|
||||
- warm
|
||||
- bright
|
||||
- ufit: cozy
|
||||
|
||||
bisi:
|
||||
p: ˈbi.si
|
||||
|
|
@ -1454,7 +1430,7 @@ dagu:
|
|||
- "n dagut": n-time
|
||||
- "n dagutta": n times
|
||||
|
||||
aƶa:
|
||||
aða:
|
||||
p: ˈa.θa
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: eye
|
||||
|
|
@ -1464,7 +1440,7 @@ tutim:
|
|||
t: adv
|
||||
d: often
|
||||
|
||||
ƶiš:
|
||||
ðiš:
|
||||
p: θiʃ
|
||||
t: {suf: [n, n]}
|
||||
d: (diminutive)
|
||||
|
|
@ -1481,7 +1457,7 @@ tutim:
|
|||
d:
|
||||
- height
|
||||
- zenith
|
||||
- šim: honour
|
||||
- honour
|
||||
- šisa: high
|
||||
- šisas: upwards
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1494,8 +1470,8 @@ ki:
|
|||
- kisa: low
|
||||
- kisas: downwards
|
||||
|
||||
nuasga:
|
||||
p: ˈnuəs.ɡa
|
||||
niasga:
|
||||
p: ˈniəs.ɡa
|
||||
t: {v: i}
|
||||
d: jump
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1517,7 +1493,6 @@ santu:
|
|||
d:
|
||||
- rain
|
||||
- santutippi: rainwater
|
||||
- santum: autumn (sep-oct)
|
||||
n: has tippim as subject
|
||||
|
||||
kassa:
|
||||
|
|
@ -1530,7 +1505,7 @@ tušura:
|
|||
t: {v: t}
|
||||
d: twist
|
||||
|
||||
tušurajaƶ:
|
||||
tušurajað:
|
||||
p: ˈtu.ʃu.ɾa.jaθ
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: screw
|
||||
|
|
@ -1540,7 +1515,7 @@ tušurat dawin:
|
|||
p: ˌtu.ʃu.ɾat ˈda.win
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: screwdriver
|
||||
see: [tušura, tušurajaƶ]
|
||||
see: [tušura, tušurajað]
|
||||
|
||||
dawin:
|
||||
p: ˈda.win
|
||||
|
|
@ -1651,9 +1626,7 @@ kihnu:
|
|||
pašu:
|
||||
p: ˈpa.ʃu
|
||||
t: {v: t}
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- break
|
||||
- damage
|
||||
d: break
|
||||
|
||||
matham:
|
||||
p: ˈmat.xam
|
||||
|
|
@ -1683,16 +1656,6 @@ nis:
|
|||
t: n
|
||||
d: thought
|
||||
|
||||
siha:
|
||||
p: ˈsi.xa
|
||||
t: {v: t}
|
||||
d: remember
|
||||
|
||||
siham:
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- memory (of a single event)
|
||||
- sihamł: memory (in general)
|
||||
|
||||
mašku:
|
||||
p: ˈmaʃ.ku
|
||||
|
|
@ -1739,8 +1702,8 @@ kauba:
|
|||
- intelligence
|
||||
- časmát: intelligent
|
||||
|
||||
guba:
|
||||
p: ˈɡu.ba
|
||||
gḿba:
|
||||
p: ˈɡm̩.ba
|
||||
t: {v: i}
|
||||
d: [grow, thrive]
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1759,25 +1722,18 @@ lira:
|
|||
- press
|
||||
- squeeze
|
||||
- "samńt lira": print
|
||||
- "lirajaƶ":
|
||||
- "lirajað":
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- printer
|
||||
- printing press
|
||||
n:
|
||||
in full, samńt lirajaƶ
|
||||
in full, samńt lirajað
|
||||
|
||||
ƶalussu:
|
||||
þalussu:
|
||||
p: ˈθa.lus.su
|
||||
t: {v: t}
|
||||
d: kill
|
||||
|
||||
lapusu:
|
||||
p: ˈla.pu.su
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- pain
|
||||
- lapusut: painful, dangerous
|
||||
|
||||
tiwa:
|
||||
p: ˈti.wa
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
|
|
@ -1812,10 +1768,7 @@ kalsu:
|
|||
asurai:
|
||||
p: ˈa.su.ɾaj
|
||||
t: {v: i}
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- change
|
||||
- become (with TRA)
|
||||
- become more [quality] (with IN-LAT)
|
||||
d: change
|
||||
|
||||
dus:
|
||||
p: ˈdus
|
||||
|
|
@ -1855,23 +1808,11 @@ saunu:
|
|||
d:
|
||||
- wheel
|
||||
- vehicle
|
||||
- šámsaunu: car
|
||||
- passaunu: bike
|
||||
- t: {v: i}
|
||||
d: turn
|
||||
|
||||
šámsaunu:
|
||||
p: ˈʃaːm.sau.nu
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: car
|
||||
n: '"fourwheel"'
|
||||
see: [šasm, saunu]
|
||||
|
||||
pasaunu:
|
||||
p: ˈpa.sau.nu
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: bike
|
||||
n: '"twowheel"'
|
||||
see: [pas, saunu]
|
||||
|
||||
lut saunu:
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: bus
|
||||
|
|
@ -1923,20 +1864,19 @@ túsal:
|
|||
- wisdom
|
||||
- túsat: wise
|
||||
|
||||
maƶka:
|
||||
maðka:
|
||||
p: ˈmaθ.ka
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- chain
|
||||
- gurubatł maƶka: bandwagon
|
||||
- gurubatł maðka: bandwagon
|
||||
|
||||
# fuba:
|
||||
# p: ˈfu.ba
|
||||
# t: {v: i}
|
||||
# d:
|
||||
# - rúsas fubasidu: roll oneself up
|
||||
# - rúsan fubasidu: unroll oneself
|
||||
# TODO what is the rú here????
|
||||
fuba:
|
||||
p: ˈfu.ba
|
||||
t: {v: i}
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- rusas fubasidu: roll oneself up
|
||||
- rusan fubasidu: unroll oneself
|
||||
|
||||
naiku:
|
||||
p: ˈnai.ku
|
||||
|
|
@ -1977,7 +1917,7 @@ jaisi:
|
|||
t: n
|
||||
d: dream
|
||||
n:
|
||||
- taƶjaisi: nightmare
|
||||
- taðjaisi: nightmare
|
||||
|
||||
luwa:
|
||||
p: ˈlu.wa
|
||||
|
|
@ -2001,86 +1941,3 @@ fas:
|
|||
t: n
|
||||
d: [oven, bakery]
|
||||
see: [ǧisa, ǧima]
|
||||
|
||||
wasal:
|
||||
p: ˈwa.sal
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: animal
|
||||
|
||||
wiǧi:
|
||||
p: ˈwi.dʒi
|
||||
t: {v: t}
|
||||
d: share
|
||||
|
||||
wiǧiran:
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: society
|
||||
see: [wiǧi]
|
||||
|
||||
kuwis:
|
||||
p: ˈku.wis
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- source
|
||||
- fountain
|
||||
- input
|
||||
|
||||
pil:
|
||||
p: pil
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- shape
|
||||
- type
|
||||
|
||||
aga:
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- body
|
||||
- agamatta: physically
|
||||
|
||||
tisu:
|
||||
t: {v: aux}
|
||||
d: if...then
|
||||
n: see the grammar for details (when i write them)
|
||||
|
||||
duguwa:
|
||||
t: {v: t}
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- shun
|
||||
- avoid
|
||||
n: object in APUD-ABL
|
||||
|
||||
šani:
|
||||
p: ˈʃa.ni
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- flower
|
||||
- šangubam: spring (mar-may)
|
||||
see: guba
|
||||
|
||||
igis:
|
||||
p: ˈiɡ.is
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: ice
|
||||
|
||||
igisi:
|
||||
p: ˈi.ɡi.si
|
||||
t: {v: t}
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- freeze
|
||||
- igisim: winter (nov-jan)
|
||||
- ƶulkusim: midwinter (solstice)
|
||||
see: [igis, ƶulku]
|
||||
|
||||
susuru:
|
||||
p: ˈsu.su.ɾu
|
||||
t: {v: i}
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- melt
|
||||
- susurum: intermediate between winter and spring (feb)
|
||||
|
||||
ƶulku:
|
||||
p: ˈdʒul.ku
|
||||
t: {v: i}
|
||||
d: be deep
|
||||
n: not a noun, unlike most adjectives. who knows why
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,733 +0,0 @@
|
|||
{-# OPTIONS_GHC -Wno-missing-signatures -Wno-name-shadowing #-}
|
||||
|
||||
module Glyphs
|
||||
(Glyph (..), Diacritic, simpleDia, Segs (..), EGlyph, Word, doGlyphs,
|
||||
withSize,
|
||||
charHeight', lineHeight', spaceWidth', gap',
|
||||
charHeight, lineHeight, spaceWidth, gap,
|
||||
|
||||
initials, finals, vowels, medials, num, numbers, punctuation, wave)
|
||||
where
|
||||
|
||||
import Prelude hiding (Word)
|
||||
import Data.Map (Map)
|
||||
import qualified Data.Map.Strict as Map
|
||||
import GlyphsBase
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
initials :: Map Text Glyph
|
||||
initials = Map.fromList $
|
||||
tGlyphs <> kGlyphs <> ƶGlyphs <> sGlyphs <> šGlyphs <> lGlyphs <>
|
||||
mGlyphs <> nGlyphs <> rGlyphs <> pGlyphs <> bGlyphs <>
|
||||
čGlyphs <> hGlyphs <> fGlyphs <>
|
||||
[("g", g), ("d", d), ("ǧ", ǧ), ("w", w), ("j", j)]
|
||||
|
||||
finals :: Map Text Glyph
|
||||
finals = Map.fromList $
|
||||
[("t",t0), ("ƶ", ƶ0), ("s",s0), ("š",š0), ("l",l0), ("m",m0),
|
||||
("n", n0), ("r", r0), ("f", f0)]
|
||||
|
||||
medials :: Map Text [Diacritic]
|
||||
medials = Map.fromList $
|
||||
[("a", da), ("á", dá), ("i", di), ("í", dí), ("u", du), ("ú", dú),
|
||||
("ai", dai), ("au", dau), ("ia", dia), ("ua", dua), ("ḿ", dḿ),
|
||||
("ń", dń), ("ł", dł), ("ŕ", dŕ)]
|
||||
|
||||
vowels :: Map Text Glyph
|
||||
vowels = Map.fromList vGlyphs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
tGlyphs = [("t",t), ("tt",tt), ("tk",tk), ("tg",tg), ("td",td), ("tƶ",tƶ),
|
||||
("tp",tp), ("tb",tb), ("ts",ts), ("tš",tš), ("tl",tl), ("tm",tm),
|
||||
("tn",tn), ("tr",tr), ("tč",tč), ("tǧ",tǧ), ("tw",tw), ("th",th),
|
||||
("tf",tf), ("tj",tj)]
|
||||
|
||||
t = simpleG tPath 5.5
|
||||
tt = simpleG ttPath 7
|
||||
tk = simpleG tkPath 9
|
||||
tg = simpleG tgPath 9
|
||||
td = simpleG tdPath 9
|
||||
tƶ = simpleG tƶPath 9
|
||||
tp = simpleG tpPath 9.5
|
||||
tb = simpleG tbPath 10
|
||||
ts = simpleG tsPath 9
|
||||
tš = simpleG tšPath 9
|
||||
tl = simpleG tlPath 8.5
|
||||
tm = simpleG tmPath 10
|
||||
tn = simpleG tnPath 9
|
||||
tr = simpleG trPath 7
|
||||
tč = simpleG tčPath 9
|
||||
tǧ = simpleG tǧPath 10
|
||||
tw = simpleG twPath 10
|
||||
th = simpleG thPath 12
|
||||
tf = simpleG tfPath 10
|
||||
tj = simpleG tjPath 4.75
|
||||
t0 = simpleG t0Path 5
|
||||
|
||||
tPath = P [mA (0,0), lA (5.5,0)] <> shiftX 1.5 aPath <> shiftX 5.25 aPath
|
||||
tNarrow = P [mA (0,0), lA (5,0)] <> shiftX 1.5 aPath <> shiftX 4.75 aPath
|
||||
tPart ℓ = shiftX 1.5 aPath <> P [mA (0,0), lR (ℓ,0)]
|
||||
ttPath = P [mA (0,0), lR (7,0)]
|
||||
<> shiftX 0.75 aPath
|
||||
<> shiftX 2.75 aPath
|
||||
<> shiftX 4.75 aPath
|
||||
<> shiftX 6.75 aPath
|
||||
tkPath = tPart 5 <> shiftX 5 (aPath <> kBottomShort <> P [mA (4,-3), lR (0,8)])
|
||||
tgPath = shiftX 5 gShortHat <> tkPath
|
||||
tdPath = tPart 4 <> shiftX 4 dPath
|
||||
tƶPath = shiftX 5 gShortHat <> tdPath
|
||||
tpPath = P [mA (2,-3), lR (0,8), mA (0,-3), lR (6,0)] <> shiftX 4 pPath
|
||||
tbPath = tPart 6 <> shiftX 4 bPath
|
||||
tsPath = tPart 4 <> shiftX 4 sPath
|
||||
tšPath = tPart 4 <> shiftX 4 šPath
|
||||
tlPath = tPart 5 <> shiftX 3.5 lPath
|
||||
tmPath = tPart 4.5 <> shiftX 4 mPath
|
||||
tnPath = tPart 6 <> shiftX 4 nPath
|
||||
trPath = tPart 7 <> shiftX 4 rShort
|
||||
tčPath = tPart 3 <> shiftX 3 čFlat
|
||||
tǧPath = tPart 4 <> shiftX 5 ǧPath
|
||||
twPath = tPart 6 <> shiftX 4 wPath
|
||||
thPath = tPart 4 <> shiftX 4 hPath
|
||||
tfPath = tPart 4 <> shiftX 4 fPath
|
||||
tjPath = tPart 3.5 <> shiftX (-0.5) jTall
|
||||
t0Path = tPath <> P [mA (1.5,7), cR (1.8,-0.25) (3.1,0) (3.5,0.5)]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
kGlyphs = [("k", k), ("kk", kk), ("ks", ks)]
|
||||
|
||||
k = simpleG kPath 5
|
||||
kk = simpleG kkPath 8
|
||||
ks = simpleG ksPath 9
|
||||
|
||||
kLeft = P [mA (0,0), cR (0.5,0.75) (0,3) (0,5)]
|
||||
kBottomShort = P [cR (0,0) (2.6,0) (4,-0.5)]
|
||||
kPath = kLeft <> kBottom <> shiftX 5 longAPath
|
||||
kBottom = P [cR (0,0) (3,0) (5,-0.5)]
|
||||
kShortPart = kLeft <> kBottomShort
|
||||
kShort = kShortPart <> shiftX 4 longAPath
|
||||
kkPath = kShortPart <> shiftX 4 kShort
|
||||
ksPath = kShortPart <> shiftX 4 sPath
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
g = simpleG gPath 5
|
||||
|
||||
gPath = gHat <> kPath
|
||||
gHat = P [mA (1.5,-2.75), qR (1.5,0.125) (3.5,-0.25)]
|
||||
gShort = gShortHat <> kShort
|
||||
gShortHat = P [mA (1.25,-2.75), qR (1.25,0.125) (2.75,-0.25)]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
d = simpleG dPath 5
|
||||
|
||||
dPath = dPart <> shiftX 5 longAPath
|
||||
dPart' = dBase <> dJoin'
|
||||
dPart = dBase <> dJoin
|
||||
dJoin = P [cR (2,0) (3,-0.75) (3,-1.5)]
|
||||
dJoin' = P [cR (1.75,0) (2.5,-0.75) (2.85,-2.5)]
|
||||
dBase = P [mA (0,0), lR (3.5,0), cR (0,1.5) (-3.5,3.5) (-3.5,5), lR (2,0)]
|
||||
dFree = dBase <> P [mA (2,5), lR (1.5,0)]
|
||||
dLong = dFree <> shiftX 1.5 dJoin
|
||||
|
||||
ƶGlyphs = [("ƶ",ƶ), ("ƶt",ƶt), ("ƶk",ƶk), ("ƶg",ƶg), ("ƶd",ƶd),
|
||||
("ƶƶ",ƶƶ), ("ƶp",ƶp), ("ƶb",ƶb), ("ƶs",ƶs), ("ƶš",ƶš), ("ƶl",ƶl),
|
||||
("ƶm",ƶm), ("ƶn",ƶn), ("ƶr",ƶr), ("ƶč",ƶč), ("ƶǧ",ƶǧ), ("ƶw",ƶw),
|
||||
("ƶh",ƶh), ("ƶf",ƶf), ("ƶj",ƶj)]
|
||||
|
||||
ƶ = simpleG ƶPath 5
|
||||
ƶt = simpleG ƶtPath 10.5
|
||||
ƶk = simpleG ƶkPath 9
|
||||
ƶg = simpleG ƶgPath 9
|
||||
ƶd = simpleG ƶdPath 10
|
||||
ƶƶ = simpleG ƶƶPath 10
|
||||
ƶp = simpleG ƶpPath 10.5
|
||||
ƶb = simpleG ƶbPath 11
|
||||
ƶs = simpleG ƶsPath 10
|
||||
ƶš = simpleG ƶšPath 10
|
||||
ƶl = simpleG ƶlPath 10
|
||||
ƶm = simpleG ƶmPath 11
|
||||
ƶn = simpleG ƶnPath 9.75
|
||||
ƶr = simpleG ƶrPath 8
|
||||
ƶč = simpleG ƶčPath 10
|
||||
ƶǧ = simpleG ƶǧPath 10
|
||||
ƶw = simpleG ƶwPath 11
|
||||
ƶh = simpleG ƶhPath 13
|
||||
ƶf = simpleG ƶfPath 10
|
||||
ƶj = simpleG ƶjPath 7.5
|
||||
ƶ0 = simpleG ƶ0Path 3.5
|
||||
|
||||
ƶPath = gHat <> dPath
|
||||
ƶtPath = dLong <> shiftX 5 tPath
|
||||
ƶkPath = dPart <> shiftX 5 kShort
|
||||
ƶgPath = dPart <> shiftX 5 gShort
|
||||
ƶdPath = dFree <> shiftX 5 dPath
|
||||
ƶƶPath = dFree <> shiftX 5 ƶPath
|
||||
ƶpPath = dFree <> shiftX 5 pPath
|
||||
ƶbPath = dPart' <> shiftX 5 bPath
|
||||
ƶsPath = dPart <> shiftX 5 sPath
|
||||
ƶšPath = dPart <> shiftX 5 šPath
|
||||
ƶlPath = dPart <> shiftX 5 lPath
|
||||
ƶmPath = dPart <> shiftX 5 mPath
|
||||
ƶnPath = dPart' <> shiftX 4.75 nPath
|
||||
ƶrPath = dPart <> P [qR (0,1.5) (1,1.5), qR (2,0) (2,-2), mR (0,-6), lR (0,8)]
|
||||
ƶčPath = dFree <> shiftX 5 čPath
|
||||
ƶǧPath = dFree <> shiftX 5 ǧPath
|
||||
ƶwPath = dPart' <> shiftX 5 wPath
|
||||
ƶhPath = dPart <> shiftX 5 hPath
|
||||
ƶfPath = dFree <> shiftX 4 fPath
|
||||
ƶjPath = dFree <> shiftX 4.5 jPathShort
|
||||
ƶ0Path = dFree <> P [mA (1,7), cR (1.8,-0.25) (2.2,0) (2.5,0.5)]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
pGlyphs = [("p", p), ("pp", pp), ("ps", ps), ("pj", pj)]
|
||||
|
||||
p = simpleG pPath 5.5
|
||||
pp = simpleG ppPath 9
|
||||
ps = simpleG psPath 10.5
|
||||
pj = simpleG pjPath 10
|
||||
|
||||
pInit =
|
||||
P [mA (0,-3), cR (-1,1) (-0.5,6) (-0.5,8)]
|
||||
pPart =
|
||||
shiftX 2 pInit <>
|
||||
P [cR (-1,-3) (-2,-4) (0,-5), cR (1,-0.5) (2.5,-0.5) (4,0)]
|
||||
pPath = pPart <> shiftX 5.25 aPath
|
||||
ppPath =
|
||||
shiftX 2 pInit <> shiftX 4.5 pInit <>
|
||||
P [mA (1.5,5), cR (-1,-3) (-2,-4) (0,-5), cR (1,-0.5) (2.5,-0.5) (7.5,0)] <>
|
||||
shiftX 8.75 aPath
|
||||
psPath = pPart <> shiftX 5.5 sPath
|
||||
pjPath =
|
||||
shiftX 2 pInit <>
|
||||
P [cR (-1,-3) (-2,-4) (0,-5), cR (1,-0.5) (4,-1) (4,1),
|
||||
lR (0,4), mR (0,-4),
|
||||
cR (0,-2) (3.5,-1) (4.5,-1)] <>
|
||||
shiftX 9.75 aPath
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
bGlyphs = [("b", b), ("bj", bj)]
|
||||
|
||||
b = simpleG bPath 6
|
||||
bj = simpleG bjPath 9
|
||||
|
||||
bPath = shiftX 1 gHat <> wPart <> shiftX 6 longAPath
|
||||
bjPath =
|
||||
bPath <>
|
||||
P [mA (6,0.5), qR (1.5,0) (3,-0.5)] <>
|
||||
shiftX 8.75 aPath
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
sGlyphs = [("s",s), ("st",st), ("sk",sk), ("sg",sg), ("sd",sd), ("sƶ",sƶ),
|
||||
("sp",sp), ("sb",sb), ("ss",ss), ("sš",sš), ("sl",sl), ("sm",sm),
|
||||
("sn",sn), ("sr",sr), ("sč",sč), ("sǧ",sǧ), ("sw",sw), ("sh",sh),
|
||||
("sf",sf), ("sj",sj)]
|
||||
|
||||
s = simpleG sPath 5.125
|
||||
st = simpleG stPath 8.5
|
||||
sk = simpleG skPath 9
|
||||
sg = simpleG sgPath 9
|
||||
sd = simpleG sdPath 9
|
||||
sƶ = simpleG sƶPath 9
|
||||
sp = simpleG spPath 9.5
|
||||
sb = simpleG sbPath 10.5
|
||||
ss = simpleG ssPath 10
|
||||
sš = simpleG sšPath 10
|
||||
sl = simpleG slPath 9
|
||||
sm = simpleG smPath 10.5
|
||||
sn = simpleG snPath 9.5
|
||||
sr = simpleG srPath 7
|
||||
sč = simpleG sčPath 9
|
||||
sǧ = simpleG sǧPath 10
|
||||
sw = simpleG swPath 10
|
||||
sh = simpleG shPath 13
|
||||
sf = simpleG sfPath 10.25
|
||||
sj = simpleG sjPath 5
|
||||
s0 = simpleG s0Path 5
|
||||
|
||||
sPath = sPartLine <> shiftX 4.75 aPath
|
||||
sPart' = P [mA (0, 0),
|
||||
cR (0.15,0.5) (0,2.5) (0,3.5),
|
||||
aR 1.5 1.5 0 Small CCW (3,0)]
|
||||
sPart = sPart' <> P [qR (0,-3) (-0.5,-3.5)]
|
||||
sPartIso = sPart' <> P [cR (0,-0.5) (-0.15,-2.5) (0,-3.5)]
|
||||
sPartLine = sPart <> P [mA (2.5,0), qR (1,0.25) (2.5,0)]
|
||||
stPath = sPart <> P [lR (1,0)] <> shiftX 3.5 tNarrow
|
||||
skPath = sPartLine <> shiftX 5 kShort
|
||||
sgPath = sPartLine <> shiftX 5 gShort
|
||||
sdPath = sPart <> P [mA (2.5,0), lR (1.5,0)] <> shiftX 4 dPath
|
||||
sƶPath = sPart <> P [mA (2.5,0), lR (1.5,0)] <> shiftX 4 ƶPath
|
||||
spPath = sPartIso <> shiftX 4 pPath
|
||||
sbPath = sPart' <>
|
||||
P [cR (0,-2.5) (-0.25,-2.5) (0,-6.5), qR (2,0.5) (7.5,0), lR (0,8)] <>
|
||||
shiftX 4.5 wPart <> P [mA (10.5,5)]
|
||||
ssPath = sPartLine <> shiftX 5 sPath
|
||||
sšPath = sPartLine <> shiftX 5 šPath
|
||||
slPath = sPart <> P [mA (2.5,0), qR (1.25,0.5) (3.5,0)] <> shiftX 4.5 lPath
|
||||
smPath = sPartLine <> shiftX 4.5 mPath
|
||||
snPath = sPart <> P [mA (2.5,0), qR (1.5,0.5) (4.5,0)] <> shiftX 4.5 nPath
|
||||
srPath = sPart <> P [mA (2.5,0), qR (2,0.75) (4.5,0.25)] <> shiftX 4 rShort
|
||||
sčPath = sPart <> P [mA (2.5,0), lR (1.5,0)] <> shiftX 3 čFlat
|
||||
sǧPath = sPartIso <> shiftX 4 ǧPath
|
||||
swPath = sPart <> P [mA (2.5,0), lR (4,0)] <> shiftX 4 wPath
|
||||
shPath = sPartIso <> shiftX 5 hPath
|
||||
sfPath = sPartIso <> shiftX 4.25 fPath
|
||||
sjPath = sPartLine <> jTall
|
||||
s0Path = sPath <> P [mA (1.5,7), cR (1.8,-0.25) (2.6,0) (3,0.5)]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
šGlyphs = [("š",š), ("št",št), ("šk",šk), ("šg",šg), ("šd",šd), ("šƶ",šƶ),
|
||||
("šp",šp), ("šb",šb), ("šs",šs), ("šš",šš), ("šl",šl), ("šm",šm),
|
||||
("šn",šn), ("šr",šr), ("šč",šč), ("šǧ",šǧ), ("šw",šw), ("šh",šh),
|
||||
("šf",šf), ("šj",šj)]
|
||||
|
||||
š@(G {path = šPath}) = s2š s
|
||||
šš = ss {path = ššPath}
|
||||
šp = sp {path = špPath}
|
||||
šb = sb {path = šbPath}
|
||||
št = s2š st
|
||||
šk = s2š sk
|
||||
šg = s2š sg
|
||||
šd = s2š sd
|
||||
šƶ = s2š sƶ
|
||||
šs = s2š ss
|
||||
šl = s2š sl
|
||||
šm = s2š sm
|
||||
šn = s2š sn
|
||||
šr = s2š sr
|
||||
šč = s2š sč
|
||||
šǧ = s2š sǧ
|
||||
šw = s2š sw
|
||||
šh = s2š sh
|
||||
šf = s2š sf
|
||||
šj = sj {path = P [mA (0.5, -1), cR (1,0.25) (2,-0.875) (1,-1.75)] <> path sj}
|
||||
š0 = s2š s0
|
||||
|
||||
šLine = P [mA (0.5,-2.25), qR (1.5,-0.25) (2,0.25)]
|
||||
ššPath = P [mA (0.5,-2), cR (2,-1) (5,1) (7,0)] <> ssPath
|
||||
špPath = šLine <> spPath
|
||||
šbPath = sPart <> šLine <> P [mA (3,0), lR (4,0)] <> shiftX 4 bPath
|
||||
s2š g@(G {path}) = g {path = šLine <> path}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
lGlyphs = [("l",l), ("ll", ll), ("lt",lt), ("lk",lk), ("lg",lg), ("ld",ld),
|
||||
("lƶ",lƶ), ("lp",lp), ("lb",lb), ("ls",ls), ("lš",lš), ("lm",lm),
|
||||
("ln",ln), ("lr",lr), ("lč",lč), ("lǧ",lǧ), ("lw",lw), ("lh",lh),
|
||||
("lf",lf), ("lj",lj)]
|
||||
|
||||
l = simpleG lPath 4.625
|
||||
ll = simpleG llPath 9
|
||||
lt = simpleG ltPath 10
|
||||
lk = simpleG lkPath 8.5
|
||||
lg = simpleG lgPath 8.5
|
||||
ld = simpleG ldPath 9.5
|
||||
lƶ = simpleG lƶPath 9.5
|
||||
lp = simpleG lpPath 10
|
||||
lb = simpleG lbPath 10.5
|
||||
ls = simpleG lsPath 9.5
|
||||
lš = simpleG lšPath 9.5
|
||||
lm = simpleG lmPath 10.5
|
||||
ln = simpleG lnPath 9.25
|
||||
lr = simpleG lrPath 7.5
|
||||
lč = simpleG lčPath 9.5
|
||||
lǧ = simpleG lǧPath 9.5
|
||||
lw = simpleG lwPath 10.5
|
||||
lh = simpleG lhPath 12.5
|
||||
lf = simpleG lfPath 10.5
|
||||
lj = simpleG ljPath 5
|
||||
l0 = simpleG l0Path 3.75
|
||||
|
||||
lPath = lPart <> shiftX 4.5 aPath
|
||||
lBase = P [mA (3,0.5), cR (0.25,-0.25) (0,-0.75) (-1.25,-0.5),
|
||||
cR (-1.5,0.3) (-2,2.5) (0,2.5),
|
||||
lR (0.75,0), mR (-1.25,0),
|
||||
cR (-1.5,0.3) (-2,2.5) (0,2.5)]
|
||||
lJoin = P [lR (0.25,0)] <> dJoin
|
||||
lJoin' = P [lR (0.25,0)] <> dJoin'
|
||||
lPart = lBase <> lJoin
|
||||
lPart' = lBase <> lJoin'
|
||||
lFree = lBase <> P [qR (2.25,0) (2.5,-0.5)]
|
||||
lFree' = lBase <> P [qR (2,0) (2.25,-0.75)]
|
||||
llPath = lPart <> shiftX 4.5 lPath
|
||||
ltPath = lBase <> P [qR (4.5,0) (4.75,-3)] <> shiftX 4.5 tPath
|
||||
lkPath = lPart <> shiftX 4.5 kShort
|
||||
lgPath = lPart <> shiftX 4.5 gShort
|
||||
ldPath = lFree' <> shiftX 4.5 dPath
|
||||
lƶPath = lFree' <> shiftX 4.5 ƶPath
|
||||
lpPath = lFree' <> shiftX 4.5 pPath
|
||||
lbPath = lPart' <> shiftX 4.5 bPath
|
||||
lsPath = lPart <> shiftX 4.5 sPath
|
||||
lšPath = lPart <> shiftX 4.5 šPath
|
||||
lmPath = lPart <> shiftX 4.5 mPath
|
||||
lnPath = lPart' <> shiftX 4.25 nPath
|
||||
lrPath = lPart <> P [qR (0,1.5) (1,1.5), qR (2,0) (2,-2), mR (0,-6), lR (0,8)]
|
||||
lčPath = lFree' <> shiftX 4.5 čPath
|
||||
lǧPath = lFree' <> shiftX 4.5 ǧPath
|
||||
lwPath = lPart' <> shiftX 4.5 wPath
|
||||
lhPath = lPart <> shiftX 4.5 hPath
|
||||
lfPath = lFree' <> shiftX 4.5 fPath
|
||||
ljPath = lFree' <> jTall
|
||||
l0Path = lFree <> P [mA (1.25,7), cR (1.8,-0.25) (2.2,0) (2.5,0.5)]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
mGlyphs = [("m",m), ("mt",mt), ("mk",mk), ("mg",mg), ("md",md), ("mƶ",mƶ),
|
||||
("mp",mp), ("mb",mb), ("ms",ms), ("mš",mš), ("ml",ml), ("mm",mm),
|
||||
("mn",mn), ("mr",mr), ("mč",mč), ("mǧ",mǧ), ("mw",mw), ("mh",mh),
|
||||
("mf",mf), ("mj",mj)]
|
||||
|
||||
m = simpleG mPath 6.125
|
||||
mt = simpleG mtPath 10
|
||||
mk = simpleG mkPath 10
|
||||
mg = simpleG mgPath 10
|
||||
md = simpleG mdPath 12
|
||||
mƶ = simpleG mƶPath 12
|
||||
mp = simpleG mpPath 12.5
|
||||
mb = simpleG mbPath 12
|
||||
ms = simpleG msPath 11
|
||||
mš = simpleG mšPath 11
|
||||
ml = simpleG mlPath 11
|
||||
mm = simpleG mmPath 12
|
||||
mn = simpleG mnPath 11
|
||||
mr = simpleG mrPath 9
|
||||
mč = simpleG mčPath 12
|
||||
mǧ = simpleG mǧPath 12
|
||||
mw = simpleG mwPath 12
|
||||
mh = simpleG mhPath 14
|
||||
mf = simpleG mfPath 13
|
||||
mj = simpleG mjPath 9
|
||||
m0 = simpleG m0Path 6
|
||||
|
||||
mPath = mPart <> shiftX 6 longAPath
|
||||
mInit = P [mA (0.5,0), cR (-0.25,0.2) (-0.5,2.25) (-0.5,3.5)]
|
||||
mBumpI = P [cR (0,2) (2.5,2) (3,0)] <> mLine
|
||||
mLine = P [qR (0.125,-1) (0.125,-2), mR (-0.125,2)]
|
||||
mBumpF = P [cR (-0.5,2) (2.5,2) (3,0)]
|
||||
mBumpM = mBumpF <> mLine
|
||||
mBumpsN n = mconcat $ [mBumpI] <> replicate n mBumpM <> [mBumpF]
|
||||
mBumps = mBumpsN 0
|
||||
mPart = mInit <> mBumps
|
||||
mFree = mPart <> P [cR (0.5,-2) (-0.75,-4) (-1.5,-3.5)]
|
||||
mtPath = mPart <> shiftX 4.5 tPath
|
||||
mkPath = mPart <> shiftX 6 kShort
|
||||
mgPath = mPart <> shiftX 6 gShort
|
||||
mdPath = mFree <> shiftX 7 dPath
|
||||
mƶPath = mFree <> shiftX 7 ƶPath
|
||||
mpPath = mFree <> shiftX 7 pPath
|
||||
mbPath = mPart <> shiftX 6 bPath
|
||||
msPath = mPart <> shiftX 6 sPath
|
||||
mšPath = mPart <> shiftX 6 šPath
|
||||
mlPath = mPart <> shiftX 6 lPath
|
||||
mmPath = mInit <> mBumpsN 2 <> P [mR (0,-3.5), lR (0,5)]
|
||||
mnPath = mPart <> shiftX 6 nPath
|
||||
mrPath = mInit <> mBumpsN 1 <> P [mR (0,-6.5), lR (0,8)]
|
||||
mčPath = mFree <> shiftX 7 čPath
|
||||
mǧPath = mFree <> shiftX 7 ǧPath
|
||||
mwPath = mPart <> shiftX 6 wPath
|
||||
mhPath = mPart <> shiftX 6 hPath
|
||||
mfPath = mFree <> shiftX 7 fPath
|
||||
mjPath = mFree <> shiftX 4.5 jPath
|
||||
m0Path = mFree <> P [mA (1.25,7), cR (3.55,-0.3) (3.8,0) (4,0.5)]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
nGlyphs = [("n", n), ("nt", nt), ("nk", nk), ("ng", ng), ("nd", nd), ("nƶ", nƶ),
|
||||
("np", np), ("nb", nb), ("ns", ns), ("nš", nš), ("nl", nl),
|
||||
("nm", nm), ("nn", nn), ("nr", nr), ("nč", nč), ("nǧ", nǧ),
|
||||
("nw", nw), ("nh", nh), ("nf", nf), ("nj", nj)]
|
||||
|
||||
n = simpleG nPath 5.125
|
||||
nt = simpleG ntPath 10.5
|
||||
nk = simpleG nkPath 9
|
||||
ng = simpleG ngPath 9
|
||||
nd = simpleG ndPath 10
|
||||
nƶ = simpleG nƶPath 10
|
||||
np = simpleG npPath 10.25
|
||||
nb = simpleG nbPath 11
|
||||
ns = simpleG nsPath 10
|
||||
nš = simpleG nšPath 10
|
||||
nl = simpleG nlPath 10
|
||||
nm = simpleG nmPath 11
|
||||
nn = simpleG nnPath 10
|
||||
nr = simpleG nrPath 6.5
|
||||
nč = simpleG nčPath 10
|
||||
nǧ = simpleG nǧPath 9.75
|
||||
nw = simpleG nwPath 11
|
||||
nh = simpleG nhPath 13
|
||||
nf = simpleG nfPath 10.75
|
||||
nj = simpleG njPath 5.25
|
||||
n0 = simpleG n0Path 3.5
|
||||
|
||||
nPath = nPart <> shiftX 5 aPath
|
||||
nPart = nPart' <> P [cR (1.6,-0.25) (2.5,-1.75) (2.5,-2.5)]
|
||||
nPart' = P [mA (3.5,1), cR (0.5,-1) (-0.5,-1.125) (-1,-1),
|
||||
cR (-3.2,0.5) (-3.2,5.5) (0,5)]
|
||||
nLong = nPart' <> P [cR (3.2,-0.5) (4,-1.5) (4,-2.5)]
|
||||
nFlat = P [mA (5,0), lR (-2.5,0), aR 2.5 2.5 0 Large CCW (0,5),
|
||||
cR (0.5,0) (1,-0.5) (1,-1.5)]
|
||||
nFree = nPart' <> P [qR (0.8,-0.125) (1.5,-1)]
|
||||
nFree' = nPart' <> P [qR (0.8,-0.125) (1,-1)]
|
||||
ntPath = nLong <> shiftX 5 tPath
|
||||
nkPath = nFlat <> shiftX 5 kShort
|
||||
ngPath = nFlat <> shiftX 5 gShort
|
||||
ndPath = nFlat <> shiftX 5 dPath
|
||||
nƶPath = nFlat <> shiftX 5 ƶPath
|
||||
npPath = nFree <> shiftX 4.75 pPath
|
||||
nbPath = nFlat <> P [mA (5,0), lR (2,0)] <> shiftX 5 bPath
|
||||
nsPath = nFlat <> shiftX 5 sPath
|
||||
nšPath = nFlat <> shiftX 5 šPath
|
||||
nlPath = nFlat <> P [mA (5,0), lR (1,0)] <> shiftX 5 lPath
|
||||
nmPath = nFlat <> P [mA (5,0), lR (0.5,0)] <> shiftX 5 mPath
|
||||
nnPath = nFlat <> P [mA (5,0), lR (2,0)] <> shiftX 5 nPath
|
||||
nrPath = nFree' <> P [qR (0,1) (1,1), qR (2,0) (2,-2), mR (0,-6), lR (0,8)]
|
||||
nčPath = nFlat <> shiftX 4 čFlat
|
||||
nǧPath = nFree' <> shiftX 4.75 ǧPath
|
||||
nwPath = nFlat <> P [mA (5,0), lR (2,0)] <> shiftX 5 wPath
|
||||
nhPath = nFlat <> shiftX 5 hPath
|
||||
nfPath = nFree' <> shiftX 4.75 fPath
|
||||
njPath = nFree' <> jTall
|
||||
n0Path = nFree <> P [mA (1,7), cR (1.8,-0.25) (2.2,0) (2.5,0.5)]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
rGlyphs = [("r", r), ("rt", rt), ("rk", rk), ("rg", rg), ("rd", rd), ("rƶ", rƶ),
|
||||
("rp", rp), ("rb", rb), ("rs", rs), ("rš", rš), ("rl", rl),
|
||||
("rm", rm), ("rn", rn), ("rr", rr), ("rč", rč), ("rǧ", rǧ),
|
||||
("rw", rw), ("rh", rh), ("rf", rf), ("rj", rj)]
|
||||
|
||||
r = simpleG rPath 5
|
||||
rt = simpleG rtPath 7.5
|
||||
rk = simpleG rkPath 7
|
||||
rg = simpleG rgPath 7
|
||||
rd = simpleG rdPath 9.5
|
||||
rƶ = simpleG rƶPath 9.5
|
||||
rp = simpleG rpPath 10
|
||||
rb = simpleG rbPath 10.5
|
||||
rs = simpleG rsPath 9.5
|
||||
rš = simpleG ršPath 9.5
|
||||
rl = simpleG rlPath 9.5
|
||||
rm = simpleG rmPath 10.5
|
||||
rr = simpleG rrPath 6
|
||||
rn = simpleG rnPath 9
|
||||
rč = simpleG rčPath 9.5
|
||||
rǧ = simpleG rǧPath 9.5
|
||||
rw = simpleG rwPath 10.5
|
||||
rh = simpleG rhPath 12.5
|
||||
rf = simpleG rfPath 10.5
|
||||
rj = simpleG rjPath 7.5
|
||||
r0 = simpleG r0Path 5
|
||||
|
||||
rPath = rPart <> shiftX 5 longAPath
|
||||
rPart = P [mA (0,5), cR (3.5,0) (5,-1) (5,-2)]
|
||||
rPartMid = P [mA (0,5), cR (1.25,0) (3.25,-1) (3.25,-2)]
|
||||
rPartShort = P [mA (0,5), cR (1,0) (3,-1) (3,-2)]
|
||||
rShort = rPartShort <> shiftX 3 longAPath
|
||||
rtPath = rPartMid <> shiftX 2 tPath
|
||||
rkPath = rPartShort <> shiftX 3 kShort
|
||||
rgPath = rPartShort <> shiftX 3 gShort
|
||||
rdPath = rMid <> shiftX 4.5 dPath
|
||||
rƶPath = rMid <> shiftX 4.5 ƶPath
|
||||
rpPath = rMid <> shiftX 4.5 pPath
|
||||
rbPath = rMid <> shiftX 4.5 bPath
|
||||
rsPath = rMid <> shiftX 4.5 sPath
|
||||
ršPath = rMid <> shiftX 4.5 šPath
|
||||
rlPath = rMid <> shiftX 4.5 lPath
|
||||
rmPath = rMid <> shiftX 4.5 mPath
|
||||
rnPath = rShort <> shiftX 4 nPath
|
||||
rrPath = rShort <> shiftX 3 rShort
|
||||
rčPath = rMid <> shiftX 4.5 čPath
|
||||
rǧPath = rMid <> shiftX 4.5 ǧPath
|
||||
rwPath = rMid <> shiftX 4.5 wPath
|
||||
rhPath = rMid <> shiftX 4.5 hPath
|
||||
rfPath = rMid <> shiftX 4.5 fPath
|
||||
rjPath = rMid <> shiftX 4.5 jPathShort
|
||||
rMid = rPartMid <> shiftX 3.25 longAPath
|
||||
r0Path = ŕPath <> P [mA (1.25,7), cR (2.2,-0.25) (2.8,0) (3,0.5)]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
čGlyphs = [("č", č), ("čs", čs), ("čč", čč)]
|
||||
|
||||
č = simpleG čPath 5
|
||||
čs = simpleG čsPath 10
|
||||
čč = simpleG ččPath 10
|
||||
|
||||
čPath = čPart <> čJoin <> P [mA (5,0), lR (0,5)]
|
||||
čPart = P [mA (0,0.5), cR (2.25,-0.75) (2.55,-0.5) (2.75,-0.5)] <> čPart'
|
||||
čPart' = P [aR 1.25 1.25 0 Small CW (0,2.5), lR (-2,0), mR (2,0),
|
||||
aR 1.25 1.25 0 Small CW (0,2.5),
|
||||
cR (-0.2,0.25) (-2.25,0) (-2.75,-0.5)]
|
||||
čJoin = P [mA (2.5,5), cR (1.5,0) (2.5,-0.5) (2.5,-1)]
|
||||
čPartFlat = P [mA (0,0), lR (3.5,0)] <> čPart'
|
||||
čFlat = čPartFlat <> shiftX 1 čJoin <> P [mA (6,0), lR (0,5)]
|
||||
čsPath = čPart <> shiftX 5 sPath
|
||||
ččPath = čPart <> shiftX 5 čPath
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
ǧ = simpleG ǧPath 5
|
||||
|
||||
ǧPath = ǧPart <> čJoin <> P [mA (5,-3), lR (0,8)]
|
||||
ǧPart = P [mA (0,-2), cR (2.25,-0.75) (2.55,-0.5) (2.75,-0.5),
|
||||
aR 1.25 1.25 0 Small CW (0,2.5),
|
||||
lR (-2,0), mR (2,0),
|
||||
aR 1.25 1.25 0 Small CW (0,2.5),
|
||||
lR (-2,0), mR (2,0),
|
||||
aR 1.25 1.25 0 Small CW (0,2.5),
|
||||
cR (-0.2,0.25) (-2.25,0) (-2.75,-0.5)]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
w = simpleG wPath 6
|
||||
|
||||
wPath = wPart <> shiftX 6 aPath
|
||||
wPart = uPath <> P [mA (2.5,0), lR (3.5,0)]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
hGlyphs = [("h", h), ("hh", hh), ("hn", hn), ("hm", hm)]
|
||||
|
||||
h = simpleG hPath 8.5
|
||||
hh = simpleG hhPath 16.5
|
||||
hn = simpleG hnPath 15
|
||||
hm = simpleG hmPath 16
|
||||
|
||||
hPath = hPart <> shiftX 3.5 gHat <> shiftX 8.5 longAPath
|
||||
hPart' x = sPart <> P [mA (2.5,0), lR (1.5,0)] <> shiftX 4 x
|
||||
hPart = hPart' sPartIso
|
||||
hhPath = hPart' sPart <> P [mA (6.5,0), lR (1.5,0)] <> shiftX 8 hPart <>
|
||||
shiftX 11.5 gHat <> P [mA (16.5,-3), lR (0,8)]
|
||||
hnPath = hPath <> shiftX 10 nPath
|
||||
hmPath = hPath <> shiftX 10 mPath
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
fGlyphs = [("f", f), ("fn", fn), ("fm", fm)]
|
||||
|
||||
f = simpleG fPath 6
|
||||
fn = simpleG fnPath 12
|
||||
fm = simpleG fmPath 12
|
||||
f0 = simpleG f0Path 6
|
||||
|
||||
fPath = fPart <> P [lR (0,2.5)]
|
||||
fPart = P [mA (4.25,2.5),
|
||||
cR (0.5,-1) (-1.75,-1) (-1.75, 0),
|
||||
cR (0,1) (1.75,0.75) (1.75,1.75),
|
||||
cR (0,0.35) (-0.15,0.65) (-1.75,0.75),
|
||||
cR (-3.2,0.5) (-3.2,-5) (1,-5.5),
|
||||
cR (1.6,-0.25) (2.5,1) (2.5,3)
|
||||
]
|
||||
fnPath = fPath <> shiftX 7 nPath
|
||||
fmPath = fPart <> P [lR (0,1)] <> mBumps <> P [mA (12,0), lR (0,5)]
|
||||
f0Path = fPath <> P [mA (1.5,7), cR (2.8,-0.35) (3.1,0) (3.5,0.5)]
|
||||
|
||||
j = simpleG jPath 4
|
||||
|
||||
jPath = P [mA (0,0), qR (1.25,0.5) (4,0)] <> shiftX 3.75 aPath
|
||||
jPathShort = P [mA (0,0), qR (1,0.25) (3,0)] <> shiftX 2.75 aPath
|
||||
jTall = gHat <> shiftX 5 longAPath
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
vGlyphs = [("a", a), ("á", á), ("i", i), ("í", í), ("u", u), ("ú", ú),
|
||||
("ai", ai), ("au", au), ("ia", ia), ("ua", ua), ("ḿ", ḿ),
|
||||
("ń", ń), ("ł", ł), ("ŕ", ŕ)]
|
||||
|
||||
a = simpleG aPath 0.125
|
||||
á = simpleG áPath 2.125
|
||||
i = j
|
||||
í = simpleG íPath 5
|
||||
u = simpleG uPath 4.5
|
||||
ú = simpleG úPath 4
|
||||
ai = simpleG aiPath 5
|
||||
au = simpleG auPath 4.5
|
||||
ia = simpleG iaPath 5
|
||||
ua = simpleG uaPath 4.5
|
||||
ḿ = simpleG ḿPath 6
|
||||
ń = simpleG ńPath 4
|
||||
ł = simpleG łPath 3.75
|
||||
ŕ = simpleG ŕPath 5
|
||||
|
||||
aPath = P [mA (0.25,0), cR (-0.25,1) (-0.25,2) (-0.25,5)]
|
||||
longAPath = P [mA (0.25,-3), cR (-0.25,1) (-0.25,2) (-0.25,5), lR (0, 3)]
|
||||
áPath = aPath <> shiftX 2 aPath
|
||||
íPath = P [mA (0,0), lR (5,0)] <> shiftX 2.75 aPath <> shiftX 4.75 aPath
|
||||
uPath = P [mA (2.25,0),
|
||||
cR (-3.2,0.5) (-3.2,5.5) (0,5),
|
||||
cR (3.2,-0.5) (3.2,-5.5) (0,-5)]
|
||||
uNarrow = P [mA (1.5,0),
|
||||
cR (-2.2,0.25) (-2.2,5.25) (0,5),
|
||||
cR (2.2,-0.25) (2.2,-5.25) (0,-5)]
|
||||
úPath = uPath <> P [mA (4.25,-3), cR (-1.5,3) (-3.2,8) (-2.8,12)]
|
||||
aiPath = aPath <> P [mR (2,-5), lR (3,0)] <> shiftX 4.75 aPath
|
||||
auPath = aPath <> shiftX 1.5 uNarrow
|
||||
iaPath = P [mA (0,0), lR (3,0)] <> shiftX 2.75 aPath <> shiftX 5 aPath
|
||||
uaPath = uNarrow <> shiftX 4.5 aPath
|
||||
ḿPath = mFree
|
||||
ńPath = nFree
|
||||
łPath = lFree
|
||||
ŕPath = rPart <> shiftX 5 aPath
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
adot = circR 0.2
|
||||
|
||||
withWidth f (SI {width}) = (f width, width)
|
||||
sP = simpleDia . P
|
||||
|
||||
-- no @mA@ because letters like t have the join not quite at the edge
|
||||
da = [sP [lR (0,5)]]
|
||||
dá = da <> [withWidth \w -> P [mA (w/2-1,8), cR (0.75,-0.5) (1.25,0.5) (2,0)]]
|
||||
di = da <> diLine
|
||||
dí = da <> [sP [cR (1,0) (4,-3) (0,-3), qR (-3,0) (-4,1)]]
|
||||
du = da <> duLine
|
||||
dú = du <> [sP [mR (0.5, 3.5)]] <> duLine
|
||||
|
||||
duLine = [sP [qR (-1, -2.75) (-2, -3.5)]]
|
||||
diLine = [sP [qR (1.5, -1.5) (1.5, -4)]]
|
||||
|
||||
dai = da <> [sP [mR (-4,-3), lR (2.5,0), qR (-0.5,1) (-0.5,3)]]
|
||||
dau = da <> [sP [mR (-3,-3.5),
|
||||
cR (-1.5,0.25) (-1.5,3.25) (0,3),
|
||||
cR (1.5,-0.25) (1.5,-3.25) (0,-3),
|
||||
cR (1,-0.25) (2,0.5) (3,0)]]
|
||||
dia = di <> [sP $ adot (-4,0)]
|
||||
dua = du <> [sP $ adot (-2,0)]
|
||||
|
||||
dḿ = da <> [sP [mR (-4,-3), cR (-0.375,1.125) (-0.25,1.275) (-0.25,1.375),
|
||||
aR 0.625 0.625 0 Small CCW (1.5,0),
|
||||
lR (0,-1), mR (0,1),
|
||||
aR 0.625 0.625 0 Small CCW (1.5,0),
|
||||
cR (0.125,-0.1) (0,-1.125) (-0.25,-1.375)]]
|
||||
dń = da <> [sP [mR (-2,-2.5),
|
||||
qR (0.25,-0.625) (-0.5,-0.5),
|
||||
cR (-1.5,0.25) (-1.5,2.75) (0,2.5),
|
||||
qR (0.375,-0.0625) (0.5,-0.3)]]
|
||||
dł = da <>
|
||||
[sP [mR (-2,-2.75),
|
||||
cR (0.125,-0.125) (0,-0.375) (-0.625,-0.25),
|
||||
cR (-0.75,0.15) (-1,1.25) (0,1.25),
|
||||
lR (0.375,0), mR (-0.625,0),
|
||||
cR (-0.75,0.15) (-1,1.25) (0,1.25),
|
||||
qR (1,0) (1.125,-0.375)]]
|
||||
dŕ = da <> [sP [mR (-3,0), cR (1,0) (3,-1) (3,-2)]]
|
||||
|
||||
punctuation :: Map Text Glyph
|
||||
punctuation = Map.fromList
|
||||
[(".", eos), ("?", eos), ("!", eos), (",", eop), (":", eop), (";", eop),
|
||||
("…", ellipsis)]
|
||||
|
||||
eos = simpleG eosPath 4
|
||||
eosPath = P $ circA 1 (4,1) <> circA 1 (4,4)
|
||||
|
||||
eop = simpleG eopPath 2
|
||||
eopPath = P $ circA 1 (3,2.5)
|
||||
|
||||
num = simpleG path 1
|
||||
where path = P [mA (0,0), lR (0,5), mA (1,0), lR (0,5)]
|
||||
|
||||
numbers = Map.fromList $
|
||||
zip [0..9::Int] [u, t, n2, simpleG dFree 3, n4, n5, ł, ḿ, ń, f]
|
||||
n2 = simpleG n2Path 5
|
||||
n2Path = P [mA (0,0), lR (0,5), sR (3,0) (5,-0.5), mA (5,0), lR (0,5)]
|
||||
n4 = simpleG n4Path 5
|
||||
n4Path = P [mA (1.5,0), lR (0,5), sR (-1.5,-3) (-1.5,-5), lR (5,0), lR (0,5)]
|
||||
n5 = simpleG n5Path 4
|
||||
n5Path = P [mA (0,5), lR (0,-3.5), aR 1.5 1.5 0 Small CW (1.5,-1.5),
|
||||
lR (1,0), aR 1.5 1.5 0 Small CW (1.5,1.5), lR (0,3.5)]
|
||||
|
||||
wave :: Glyph
|
||||
wave = simpleG wavePath 4
|
||||
|
||||
ellipsis :: Glyph
|
||||
ellipsis = simpleG (shiftX 3.5 wavePath) 6
|
||||
|
||||
wavePath = P [mA (0,2.5), cR (1.5,-2) (2.5,2) (4,0)]
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,162 +0,0 @@
|
|||
module GlyphsBase (module GlyphsBase, module Svg) where
|
||||
|
||||
import Svg hiding (shiftX, shiftY, shift, width, size)
|
||||
import qualified Svg
|
||||
|
||||
import Prelude hiding (Word)
|
||||
import Data.Foldable
|
||||
import Numeric
|
||||
import Prelude hiding (Word)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
data Glyph = G {path :: Segs, size :: SizeInfo}
|
||||
|
||||
data SizeInfo = SI {
|
||||
width :: Double, -- ^ total width
|
||||
right :: Double, -- ^ attachment point for e.g. a
|
||||
center :: Double -- ^ attachment point for e.g. á
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
simpleG :: Segs -> Double -> Glyph
|
||||
simpleG path width =
|
||||
G {path, size = SI {width, right = width, center = width/2}}
|
||||
|
||||
-- | base amounts
|
||||
charHeight', lineHeight', spaceWidth', gap' :: Double
|
||||
charHeight' = 13
|
||||
lineHeight' = 15
|
||||
spaceWidth' = 4
|
||||
gap' = 1.5
|
||||
|
||||
withSize :: MonadReader Env m => (Double -> a) -> m a
|
||||
withSize f = asks \E {size} -> f size
|
||||
|
||||
-- | multiplied by size
|
||||
charHeight, lineHeight, spaceWidth, margin, gap :: MonadReader Env m => m Double
|
||||
charHeight = withSize (* charHeight')
|
||||
lineHeight = withSize (* lineHeight')
|
||||
spaceWidth = withSize (* spaceWidth')
|
||||
margin = asks \E {stroke} -> stroke
|
||||
gap = withSize (* gap')
|
||||
|
||||
data Segs = P [M Text] | Shift !Double !Double Segs | Segs :<>: Segs
|
||||
|
||||
instance Semigroup Segs where
|
||||
P [] <> s = s
|
||||
s <> P [] = s
|
||||
P ss <> P ts = P $ ss <> ts
|
||||
s <> t = s :<>: t
|
||||
|
||||
instance Monoid Segs where
|
||||
mempty = P []
|
||||
mappend = (<>)
|
||||
|
||||
joinSegs :: Segs -> M Text
|
||||
joinSegs (P ps) = fmap mconcat $ sequence ps
|
||||
joinSegs (Shift dx dy segs) = do
|
||||
E {size} <- ask
|
||||
localS (Svg.shift (size * dx, size * dy)) $ joinSegs segs
|
||||
joinSegs (ss1 :<>: ss2) = liftM2 (<>) (joinSegs ss1) (joinSegs ss2)
|
||||
|
||||
localS :: MonadState s m => (s -> s) -> m a -> m a
|
||||
localS f m = do old <- get; modify f; res <- m; put old; pure res
|
||||
|
||||
shiftX, shiftY :: Double -> Segs -> Segs
|
||||
shiftX dx = Shift dx 0
|
||||
shiftY dy = Shift 0 dy
|
||||
|
||||
space :: M ()
|
||||
space = do
|
||||
swidth <- spaceWidth
|
||||
modify \s@(S {x}) -> s {x = x + swidth}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
data TextSize = T {width, height :: !Double}
|
||||
|
||||
run :: M a -> Env -> (a, TextSize)
|
||||
run m e@(E {size}) =
|
||||
let (res, S {..}) = runState (runReaderT m e) s in
|
||||
(res, T {width = textWidth, height = textHeight})
|
||||
where
|
||||
margin' = runReader margin e
|
||||
ascHeight = size * 3
|
||||
s = S {x = margin', y = margin' + ascHeight,
|
||||
textWidth = 0, textHeight = 0, firstOnLine = True}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
type Word = [EGlyph]
|
||||
|
||||
type EGlyph = (Glyph, [Diacritic])
|
||||
|
||||
type Diacritic' a = SizeInfo -> (Segs, a)
|
||||
type Diacritic = Diacritic' Double
|
||||
|
||||
simpleDia :: Segs -> Diacritic
|
||||
simpleDia ss (SI {width}) = (ss, width)
|
||||
|
||||
doGlyphs :: [Word] -> Env -> Element
|
||||
doGlyphs gs e = wrap $ run act e where
|
||||
act = do
|
||||
E {stroke, color} <- ask
|
||||
let gattrs = [Stroke_ <<- color, Stroke_width_ <<- toPx stroke,
|
||||
Stroke_linecap_ <<- "round", Stroke_linejoin_ <<- "round",
|
||||
Fill_ <<- "none"]
|
||||
g_ gattrs . mconcat <$> traverse placeWord gs <* newline
|
||||
wrap (content, T {width, height}) =
|
||||
let sattrs = [Height_ <<- toPx height, Width_ <<- toPx width] in
|
||||
doctype <> svg11_ content `with` sattrs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
liftDia :: Diacritic -> Diacritic' SizeInfo
|
||||
liftDia f sz@(SI {..}) = let (x, w) = f sz in (x, SI {width = w, ..})
|
||||
|
||||
glyphWidth :: EGlyph -> M Double
|
||||
glyphWidth (G {size}, ss) =
|
||||
let SI {width} = foldl (\x f -> snd $ liftDia f x) size ss in
|
||||
(+) <$> withSize (* width) <*> gap
|
||||
|
||||
totalWidth :: Double -> M Double
|
||||
totalWidth width = (+) <$> withSize (* width) <*> gap
|
||||
|
||||
wordWidth :: Word -> M Double
|
||||
wordWidth = fmap sum . traverse glyphWidth
|
||||
|
||||
placeWord :: Word -> M Element
|
||||
placeWord w = do
|
||||
wwidth <- wordWidth w
|
||||
margin' <- margin
|
||||
S {x, firstOnLine} <- get
|
||||
E {width} <- ask
|
||||
let space' = if firstOnLine then pure () else space
|
||||
e <- if x > margin' && x + wwidth > width then do
|
||||
newline *> placeWord w
|
||||
else do
|
||||
mconcat <$> (space' *> traverse placeGlyph w)
|
||||
modify \s -> s {firstOnLine = False}
|
||||
pure e
|
||||
|
||||
placeGlyph :: EGlyph -> M Element
|
||||
placeGlyph (G {path = path1, size}, dias) = do
|
||||
let (segs', width') = placeDias size dias
|
||||
path <- joinSegs $ path1 <> segs'
|
||||
width <- totalWidth width'
|
||||
modify \s@(S {x}) -> s {x = x + width}
|
||||
pure $ path_ [D_ <<- path]
|
||||
|
||||
placeDias :: SizeInfo -> [Diacritic] -> (Segs, Double)
|
||||
placeDias sz =
|
||||
unlift . flip runState sz . fmap fold . traverse (state . liftDia)
|
||||
where unlift (x, SI {width}) = (x, width)
|
||||
|
||||
newline :: M ()
|
||||
newline = do
|
||||
lh <- lineHeight
|
||||
m <- margin
|
||||
modify \s@(S {x, y, textWidth, textHeight}) ->
|
||||
s {x = m, y = y + lh,
|
||||
textWidth = textWidth `max` (x + m),
|
||||
textHeight = textHeight + lh,
|
||||
firstOnLine = True}
|
||||
|
||||
toPx :: Double -> Text
|
||||
toPx x = pack (showFFloat (Just 4) x "px")
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
|
|||
import Prelude hiding (getContents, readFile, writeFile, putStrLn)
|
||||
import Svg
|
||||
import Glyphs (doGlyphs, lineHeight')
|
||||
import Split
|
||||
import Options.Applicative
|
||||
import Data.Functor
|
||||
import Data.Text.IO (readFile, getContents)
|
||||
import Data.Text.Lazy.IO (writeFile, putStrLn)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
data Options =
|
||||
Opts {
|
||||
width, size, stroke :: {-# UNPACK #-} !Double,
|
||||
inFile, outFile :: Maybe FilePath,
|
||||
text :: Maybe Text,
|
||||
color :: Text
|
||||
}
|
||||
deriving Show
|
||||
|
||||
options :: IO Options
|
||||
options = execParser desc where
|
||||
desc = info (opts <**> helper) $
|
||||
fullDesc <> header "render lántas text as svg"
|
||||
opts =
|
||||
Opts <$> dimOpt 'W' "width" 1000
|
||||
<*> (dimOpt' 'S' "size" "text size" 60 <&> (/ lineHeight'))
|
||||
<*> dimOpt' 'K' "stroke" "line thickness" 2
|
||||
<*> filePath 'i' "input"
|
||||
<*> filePath 'o' "output"
|
||||
<*> text
|
||||
<*> color
|
||||
dimOpt s l d = dimOpt' s l l d
|
||||
dimOpt' s l n d = option auto $ mconcat
|
||||
[short s, long l, help $ n <> " in pixels", metavar "SIZE", value d]
|
||||
filePath s n = optional $ option str $ mconcat
|
||||
[short s, long n, help $ n <> " file", metavar "FILE"]
|
||||
text = optional $ option str $ mconcat
|
||||
[short 't', long "text", help $ "use given text instead of a file",
|
||||
metavar "TEXT"]
|
||||
color = option str $ mconcat
|
||||
[short 'C', long "color", help $ "set stroke color (any css syntax)",
|
||||
metavar "COLOR", value "black"]
|
||||
|
||||
main :: IO ()
|
||||
main = do
|
||||
Opts {..} <- options
|
||||
txt <- split <$> if
|
||||
| Just t <- text -> pure t
|
||||
| Just "-" <- inFile -> getContents
|
||||
| Just i <- inFile -> readFile i
|
||||
| otherwise -> fail "no input given"
|
||||
let res = prettyText $ doGlyphs txt (E {..})
|
||||
case outFile of
|
||||
Just o | o /= "-" -> writeFile o res
|
||||
_ -> putStrLn res
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
|
|||
module Split (split) where
|
||||
|
||||
import Glyphs
|
||||
import Text.Megaparsec
|
||||
import Text.Megaparsec.Char
|
||||
import Data.Text (Text)
|
||||
import qualified Data.Text as Text
|
||||
import qualified Data.Char as Char
|
||||
import Data.Map (Map, (!))
|
||||
import qualified Data.Map.Strict as Map
|
||||
import Data.Void
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
type P = Parsec Void Text
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
lcChar :: P Char
|
||||
lcChar = Char.toLower <$> anySingle
|
||||
|
||||
longestWith :: String -> (Text -> Maybe a) -> P a
|
||||
longestWith name p = try $ go . Text.singleton =<< lcChar where
|
||||
go acc = case p acc of
|
||||
Nothing -> fail $ "longestWith " <> name <> ": " <> show acc
|
||||
Just x -> try (do c <- lcChar; go $ Text.snoc acc c) <|> pure x
|
||||
|
||||
unthorn :: Text -> Text
|
||||
unthorn = Text.map \case 'þ' -> 'ƶ'; 'ð' -> 'ƶ'; c -> c
|
||||
|
||||
maxFrom :: String -> Map Text a -> P a
|
||||
maxFrom name i = longestWith name \x -> Map.lookup (unthorn x) i
|
||||
|
||||
initial :: P Glyph
|
||||
initial = maxFrom "initial" initials
|
||||
|
||||
medial :: P [Diacritic]
|
||||
medial = [] <$ chunk "\\" <|> maxFrom "medial" medials
|
||||
|
||||
final :: P Glyph
|
||||
final = maxFrom "final" finals
|
||||
|
||||
ivowel :: P Glyph
|
||||
ivowel = maxFrom "vowel" vowels
|
||||
|
||||
word :: P [EGlyph]
|
||||
word = [is <> f <> concat p | is <- some initMed, f <- fin, p <- many punct]
|
||||
where
|
||||
initMed = try $
|
||||
(,) <$> initial <*> medial <|>
|
||||
[(v, []) | v <- ivowel] <|>
|
||||
dash
|
||||
fin = maybe [] (\x -> [(x, [])]) <$> optional final
|
||||
|
||||
number :: P [EGlyph]
|
||||
number = some (digit <|> hash) where
|
||||
hash = (num, []) <$ chunk "#"
|
||||
digit = [(numbers ! Char.digitToInt i, []) | i <- digitChar]
|
||||
|
||||
punct :: P [EGlyph]
|
||||
punct = [[(p, [])] | p <- maxFrom "punctuation" punctuation] <* space
|
||||
|
||||
dash :: P EGlyph
|
||||
dash = (wave, []) <$ chunk "–"
|
||||
|
||||
text :: P [[EGlyph]]
|
||||
text = space *> many (segment <* space) <* eof where
|
||||
segment = punct <|> number <|> word
|
||||
|
||||
split :: Text -> [[EGlyph]]
|
||||
split = either (error . errorBundlePretty) id . parse text ""
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,136 +0,0 @@
|
|||
module Svg
|
||||
(module Svg,
|
||||
Text, pack,
|
||||
module Graphics.Svg,
|
||||
module Control.Monad.Reader,
|
||||
module Control.Monad.State)
|
||||
where
|
||||
|
||||
import Control.Monad.Reader
|
||||
import Control.Monad.State
|
||||
import qualified Graphics.Svg as Base
|
||||
import Graphics.Svg
|
||||
hiding (mA, mR, lA, lR, cA, cR, sA, sR, aA, aR, qA, qR, tA, tR)
|
||||
import Data.Text (Text, pack)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
data Env = E {width, size, stroke :: !Double, color :: !Text}
|
||||
data St = S {x, y, textWidth, textHeight :: !Double, firstOnLine :: Bool}
|
||||
-- nb textHeight is one lineheight less than the actual height
|
||||
-- unless ending with a 'newline'
|
||||
|
||||
type M = ReaderT Env (State St)
|
||||
|
||||
type Point = (Double, Double)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
mA :: Point -> M Text
|
||||
mA (x', y') =
|
||||
ReaderT \E {size} -> gets \S {x, y} ->
|
||||
Base.mA (x + x' * size) (y + y' * size)
|
||||
|
||||
mR :: Point -> M Text
|
||||
mR (x', y') = reader \E {size} -> Base.mR (x' * size) (y' * size)
|
||||
|
||||
lA :: Point -> M Text
|
||||
lA (x', y') =
|
||||
ReaderT \E {size} -> gets \S {x, y} ->
|
||||
Base.lA (x + x' * size) (y + y' * size)
|
||||
|
||||
lR :: Point -> M Text
|
||||
lR (x', y') = reader \E {size} -> Base.lR (x' * size) (y' * size)
|
||||
|
||||
sA :: Point -> Point -> M Text
|
||||
sA (x1, y1) (x2, y2) =
|
||||
ReaderT \E {size} -> gets \S {x, y} ->
|
||||
Base.sA (x + x1 * size) (y + y1 * size)
|
||||
(x + x2 * size) (y + y2 * size)
|
||||
|
||||
sR :: Point -> Point -> M Text
|
||||
sR (x1, y1) (x2, y2) =
|
||||
reader \E {size} ->
|
||||
Base.sR (x1 * size) (y1 * size) (x2 * size) (y2 * size)
|
||||
|
||||
cA :: Point -> Point -> Point -> M Text
|
||||
cA (x1, y1) (x2, y2) (x3, y3) =
|
||||
ReaderT \E {size} -> gets \S {x, y} ->
|
||||
Base.cA (x + x1 * size) (y + y1 * size)
|
||||
(x + x2 * size) (y + y2 * size)
|
||||
(x + x3 * size) (y + y3 * size)
|
||||
<> " " -- lmao
|
||||
|
||||
cR :: Point -> Point -> Point -> M Text
|
||||
cR (x1, y1) (x2, y2) (x3, y3) =
|
||||
reader \E {size} ->
|
||||
Base.cR (x1 * size) (y1 * size)
|
||||
(x2 * size) (y2 * size)
|
||||
(x3 * size) (y3 * size)
|
||||
<> " " -- lmao
|
||||
|
||||
qA :: Point -> Point -> M Text
|
||||
qA (x1, y1) (x2, y2) =
|
||||
reader \E {size} ->
|
||||
Base.qA (x1 * size) (y1 * size)
|
||||
(x2 * size) (y2 * size)
|
||||
|
||||
qR :: Point -> Point -> M Text
|
||||
qR (x1, y1) (x2, y2) =
|
||||
reader \E {size} ->
|
||||
Base.qR (x1 * size) (y1 * size)
|
||||
(x2 * size) (y2 * size)
|
||||
|
||||
tA :: Point -> M Text
|
||||
tA (x1, y1) =
|
||||
reader \E {size} ->
|
||||
Base.tA (x1 * size) (y1 * size)
|
||||
|
||||
tR :: Point -> M Text
|
||||
tR (x1, y1) =
|
||||
reader \E {size} ->
|
||||
Base.tR (x1 * size) (y1 * size)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
data Arc = Large | Small
|
||||
data Sweep = CW | CCW
|
||||
|
||||
arcToFlag :: Num a => Arc -> a
|
||||
arcToFlag = \case Large -> 1; Small -> 0
|
||||
|
||||
sweepToFlag :: Num a => Sweep -> a
|
||||
sweepToFlag = \case CW -> 1; CCW -> 0
|
||||
|
||||
aA :: Double -> Double -> Double -> Arc -> Sweep -> Point -> M Text
|
||||
aA rx ry θ arc sweep (x', y') =
|
||||
ReaderT \E {size} -> gets \S {x, y} ->
|
||||
Base.aA (rx * size) (ry * size) θ (arcToFlag arc) (sweepToFlag sweep)
|
||||
(x + x' * size) (y + y' * size)
|
||||
|
||||
aR :: Double -> Double -> Double -> Arc -> Sweep -> Point -> M Text
|
||||
aR rx ry θ arc sweep (x', y') =
|
||||
reader \E {size} ->
|
||||
Base.aR (rx * size) (ry * size) θ (arcToFlag arc) (sweepToFlag sweep)
|
||||
(x' * size) (y' * size)
|
||||
|
||||
ellipseX :: (Point -> M Text) -> Double -> Double -> Point -> [M Text]
|
||||
ellipseX mX rx ry (x', y') =
|
||||
[mX (x' - rx, y'), aR rx ry 0 Large CW (0,0.0001), pure z]
|
||||
|
||||
ellipseR, ellipseA :: Double -> Double -> Point -> [M Text]
|
||||
ellipseR = ellipseX mR
|
||||
ellipseA = ellipseX mA
|
||||
|
||||
circR :: Double -> Point -> [M Text]
|
||||
circR r = ellipseR r r
|
||||
|
||||
circA :: Double -> Point -> [M Text]
|
||||
circA r = ellipseA r r
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
shiftX :: Double -> St -> St
|
||||
shiftX dx s@(S {x}) = s {x = x + dx}
|
||||
|
||||
shiftY :: Double -> St -> St
|
||||
shiftY dy s@(S {y}) = s {y = y + dy}
|
||||
|
||||
shift :: (Double, Double) -> St -> St
|
||||
shift (dx, dy) = shiftX dx . shiftY dy
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
|
|||
cabal-version: 2.2
|
||||
name: laantas-script
|
||||
version: 0.1.0
|
||||
synopsis: write lántas script
|
||||
license: AGPL-3.0-or-later
|
||||
|
||||
author: Rhiannon Morris <rhi@rhiannon.website>
|
||||
maintainer: Rhiannon Morris <rhi@rhiannon.website>
|
||||
|
||||
executable laantas-script
|
||||
hs-source-dirs: .
|
||||
main-is: Main.hs
|
||||
other-modules:
|
||||
Svg,
|
||||
Glyphs,
|
||||
GlyphsBase,
|
||||
Split
|
||||
default-language: Haskell2010
|
||||
default-extensions:
|
||||
BlockArguments,
|
||||
DisambiguateRecordFields,
|
||||
DuplicateRecordFields,
|
||||
FlexibleContexts,
|
||||
GADTs,
|
||||
LambdaCase,
|
||||
MonadComprehensions,
|
||||
MultiWayIf,
|
||||
NamedFieldPuns,
|
||||
OverloadedStrings,
|
||||
RecordWildCards,
|
||||
ViewPatterns
|
||||
build-depends:
|
||||
base >= 4.14.0.0 && < 4.20,
|
||||
containers ^>= 0.6.2.1,
|
||||
mtl ^>= 2.2.2,
|
||||
svg-builder ^>= 0.1.1,
|
||||
optparse-applicative ^>= 0.16.0.0,
|
||||
text ^>= 2.1,
|
||||
megaparsec ^>= 9.6.1
|
||||
ghc-options:
|
||||
-Wall -threaded -rtsopts -with-rtsopts=-N
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,177 +0,0 @@
|
|||
module Ebnf (makeEbnf, Rule (..), Def (..), render, parse) where
|
||||
|
||||
import Prelude hiding (span)
|
||||
import Data.List (intercalate)
|
||||
import Data.Char (isAlphaNum)
|
||||
import Text.Megaparsec hiding (parse)
|
||||
import Text.Megaparsec.Char hiding (char')
|
||||
import qualified Text.Megaparsec as MP
|
||||
import Text.Pandoc.Definition
|
||||
import Data.Text (Text)
|
||||
import qualified Data.Text as Text
|
||||
import Data.Void
|
||||
import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty (..))
|
||||
import qualified Data.List.NonEmpty as NonEmpty
|
||||
|
||||
data Rule =
|
||||
Rule Text Def
|
||||
| RCom Text -- ^ @(* comment *)@
|
||||
deriving (Eq, Show)
|
||||
data Def =
|
||||
N Text -- ^ @nonterminal@
|
||||
| T Text -- ^ @\'terminal\'@ or @\"terminal\"@
|
||||
| S Text -- ^ @?special?@
|
||||
| Or (NonEmpty Def) -- ^ choice @a | b | c@
|
||||
| Seq (NonEmpty Def) -- ^ sequence @a, b, c@
|
||||
| Sub Def Def -- ^ difference @a - b@
|
||||
| Opt Def -- ^ opt @[a]@
|
||||
| Many Def -- ^ repetition @{a}@
|
||||
| Com Text -- ^ comment
|
||||
deriving (Eq, Show)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
makeEbnf :: Block -> Block
|
||||
makeEbnf (CodeBlock (_, cs, _) txt)
|
||||
| "ebnf" `elem` cs
|
||||
= render $ either (error . errorBundlePretty) id $ parse txt
|
||||
makeEbnf b = b
|
||||
|
||||
render :: [Rule] -> Block
|
||||
render rs =
|
||||
Table ("", ["ebnf"], [])
|
||||
(Caption Nothing [])
|
||||
[(AlignRight, ColWidthDefault),
|
||||
(AlignCenter, ColWidthDefault),
|
||||
(AlignLeft, ColWidthDefault)]
|
||||
(TableHead mempty [])
|
||||
[TableBody mempty (RowHeadColumns 0) [] (concatMap render1 rs)]
|
||||
(TableFoot mempty [])
|
||||
|
||||
render1 :: Rule -> [Row]
|
||||
render1 (RCom txt) =
|
||||
[Row mempty [Cell mempty AlignLeft (RowSpan 1) (ColSpan 3) [Plain [Str txt]]]]
|
||||
render1 (Rule name def) =
|
||||
row' [span "ebnf-nt" name] "=" d : map (row' [] "|") ds
|
||||
where
|
||||
d :| ds = splitOrs def
|
||||
splitOrs (Or ds) = ds
|
||||
splitOrs d = NonEmpty.singleton d
|
||||
row' c1 p d = Row mempty [cell c1, cell [punc p], cell (renderDef d)]
|
||||
cell is = Cell mempty AlignDefault (RowSpan 1) (ColSpan 1) [Plain is]
|
||||
|
||||
span c str = Span ("", [c], []) [Str str]
|
||||
punc = span "ebnf-punc"
|
||||
brack = span "ebnf-brack"
|
||||
|
||||
data Prec = OUTER | OR | SEQ | SUB deriving (Eq, Ord)
|
||||
|
||||
renderParens :: Bool -> [Inline] -> [Inline]
|
||||
renderParens False is = is
|
||||
renderParens True is = [punc "("] <> is <> [punc ")"]
|
||||
|
||||
renderDef :: Def -> [Inline]
|
||||
renderDef = renderDefAt OUTER
|
||||
|
||||
renderDefAt :: Prec -> Def -> [Inline]
|
||||
renderDefAt p = \case
|
||||
N txt -> [span "ebnf-nt" txt]
|
||||
T txt -> [span "ebnf-t" txt]
|
||||
S txt -> [span "ebnf-s" txt]
|
||||
Or ds -> renderParens (p > OR) $
|
||||
intercalate [Space, punc "|", Space] $ renderDefAt OR <$> NonEmpty.toList ds
|
||||
Seq ds -> renderParens (p > SEQ) $
|
||||
intercalate [punc ",", Space] $ renderDefAt SEQ <$> NonEmpty.toList ds
|
||||
Sub d e -> renderParens (p >= SUB) $
|
||||
renderDefAt SUB d <>
|
||||
[Space, span "ebnf-sub" "−", Space] <>
|
||||
renderDefAt SUB e
|
||||
Opt d -> [brack "["] <> renderDef d <> [brack "]"]
|
||||
Many d -> [brack "{"] <> renderDef d <> [brack "}"]
|
||||
Com txt -> [span "ebnf-com" txt]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
type P = Parsec Void Text
|
||||
|
||||
parse :: Text -> Either (ParseErrorBundle Text Void) [Rule]
|
||||
parse str = MP.parse (parse' <* eof) "<ebnf>" str
|
||||
|
||||
parse' :: Parsec Void Text [Rule]
|
||||
parse' = many rule
|
||||
|
||||
rule :: P Rule
|
||||
rule = choice
|
||||
[Rule <$> nt <* sym "=" <*> def <* sym ";",
|
||||
RCom <$> comment]
|
||||
|
||||
nt :: P Text
|
||||
nt = Text.unwords <$> some (word <* space) where
|
||||
word = Text.cons <$> first <*> takeWhileP Nothing isWordChar
|
||||
first = letterChar
|
||||
isWordChar c = c == '_' || c == '-' || isAlphaNum c
|
||||
|
||||
def :: P Def
|
||||
def = ors
|
||||
|
||||
ors :: P Def
|
||||
ors = list1 Or <$> seqs `sepBy1'` (sym "|")
|
||||
|
||||
seqs :: P Def
|
||||
seqs = list1 Seq <$> sub `sepBy1'` (sym ",")
|
||||
|
||||
sepBy1' :: P a -> P z -> P (NonEmpty a)
|
||||
sepBy1' a b = NonEmpty.fromList <$> sepBy1 a b
|
||||
|
||||
sub :: P Def
|
||||
sub = do
|
||||
lhs <- adef
|
||||
rhs <- optMaybe $ sym "-" *> adef
|
||||
pure $ maybe lhs (Sub lhs) rhs
|
||||
|
||||
adef :: P Def
|
||||
adef = choice $
|
||||
[N <$> nt, T <$> term, S <$> special,
|
||||
Com <$> comment,
|
||||
bracketed id '(' ')',
|
||||
bracketed Opt '[' ']',
|
||||
bracketed Many '{' '}']
|
||||
|
||||
term :: P Text
|
||||
term = choice [str '\'', str '"']
|
||||
|
||||
special :: P Text
|
||||
special = str '?'
|
||||
|
||||
str :: Char -> P Text
|
||||
str c = lexeme $ between (char c) (char c) (takeWhileP Nothing (/= c))
|
||||
|
||||
comment :: P Text
|
||||
comment = do try (string_ "(*"); go ["(*"] 1 where
|
||||
go :: [Text] -> Int -> P Text
|
||||
go acc 0 = pure $ mconcat $ reverse acc
|
||||
go acc i = choice
|
||||
[fragment (string "(*") (+ 1) acc i,
|
||||
fragment (string "*)") (subtract 1) acc i,
|
||||
fragment (takeWhileP Nothing notComChar) id acc i]
|
||||
fragment p f acc i = do str <- p; go (str : acc) (f i)
|
||||
notComChar c = c /= '(' && c /= '*'
|
||||
string_ str = () <$ string str
|
||||
|
||||
bracketed :: (Def -> a) -> Char -> Char -> P a
|
||||
bracketed f o c = f <$> between (char' o) (char' c) def
|
||||
|
||||
list1 :: (NonEmpty a -> a) -> NonEmpty a -> a
|
||||
list1 _ (x :| []) = x
|
||||
list1 f xs = f xs
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
sym :: Text -> P Text
|
||||
sym str = lexeme $ string str
|
||||
|
||||
char' :: Char -> P Char
|
||||
char' c = lexeme $ char c
|
||||
|
||||
lexeme :: P a -> P a
|
||||
lexeme p = p <* space
|
||||
|
||||
optMaybe :: P a -> P (Maybe a)
|
||||
optMaybe = option Nothing . fmap Just
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
|
|||
module Glosses (glosses) where
|
||||
|
||||
import Lang
|
||||
import LaantasImage
|
||||
import Spans (abbrs)
|
||||
import qualified Spans
|
||||
|
||||
import Text.Pandoc.Definition
|
||||
import Text.Pandoc.Builder
|
||||
import Text.Pandoc.Walk
|
||||
import Data.Maybe
|
||||
import Data.Text (Text)
|
||||
import qualified Data.Text as Text
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
glosses :: Vars => Block -> IO [Block]
|
||||
glosses = \case
|
||||
Div (i, cs, _) blocks | "glosses" `elem` cs -> do
|
||||
tables <- traverse glossTable blocks
|
||||
pure $
|
||||
[RawBlock (Format "html") $ "<figure" <> id <> classes <> ">"] ++
|
||||
catMaybes tables ++
|
||||
[RawBlock (Format "html") "</figure>"]
|
||||
where
|
||||
id = if i == "" then "" else " id=\"" <> i <> "\""
|
||||
classes = " class=\"" <> Text.unwords cs <> "\""
|
||||
b -> pure [b]
|
||||
|
||||
pattern Gloss l g w t = BulletList [[Plain l], [Plain g], [Plain w], [Plain t]]
|
||||
pattern PGloss l p g w t =
|
||||
BulletList [[Plain l], [Plain p], [Plain g], [Plain w], [Plain t]]
|
||||
pattern PNGloss l b n g w t =
|
||||
BulletList [[Plain l], [Plain b], [Plain n], [Plain g], [Plain w], [Plain t]]
|
||||
|
||||
glossTable :: Vars => Block -> IO (Maybe Block)
|
||||
glossTable = \case
|
||||
Gloss l s g t -> Just <$> make l Nothing Nothing s g t
|
||||
PGloss l p s g t -> Just <$> make l (Just p) Nothing s g t
|
||||
PNGloss l b n s g t -> Just <$> make l (Just b) (Just n) s g t
|
||||
HorizontalRule -> pure Nothing
|
||||
b -> error $ "found " ++ show b ++ " in gloss section"
|
||||
where
|
||||
make l b n s g t = do
|
||||
let ℓ = length $ splitInlines s
|
||||
let colspecs = replicate ℓ (AlignDefault, ColWidthDefault)
|
||||
let l' = cell1 ℓ $ underlines l; b' = cell1 ℓ <$> b; n' = cell1 ℓ <$> n
|
||||
let ss = cells s; gs = cells g; t' = cell1 ℓ t
|
||||
img <- case ?lang of
|
||||
Just Lántas ->
|
||||
[Just $ cell1 ℓ [img] | img <- makeImage $ splitImage' $ stripInlines l]
|
||||
Nothing -> pure Nothing
|
||||
pure $ Table ("", ["gloss"], []) (Caption Nothing []) colspecs
|
||||
(TableHead mempty [])
|
||||
[TableBody mempty (RowHeadColumns 0) [] $ concat
|
||||
[[row ["gloss-scr", "scr"] [i] | Just i <- [img]],
|
||||
[row ["gloss-lang", "lang"] [l']],
|
||||
[row ["gloss-pron", "ipa"] [b] | Just b <- [b']],
|
||||
[row ["gloss-pron", "ipa"] [n] | Just n <- [n']],
|
||||
[row ["gloss-split", "lang"] ss],
|
||||
[row ["gloss-gloss"] gs],
|
||||
[row ["gloss-trans"] [t']]]]
|
||||
(TableFoot mempty [])
|
||||
cell is = Cell mempty AlignDefault (RowSpan 1) (ColSpan 1) [Plain is]
|
||||
cell1 ℓ is = Cell mempty AlignDefault (RowSpan 1) (ColSpan ℓ) [Plain is]
|
||||
cells = map (cell . concatMap abbrs) . splitInlines
|
||||
row c = Row ("", c, [])
|
||||
|
||||
stripInlines :: [Inline] -> Text
|
||||
stripInlines = query \case
|
||||
Str s -> s
|
||||
Space -> " "
|
||||
SoftBreak -> " "
|
||||
LineBreak -> " "
|
||||
_ -> ""
|
||||
|
||||
splitInlines :: [Inline] -> [Inlines]
|
||||
splitInlines is = filter (not . null) $ go is where
|
||||
go [] = []
|
||||
go is =
|
||||
let (is1, is') = break (== Space) is in
|
||||
fromList is1 : splitInlines (dropWhile (== Space) is')
|
||||
|
||||
underlines :: [Inline] -> [Inline]
|
||||
underlines = concatMap \case
|
||||
Str txt -> Spans.underlines txt
|
||||
i -> [i]
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
|
|||
module LaantasImage
|
||||
(Image (..), splitImage, splitImage', makeImage)
|
||||
where
|
||||
|
||||
import Text.Pandoc.Definition hiding (Image)
|
||||
import qualified Text.Pandoc.Definition as Pandoc
|
||||
import Data.Bifunctor
|
||||
import Data.Function
|
||||
import Data.Maybe
|
||||
import Data.Map (Map)
|
||||
import qualified Data.Map as Map
|
||||
import Data.Text (Text)
|
||||
import qualified Data.Text as Text
|
||||
import System.Environment
|
||||
import System.FilePath
|
||||
import System.Process
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
data Image =
|
||||
Image {
|
||||
text, title :: Text,
|
||||
file :: FilePath,
|
||||
size, stroke :: Double,
|
||||
width :: Int,
|
||||
color :: Text,
|
||||
showText :: Bool
|
||||
} deriving (Eq, Show)
|
||||
|
||||
splitImage :: Text -> Maybe Image
|
||||
splitImage (Text.uncons -> Just (c, txt))
|
||||
| c == '!' = Just $ splitImage' txt
|
||||
| c == '#' = Just $ (splitImage' txt) {showText = False}
|
||||
splitImage _ = Nothing
|
||||
|
||||
splitImage' :: Text -> Image
|
||||
splitImage' txt₀ =
|
||||
case imageOpts txt₀ of
|
||||
Just (txt, opts) -> defaultImage txt
|
||||
& withOpt opts "file" (\f i -> i {file = makeFile f})
|
||||
& withOpt opts "size" (\s i -> i {size = readt s})
|
||||
& withOpt opts "stroke" (\k i -> i {stroke = readt k})
|
||||
& withOpt opts "width" (\w i -> i {width = readt w})
|
||||
& withOpt opts "color" (\c i -> i {color = c})
|
||||
Nothing -> defaultImage txt₀
|
||||
where readt x = read $ Text.unpack x
|
||||
|
||||
withOpt :: Ord k => Map k v -> k -> (v -> a -> a) -> (a -> a)
|
||||
withOpt m k f =
|
||||
case Map.lookup k m of
|
||||
Just v -> f v
|
||||
Nothing -> id
|
||||
|
||||
defaultImage :: Text -> Image
|
||||
defaultImage txt =
|
||||
Image {
|
||||
text = Text.filter notPunc txt,
|
||||
title = toTitle txt,
|
||||
file = makeFile txt,
|
||||
size = 20,
|
||||
stroke = 0.75,
|
||||
width = 600,
|
||||
color = "hsl(340deg, 50%, 35%)",
|
||||
showText = True
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
split1 :: Text -> Text -> Maybe (Text, Text)
|
||||
split1 s txt =
|
||||
let (a, b) = Text.breakOn s txt in
|
||||
if Text.null b then
|
||||
Nothing
|
||||
else
|
||||
Just (Text.strip a, Text.strip $ Text.drop (Text.length s) b)
|
||||
|
||||
type Opts = Map Text Text
|
||||
|
||||
imageOpts :: Text -> Maybe (Text, Opts)
|
||||
imageOpts = fmap (second splitOpts) . getOpts
|
||||
|
||||
getOpts :: Text -> Maybe (Text, Text)
|
||||
getOpts = split1 "|"
|
||||
|
||||
splitOpts :: Text -> Map Text Text
|
||||
splitOpts = Map.fromList . map splitOpt . Text.splitOn ";" where
|
||||
splitOpt txt = fromMaybe ("file", txt) $ split1 "=" txt
|
||||
|
||||
makeFile :: Text -> FilePath
|
||||
makeFile txt = map stripWeird (Text.unpack txt) <.> "svg"
|
||||
where stripWeird c = if weirdUrl c then '_' else c
|
||||
|
||||
toTitle :: Text -> Text
|
||||
toTitle = Text.filter \c -> c /= '\\' && c /= '#'
|
||||
|
||||
makeImage :: Image -> IO Inline
|
||||
makeImage (Image {..}) = do
|
||||
exe <- getEnv "LAANTAS_SCRIPT"
|
||||
parent <- dropFileName <$> getEnv "FILENAME"
|
||||
dir <- getEnv "DIRNAME"
|
||||
let fullFile = dir </> file
|
||||
let relFile = Text.pack $ makeRelative parent fullFile
|
||||
callProcess exe
|
||||
["-S", show size, "-K", show stroke, "-W", show width,
|
||||
"-C", Text.unpack color, "-t", Text.unpack text, "-o", fullFile]
|
||||
pure $ Pandoc.Image ("", ["scr","laantas"], []) [] (relFile, title)
|
||||
|
||||
weirdUrl :: Char -> Bool
|
||||
weirdUrl c = c `elem` ("#\\?&_/.·,{} " :: String)
|
||||
|
||||
notPunc :: Char -> Bool
|
||||
notPunc c = c `notElem` ("{}·" :: String)
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
|
|||
module Lang where
|
||||
|
||||
import Text.Pandoc.Definition
|
||||
import Data.Char (toLower)
|
||||
import qualified Data.Text as Text
|
||||
import System.IO
|
||||
|
||||
data Lang = Lántas deriving (Eq, Show)
|
||||
|
||||
type Vars = (?lang :: Maybe Lang)
|
||||
|
||||
toLang :: Maybe MetaValue -> IO (Maybe Lang)
|
||||
toLang (Just (MetaInlines [Str s])) = toLang (Just (MetaString s)) -- ugh
|
||||
toLang (Just (MetaString (Text.map toLower -> s)))
|
||||
| s == "lántas" || s == "laantas" = pure $ Just Lántas
|
||||
toLang Nothing = pure Nothing
|
||||
toLang (Just ℓ) = do
|
||||
hPutStrLn stderr $ "[WARN] unknown language: " <> show ℓ
|
||||
pure Nothing
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
|
|||
{-# LANGUAGE TupleSections #-}
|
||||
|
||||
import Lang
|
||||
import Ebnf
|
||||
import Spans
|
||||
import Glosses
|
||||
|
||||
import Text.Pandoc.Definition
|
||||
import Text.Pandoc.JSON
|
||||
import Text.Pandoc.Walk
|
||||
import Data.Maybe
|
||||
import qualified Data.Map as Map
|
||||
import qualified Data.Text as Text
|
||||
import Control.Applicative
|
||||
import Control.Monad
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
main :: IO ()
|
||||
main = toJSONFilter filter where
|
||||
filter p@(Pandoc (Meta m) _) = do
|
||||
lang' <- toLang $ Map.lookup "conlang" m
|
||||
let ?lang = lang'
|
||||
fmap (walk makeEbnf .
|
||||
walk makeQuotes .
|
||||
walk (concatMap makeBlocks) .
|
||||
walk inlineLetterList) $
|
||||
walkM spans =<<
|
||||
walkM (fmap concat . traverse glosses) p
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
pluck :: Eq a => a -> [a] -> Maybe [a]
|
||||
pluck _ [] = Nothing
|
||||
pluck x (y:ys) | x == y = Just ys
|
||||
| otherwise = (x :) <$> pluck x ys
|
||||
|
||||
pluck1 :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> Maybe (a, [a])
|
||||
pluck1 [] _ = Nothing
|
||||
pluck1 (x:xs) ys = (x,) <$> pluck x ys <|> pluck1 xs ys
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
makeBlocks :: Block -> [Block]
|
||||
makeBlocks (Div ("", clss, []) blks)
|
||||
| Just (cls, rest) <- pluck1 ["figure", "aside"] clss =
|
||||
let html = RawBlock $ Format "html"
|
||||
open = if null rest then
|
||||
html $ "<" <> cls <> ">"
|
||||
else
|
||||
html $ "<" <> cls <> " class='" <> Text.unwords rest <> "'>"
|
||||
close = html $ "</" <> cls <> ">"
|
||||
in
|
||||
[open] ++ blks ++ [close]
|
||||
makeBlocks b = [b]
|
||||
|
||||
makeQuotes :: Block -> Block
|
||||
makeQuotes para@(Para b) = fromMaybe para $ do
|
||||
inner <- split b
|
||||
return (BlockQuote [Para inner])
|
||||
where
|
||||
isDelim str = str == "\"\"\"" || str == "““”" -- lol
|
||||
|
||||
split (Str begin:SoftBreak:rest) = guard (isDelim begin) *> checkEnd rest
|
||||
split _ = empty
|
||||
|
||||
checkEnd [SoftBreak, Str end] = [] <$ guard (isDelim end)
|
||||
checkEnd (start:rest) = (start :) <$> checkEnd rest
|
||||
checkEnd _ = empty
|
||||
makeQuotes other = other
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
inlineLetterList :: Block -> Block
|
||||
inlineLetterList (Div a@(_, cs, _) blks)
|
||||
| "letter-list" `elem` cs = Div a (walk go blks)
|
||||
where
|
||||
go (Para xs) = Plain xs
|
||||
go b = b
|
||||
inlineLetterList b = b
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
|
|||
module Spans (spans, ipaB, ipaN, abbr, abbrs, underlines) where
|
||||
|
||||
import LaantasImage hiding (text)
|
||||
import Lang
|
||||
|
||||
import Text.Pandoc.Definition hiding (Image)
|
||||
import Text.Pandoc.Builder hiding (Image)
|
||||
import Data.Char (isUpper, isDigit)
|
||||
import Data.Text (Text)
|
||||
import qualified Data.Text as Text
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
spans :: Vars => Inline -> IO Inline
|
||||
spans = \case
|
||||
Code attrs txt
|
||||
| Just ('\\', txt') <- Text.uncons txt -> pure $ Code attrs txt'
|
||||
| Just txt' <- enclosed "⫽" "⫽" txt -> pure $ ipaA txt'
|
||||
| Just txt' <- enclosed "//" "//" txt -> pure $ ipaA txt'
|
||||
| Just _ <- enclosed "/" "/" txt -> pure $ ipaB txt
|
||||
| Just _ <- enclosed "[" "]" txt -> pure $ ipaN txt
|
||||
| Just txt' <- enclosed "{" "}" txt -> lang txt'
|
||||
| Just txt' <- enclosed "!" "!" txt -> pure $ abbr txt'
|
||||
| Just txt' <- enclosed "*" "*" txt -> pure $ mark txt'
|
||||
i -> pure i
|
||||
|
||||
ipaA, ipaB, ipaN, abbr, mark :: Text -> Inline
|
||||
ipaA = Span (cls ["ipa", "ipa-arch"]) . text' . surround "⫽"
|
||||
ipaB = Span (cls ["ipa", "ipa-broad"]) . text'
|
||||
ipaN = Span (cls ["ipa", "ipa-narrow"]) . text'
|
||||
abbr = Span (cls ["abbr"]) . text' . endash
|
||||
mark txt = RawInline "html" $ "<mark>" <> txt <> "</mark>"
|
||||
|
||||
surround :: Text -> Text -> Text
|
||||
surround s txt = s <> txt <> s
|
||||
|
||||
text' :: Text -> [Inline]
|
||||
text' = toList . text
|
||||
|
||||
lang :: Vars => Text -> IO Inline
|
||||
lang = fmap (Span (cls ["lang"])) . lang'
|
||||
|
||||
lang' :: Vars => Text -> IO [Inline]
|
||||
lang' txt₀ = case ?lang of
|
||||
Just Lántas
|
||||
| Just li@(Image {..}) <- splitImage txt₀ ->
|
||||
if showText then do
|
||||
img <- makeImage li
|
||||
pure $ [img, Span (cls ["text"]) $ underlines title]
|
||||
else
|
||||
pure <$> makeImage li
|
||||
_ ->
|
||||
pure $ underlines txt₀
|
||||
|
||||
notBrace :: Char -> Bool
|
||||
notBrace c = c /= '{' && c /= '}'
|
||||
|
||||
underlines :: Text -> [Inline]
|
||||
underlines txt = case Text.uncons txt of
|
||||
Nothing -> []
|
||||
Just ('{', txt') -> RawInline "html" "<u>" : underlines txt'
|
||||
Just ('}', txt') -> RawInline "html" "</u>" : underlines txt'
|
||||
_ -> Str a : underlines b
|
||||
where (a, b) = Text.span notBrace txt
|
||||
|
||||
cls :: [Text] -> Attr
|
||||
cls cs = ("", cs, [])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
enclosed :: Text -> Text -> Text -> Maybe Text
|
||||
enclosed o c txt
|
||||
| Text.length txt >= ℓo + ℓc,
|
||||
Text.take ℓo txt == o,
|
||||
Text.takeEnd ℓc txt == c
|
||||
= Just $ Text.drop ℓo $ Text.dropEnd ℓc txt
|
||||
where ℓo = Text.length o; ℓc = Text.length c
|
||||
enclosed _ _ _ = Nothing
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
endash :: Text -> Text
|
||||
endash = Text.map \case '-' -> '–'; '_' -> ' '; c -> c
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
abbrs :: Inline -> [Inline]
|
||||
abbrs (Str txt) = go $ endash txt where
|
||||
go "" = []
|
||||
go txt
|
||||
| (l, r) <- Text.span isAbbr txt,
|
||||
not $ Text.null l
|
||||
= abbr' l : go r
|
||||
| (l, r) <- Text.break isAbbr txt
|
||||
= Str l : go r
|
||||
abbr' txt = if Text.length txt == 1 then Str txt else abbr txt
|
||||
isAbbr c = isUpper c || isDigit c || c `elem` (",.;\\[]" :: String)
|
||||
abbrs i = [i]
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
|
|||
cabal-version: 2.2
|
||||
name: langfilter
|
||||
version: 0.1.1
|
||||
synopsis: filter for conlang stuff
|
||||
license: AGPL-3.0-or-later
|
||||
|
||||
author: Rhiannon Morris <rhi@rhiannon.website>
|
||||
maintainer: Rhiannon Morris <rhi@rhiannon.website>
|
||||
|
||||
executable langfilter
|
||||
hs-source-dirs: .
|
||||
main-is: Main.hs
|
||||
other-modules:
|
||||
Lang,
|
||||
Ebnf,
|
||||
Spans,
|
||||
LaantasImage,
|
||||
Glosses
|
||||
ghc-options:
|
||||
-Wall -Wno-missing-signatures -Wno-missing-pattern-synonym-signatures
|
||||
-Wno-name-shadowing
|
||||
-threaded -rtsopts -with-rtsopts=-N
|
||||
default-language: Haskell2010
|
||||
default-extensions:
|
||||
BlockArguments,
|
||||
ConstraintKinds,
|
||||
LambdaCase,
|
||||
FlexibleContexts,
|
||||
ImplicitParams,
|
||||
MonadComprehensions,
|
||||
OverloadedStrings,
|
||||
PatternSynonyms,
|
||||
RecordWildCards,
|
||||
ViewPatterns
|
||||
build-depends:
|
||||
base >= 4.14.0.0 && < 4.20,
|
||||
containers ^>= 0.6.2.1,
|
||||
filepath ^>= 1.4.2.1,
|
||||
megaparsec ^>= 9.6.1,
|
||||
process ^>= 1.6.11.0,
|
||||
pandoc-types ^>= 1.23,
|
||||
text ^>= 2.1,
|
||||
pretty-show ^>= 1.10
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lizard languages
|
||||
hidetoc: true
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
A family of languages spoken by lizard people.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Palaeo-lizard](palaeo/) (2000ya?)
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Palæo-lizard
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
"Palæo-lizard" is a placeholder name, obviously.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Phonology
|
||||
|
||||
## Inventory
|
||||
|
||||
| | Dental | Postalv. | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
|
||||
|----------:|:-------------:|:-------------:|:----------:|:----------:|:-----------:|:-------:|
|
||||
| Plosive | #(d tʰ tʼ) | | #(ɟ cʰ cʼ) | #(ɡ kʰ kʼ) | #(qʰ qʼ) | #(ʔ) |
|
||||
| Affricate | #(dz tsʰ tsʼ) | #(dʒ tʃʰ tʃʼ) | | | | |
|
||||
| Fricative | #(ð z θ s) | #(ʒ ʃ) | #(ʝ ç) | #(ɣ x) | #(χ) | #(h) |
|
||||
| Nasal | #(n) | | #(ɲ) | | #(ɴ) | |
|
||||
| Lateral | #(l) | | #(ʎ) | #(ʟ) | | |
|
||||
| Flap | #(ɾ) | | | | | |
|
||||
| Trill | #(r rː rːː) | | | | #(ʀ ʀː ʀːː) | |
|
||||
|
||||
| | Front | Back |
|
||||
|---------:|:-----:|:----:|
|
||||
| High | #(i) | #(ɯ) |
|
||||
| Mid | #(e) | #(ɤ) |
|
||||
| Low | #(a) | #(ɑ) |
|
||||
|
||||
Some syllables are marked with a high tone, indicated with an acute accent (e.g. «á»).
|
||||
|
||||
## Syllable structure
|
||||
|
||||
```ebnf
|
||||
word = {syll}+.
|
||||
syll = onset, vowel, [coda].
|
||||
|
||||
onset = consonant
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Allophony
|
||||
|
||||
- Obstruents are voiced in between voiced sounds.
|
||||
- Front vowels become central after linguolabial, alveolar, and uvular consonants.
|
||||
- Back vowels become central after dental and palatal consonants.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
- phrase boundaries marked by tone in some way
|
||||
- 3-way length distinction?
|
||||
- stress counting from the beginning of the word
|
||||
- a weird number base system (mixed base 8/4/...?)
|
||||
- grammatical metathesis?
|
||||
|
||||
- ergative, also in word order (XVS / AXVP)
|
||||
-->
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Palæo-lizard
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
"Palæo-lizard" is a placeholder name, obviously.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Phonology
|
||||
|
||||
## Inventory
|
||||
|
||||
| | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
|
||||
|------------:|:------------:|:------:|:--------:|:---------:|:-------:|:-----:|:------:|:-------:|
|
||||
| Plosive | #(t̼) | #(t̪) | #(t) | #(ʈ) | #(c) | #(k) | #(q) | #(ʔ) |
|
||||
| Nasal | #(n̼) | #(n̪) | #(n) | #(ɳ) | #(ɲ) | | #(ɴ) | |
|
||||
| Lateral | #(l̼) | #(l̪) | #(l) | #(ɭ) | | #(ʟ) | | |
|
||||
| Flap | #(ɾ̼) | #(ɾ̪) | #(ɾ) | #(ɽ) | | | | |
|
||||
| Trill | | | #(r) | #(ɽː) | | | #(ʀ) | |
|
||||
|
||||
| | Front | Back |
|
||||
|---------:|:-----:|:----:|
|
||||
| High | #(i) | #(ɯ) |
|
||||
| Mid | #(e) | #(ɤ) |
|
||||
| Low | #(a) | #(ɑ) |
|
||||
|
||||
Some syllables are marked with a high tone, indicated with an acute accent (#(́á)).
|
||||
|
||||
## Syllable structure
|
||||
|
||||
Syllable structure is CV(C), with the only restriction that #/h/ can't be in a consonant coda.
|
||||
|
||||
## Allophony
|
||||
|
||||
- Obstruents are voiced in between voiced sounds.
|
||||
- Front vowels become central after retroflex, velar, and uvular consonants.
|
||||
- Back vowels become central after linguolabial, dental, and palatal consonants.
|
||||
|
||||
# Pronouns
|
||||
|
||||
First person (singular) is #/n̪es/. Second person (any number) is #/qɑʀ/. Back references (below) are used instead of third person pronouns.
|
||||
|
||||
# Back references
|
||||
|
||||
CHANGE THESE
|
||||
|
||||
The form of adjacent back references alternate between vowel and consonant forms to form a short word. A single one on its own attaches to a dummy #/h/ in its vowel form.
|
||||
|
||||
Subscripts in glosses indicate what a given occurrence of a back reference points to.
|
||||
|
||||
| | Vowel | Consonant |
|
||||
|--------:|:-----:|:---------:|
|
||||
| #!REF1! | #(ɯ) | #(ɰ) |
|
||||
| #!REF2! | #(i) | #(j) |
|
||||
| #!REF3! | #(ᴇ) | #(r̪) |
|
||||
| #!REF4! | #(ɑ) | #(q) |
|
||||
| #!REF5! | #(a) | #(t̼) |
|
||||
| #!REF6! | #(ɤ) | #(n) |
|
||||
|
||||
# Examples
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
n̪ɛs cir jɯ ʔis ɾi jɯ t̼a
|
||||
[n̪ɛs@a cir@b j@a-ɯ@b ʔis]@c ɾi@d j@c-ɯ@d t̼a
|
||||
[1SG@a house@b REF2@a-REF1@b go_to]@c quick@d REF2@c-REF1@d do
|
||||
I go to the house quickly
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Word list
|
||||
|
||||
- \#/cir/: house
|
||||
- \#/ɾi/: quick
|
||||
- \#/t̼a/: do
|
||||
- \#/ʔis/: go to
|
||||
- \#/ʔɑs/: go into
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Conlangs
|
||||
toc: false
|
||||
hide-footer: true
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
Yeah. The ones I have anything written up for, in order of detail, and with a
|
||||
couple of buzzwords each:
|
||||
|
||||
* **[Lántas](laantas)** `/laːntas/`, which is the language which has gone longest
|
||||
without me abandoning it. It has lots of noun cases and syllabic consonants,
|
||||
and is written with an abugida.
|
||||
|
||||
* **[Tengan]**, or `{tté ŋa}` `/tʼɛ˥ ŋɑ˩/`, with an isolating grammar, click
|
||||
consonants, evidentiality, and a Hangul-ripoff for the script. (I haven't
|
||||
transferred it from my old site yet, sorry)
|
||||
|
||||
* **[Zalajmkwély](zalajmkwely)** `/zɑlɑɪmkweˈliː/`, which was originally from
|
||||
a "design a conlang in an hour" challenge thing but then I got kind of
|
||||
attached to it. It's still just a sketch though.
|
||||
It has nine genders and vowel harmony.
|
||||
|
||||
* [an unnamed language with a volapük-ass aesthetic](vol)
|
||||
|
||||
Also, [a mirror](syn-test-cases.html) of some syntax test cases, originally
|
||||
compiled by Gary Shannon, that might be useful to someone.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,334 +0,0 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas examples
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: .
|
||||
conlang: lántas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
# The North Wind and the Sun {#nwas}
|
||||
|
||||
> The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when
|
||||
> a traveller came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who
|
||||
> first succeeded in making the traveller take his cloak off should be
|
||||
> considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he
|
||||
> could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveller fold his cloak
|
||||
> around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun
|
||||
> shined out warmly, and immediately the traveller took off his cloak. And so
|
||||
> the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the
|
||||
> two.
|
||||
|
||||
:::example
|
||||
`{!
|
||||
Ruakul naipa bahútlit aimlis Laksimat Fuhamkas Guwanḿ asumsas ba sua. Gimimli
|
||||
ufat kukkit ippauja šikkúƶł ruamiril nara. Šikkúƶłm kukkimat rumin júlim
|
||||
natta abudajaƶ bahútlit amat laimitta šikkúbu. Gimimli Laksimat Fuham rut
|
||||
bássatlit fuha, ŕminu hakkatta fuhafamat gimimli kubutta šikkúƶłm kukkimat
|
||||
rumi ńgua. Mulin Laksimat Fuham čaubam bulla. Gimimli Guwanḿ ufatta tílju,
|
||||
ŕ šikkúƶłm kukkimat šutta rumin júli. Mulin Guwanḿ bahútlit amat Laksimat
|
||||
Fuham suam bulla.
|
||||
| file = northwind ; size = 50 ; stroke = 2
|
||||
}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.glosses .left}
|
||||
- Ruakul naipa bahútlit aimlis
|
||||
- ˌruə̯kɔɬʲ ˌnæɪ̯pɐ bɐˈxoːtɬɪt æɪ̯mlɪs
|
||||
- rua-ku-l nai=pa bahú-t-lit ai-m-li-s
|
||||
- 3-SUB-PL one=what strength-GEN-SUP be-DEF-IN-ABL
|
||||
- About which of them was stronger
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Laksimat Fuhamkas Guwanḿ asumsas ba sua.
|
||||
- ˌlaksɪmɐt ˈfuxɑmkɑs ˈɡɔwɑnm̩ ˌasʊmsɐs bɐ ˌsuə̯
|
||||
- laksi-m-at fuha-m-kas guwan-ḿ asu-m-sa-s ba sua
|
||||
- north-DEF-GEN blow-DEF-COM sun-DEF others-DEF-AD-LAT against say
|
||||
- the North Wind and the Sun were arguing.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Gimimli ufat kukkit ippauja šikkúƶł ruamiril nara.
|
||||
- ˌɡɛmɪmlɪ ˌufɐt ˈkɔkːɛt ˌipːɑʊ̯jɐ ˈʃikːoːθɫ̩ ˌɾuə̯mɪʑɪɬʲ ˌnarɐ
|
||||
- gimi-m-li ufan-t kukki-t ippau-ja šikkú-ƶł rua-mi-ri-l nara
|
||||
- time-DEF-IN warm-GEN coat-GEN wear-REL go-er 3-APUD-PRL-PL walk
|
||||
- Then, a traveller wearing a warm coat walked past.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Šikkúƶłm kukkimat rumin júlim natta abudajaƶ
|
||||
- ˌʃikːoːθɫ̩m ˈkɔkːɛmɐt ˌɾumɪn ˌjuːlɪm ˈnatːɐ ˌavʊðɐjɐθ
|
||||
- šikkúƶł-m kukki-m-at ru-mi-n júli-m na-tta abuda-ja-ƶ
|
||||
- traveller-DEF coat-DEF-GEN 3SG-APUD-ABL take-DEF one-ADV cause-REL-NOM
|
||||
- The one to first make the traveller remove his coat
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- bahútlit amat laimitta šikkúbu.
|
||||
- bɐˈxoːtɬɪt amɐt ˌlæɪ̯mɪtːɐ ˌʃikːoːvʊ
|
||||
- bahútlit ai-m-at laimi-tta šikkú-bu
|
||||
- strongest be-DEF-GEN same-ADV go-3PL
|
||||
- would be the stronger is what they agreed.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Gimimli Laksimat Fuham rut bássatlitta fuha,
|
||||
- ˌɡɛmɪmlɪ ˈlaksɪmɐt ˈfuxɑm ɾʊt ˌbaːsːɐtɬɪtːɐ ˈfuxɑ
|
||||
- gimimli Laksimat_Fuham rut bássa-t-lit-ta fuha
|
||||
- then the:North:Wind 3SG;GEN force-GEN-SUP-ADV blow
|
||||
- Then the North Wind blew his hardest,
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- ŕminu hakkatta fuhafamat gimimli
|
||||
- ˌɻ̩ːmɪnʊ ˌxɑkːɑtːɐ ˈfuxɑfɐmɐt ˌɡɛmɪmlɪ
|
||||
- ŕ-minu hakka-tta fuha-fa-m-at gimimli
|
||||
- and-still harsh-ADV blow-3SG-DEF-GEN as
|
||||
- but the stronger he blew
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- kubutta šikkúƶłm kukkimat rumi ńgua.
|
||||
- ˌkɔvʊtːɐ ˌʃɪkːoːθɫ̩m ˌkɔkːɛmɐt ɾʊmɪ ˈŋ̩ɡɔə̯
|
||||
- kubu-tta šikkúƶłm kukkim-at ru-mi ńgua
|
||||
- close-ADV the:traveller the:coat-GEN 3SG-APUD pull
|
||||
- the closer the traveller pulled his coat around himself.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Mulin Laksimat Fuham čaubam bulla.
|
||||
- ˌmulɪn ˈlaksɪmɐt ˈfuhɑm ˈtʃɑʊ̯vɐm ˌbuɫːɑ
|
||||
- mu-li-n Laksimat_Fuham čauba-m bulla
|
||||
- that-AD-ABL the:North:Wind give_up-DEF must
|
||||
- So the North Wind had to give up.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Gimimli Guwanḿ ufatta tílju,
|
||||
- ɡɛˌmimlɪ ˈɡɔwɑnm̩ ʊˈfatːɐ ˌtɪːljʊ
|
||||
- gimimli Guwanḿ ufan-tta tílju
|
||||
- then the:sun warm-ADV shine
|
||||
- Then the Sun shone out warmly,
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- ŕ šikkúƶłm kukkimat šutta rumin júli.
|
||||
- ɻ̩ː ˌʃikːoːθl̩m ˈkɔkːɛmɐt ˈʃutːɐ ˌɾumɪn ˌjyːlɪ
|
||||
- ŕ šikkúƶłm kukkimat šun-tta ru-mi-n júli
|
||||
- and the:traveller the:coat:GEN immediate-ADV 3SG-APUD-ABL take
|
||||
- and immediately the traveller took off his coat.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Mulin Guwanḿ bahútlit amat Laksimat Fuham suam bulla.
|
||||
- ˌmulɪn ˈɡɔwɑnm̩ bɐˌxoːtɬɪt amɐt ˈlaksɪmɐt ˈfuxɑm suɐ̯m ˌbuɫːɐ
|
||||
- mulin Guwanḿ bahútlit ai-m-at Laksimat_Fuham sua-m bulla
|
||||
- so the:Sun strongest be-DEF-GEN the:North:Wind say-DEF must
|
||||
- So the North Wind had to say that the Sun was the stronger.
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Nuclear waste warning messages
|
||||
|
||||
You know, [this thing]:
|
||||
|
||||
[this thing]:
|
||||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-time_nuclear_waste_warning_messages
|
||||
|
||||
> This place is a message... and part of a system of messages... pay attention
|
||||
> to it!\
|
||||
> Sending this message was important to us. We considered ourselves to be a
|
||||
> powerful culture.\
|
||||
> This place is not a place of honor... no highly esteemed deed is commemorated
|
||||
> here... nothing valued is here.\
|
||||
> What is here was dangerous and repulsive to us. This message is a warning
|
||||
> about danger.\
|
||||
> The danger is in a particular location... it increases towards a center... the
|
||||
> center of danger is here... of a particular size and shape, and below us.\
|
||||
> The danger is still present, in your time, as it was in ours.\
|
||||
> The danger is to the body, and it can kill.\
|
||||
> The form of the danger is an emanation of energy.\
|
||||
> The danger is unleashed only if you substantially disturb this place
|
||||
> physically. This place is best shunned and left uninhabited.
|
||||
|
||||
:::example
|
||||
`{! Lusa fasḿ suagu ai.
|
||||
Suatł kaubanuan aifa.
|
||||
Kaitta mansilúm bulla!
|
||||
Luƶ suamat parailúm ausut aisaji.
|
||||
Wiǧiranḿ bahút amat ibjalúsaji.
|
||||
Lusa fasḿ šimat tul.
|
||||
Lusa šitta ibjalúja látŕl sihalútul.
|
||||
Lusa nakasnai šusullútul.
|
||||
Lusa nakasnai lapusukat taƶmanifnuču ai.
|
||||
Lua suagum lapusulin ai.
|
||||
Lapusum ƶunat fassa suwai.
|
||||
Muƶ fasḿlis lapusum ausulis asurai.
|
||||
Lapusumat kuwisḿ lumi suwai.
|
||||
Ƶunat ausukat ƶunat pilkat ai, ŕ luku suwai.
|
||||
Minu sá, suatł gimimli, abjatta luƶ gimimli, lapusum suwai.
|
||||
Lapusum agamlisł šikkúmá. Ƶalussufam fullu.
|
||||
Lapusumat pilḿ tíljut čauba ai.
|
||||
Natta agamatta luƶ fasḿ pašulúmlin lapusum sidam tisu.
|
||||
Luƶ fasmamin duguwalúm dansu.
|
||||
Luli nakasnai nuabiam dansutul.
|
||||
| file = nwwm ; size = 50 ; stroke = 2
|
||||
}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.glosses .left}
|
||||
|
||||
- Lusa fasḿ suagu ai.
|
||||
- ˌlusə ˈfasm̩ ˈsuəɡɔ æɪ
|
||||
- lu-sa fas-ḿ sua-gu ai
|
||||
- this-AD place-DEF message-ESS be
|
||||
- This place is a message.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Suatł kaubanuan aifa.
|
||||
- ˌsuətɫ̩ ˈkɒʊvənuən æɪfə
|
||||
- sua-t-ł kauba-nua-n ai-fa
|
||||
- message-GEN-PL group-INTER-ABL be-3SG
|
||||
- It is from a group of messages.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Kaitta mansilúm bulla!
|
||||
- ˈkɑetːə ˈmansɪlúm bʊɫːə
|
||||
- kai-t-ta mansi-lú-ḿ bulla
|
||||
- good-GEN-ADV understand-PSV-DEF must
|
||||
- It must be understood well!
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Luƶ suamat parailúm ausut aisaji.
|
||||
- lʊθ ˌsuəmɐt ˌparæɪluːm ˈɑʊsʊt ˌæɪsəjɛ
|
||||
- lua-ƶ sua-ma-t parai-lú-m ausu-t ai-saji
|
||||
- this-ADJ message-DEF-GEN write-PSV-DEF important-GEN be-DPST
|
||||
- It was important that this message was sent.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Wiǧiranḿ bahút amat ibjalúsaji.
|
||||
- ˌwɛʒɪrɐnm̩ bɐˈxoːt ˌamət ˌivjəluːsəjɛ
|
||||
- wiǧiran-ḿ bahú-t a(i)-m-at ibja-lú-saji
|
||||
- society-DEF strong-GEN be-DEF-GEN believe-PSV-DPST
|
||||
- This society was seen as strong.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Lusa fasḿ šimat tul.
|
||||
- ˌlusə ˌfasm̩ ˈʃimət ˈtuɬʲ
|
||||
- lusa fas-ḿ ši-m-at tul.
|
||||
- here place-DEF honour-DEF-GEN NEG
|
||||
- This place is not honourable.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Lusa šitta ibjalúja látŕl sihalútul.
|
||||
- lusa ši-t-ta ibja-lú-ja lá-tŕ-l siha-lú-tul
|
||||
- here honour-GEN-ADV believe-PSV-REL do-act-PL remember-PSV-NEG
|
||||
- Highly-regarded acts are not remembered here.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Lusa nakasnai šusullútul.
|
||||
- lusa nakasnai šusł-lú-tul
|
||||
- here everything want-PSV-NEG
|
||||
- What is here is not valued.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Lusa nakasnai lapusukat taƶmanifnuču ai.
|
||||
- lusa nakasnai lapusu-kat taƶ-manifnu-ču ai
|
||||
- here everything pain-GEN;and un-pleasant-EXE be
|
||||
- What is here is dangerous and repulsive.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Lua suagum lapusulin ai.
|
||||
- lua sua-gu-m lapusu-li-n ai
|
||||
- this message-ESS-DEF pain-IN-ABL be
|
||||
- This is a warning about danger.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Lapusum ƶunat fassa suwai.
|
||||
- lapusu-m ƶuna-t fas-sa suwai
|
||||
- danger-DEF exact-GEN place-AD exist
|
||||
- The danger is in a particular location.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Muƶ fasḿlis lapusum ausulis asurai.
|
||||
- mua-ƶ fas-ḿ-li-s lapusu-m ausu-li-s asurai
|
||||
- that-ADJ place-DEF-IN-LAT danger-DEF big-IN-LAT become
|
||||
- The danger increases towards that location.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Lapusumat kuwisḿ lumi suwai.
|
||||
- lapusu-m-at kuwis-ḿ lua-mi suwai
|
||||
- danger-DEF-GEN source-DEF this-APUD exist
|
||||
- The source of the danger is near here.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Ƶunat ausukat ƶunat pilkat ai, ŕ luku suwai.
|
||||
- ƶunat ausu-kat ƶunat pil-kat ai ŕ lua-ku suwai
|
||||
- certain size-GEN;and certain shape-GEN;and be and this-SUB exist
|
||||
- It is a certain size and shape, and below here.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Minu sá, suatł gimimli, abjatta luƶ gimimli, lapusum suwai.
|
||||
- minu sá suatł gimi-m-li abjatta luƶ gimi-m-li lapusum suwai
|
||||
- still now your time-DEF-IN same:as this time-DEF-IN the:danger exist
|
||||
- Even now, in your time, the danger exists, just as in ours.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Lapusum agamlisł šikkúmá. Ƶalussufam fullu.
|
||||
- lapusum aga-m-li-s-ł šikkú-má. ƶalussu-fa-m fullu
|
||||
- the:danger body-DEF-IN-LAT-PL go-FUT. kill-3SG-DEF can
|
||||
- The danger will enter the body. It can kill.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Lapusumat pilḿ tíljut čauba ai.
|
||||
- lapusum-at pil-ḿ tílju-t čauba ai
|
||||
- the:danger-GEN shape-DEF energy-GEN throw be
|
||||
- The form of the danger is an aura of energy.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Natta agamatta luƶ fasḿ pašulúmlin...
|
||||
- natta aga-m-at-ta luƶ fasḿ pašu-lú-m-li-n
|
||||
- only body-DEF-GEN-ADV this the:place damage-PSV-DEF-IN-ABL
|
||||
- only if this place is physically damaged...
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- ...lapusum sidam tisu.
|
||||
- lapusum sida-m tisu
|
||||
- the:danger come-DEF if_then
|
||||
- ...will the danger arrive.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Luƶ fasmamin duguwalúm dansu.
|
||||
- luƶ fas-ma-mi-n duguwa-lú-m dansu
|
||||
- this place-DEF-APUD-ABL avoid-PSV-DEF should
|
||||
- This place should be avoided.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Luli nakasnai nuabiam dansutul.
|
||||
- lua-li nakasnai nuabia-m dansu-tul
|
||||
- this-IN everyone live-DEF should-NEG
|
||||
- No one should live here.
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas
|
||||
toc: false
|
||||
conlang: lántas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
:::splash
|
||||
`{#lántas | size = 200 ; stroke = 7}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
1. [Phonology](phono.html)
|
||||
2. [Writing system](writing.html)
|
||||
3. [Nouns](nouns.html)
|
||||
4. [Pronouns, etc](prons.html)
|
||||
5. [Verbs](verbs.html)
|
||||
6. [Numbers](numbers.html)
|
||||
7. [Syntax] not done yet
|
||||
8. [Examples](examples.html)
|
||||
9. [List of abbreviations](abbrevs.html)
|
||||
10. [Dictionary](words.yaml) need to present in more readable way
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,483 +0,0 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas nouns
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: .
|
||||
conlang: lántas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
Lántas is unusual (as far as I know) in that words which are often considered
|
||||
to form a separate "adjective" class, or, a subset of verbs, are in fact (the
|
||||
genitive case of) nouns.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Number
|
||||
|
||||
The basic form of a noun is its singular, in all cases. The plural is formed by adding:
|
||||
|
||||
- `{!–al}` to a word ending in `{l}` or `{ł}`,
|
||||
- `{!–l}` to a word ending in a vowel, or
|
||||
- `{!–ł}` to a word ending in a consonant, syllabic or not, other than `{l}`.
|
||||
|
||||
This plural form can also be applied to names of people. In this case it forms
|
||||
what is called an _associative plural_, and refers to a person plus a group
|
||||
associated with them, usually their family or friend group.
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- ǧunail
|
||||
- ǧunai-l
|
||||
- stick-PL
|
||||
- sticks
|
||||
|
||||
------------
|
||||
|
||||
- Jánimł
|
||||
- Jáni-m-ł
|
||||
- John-DEF-PL
|
||||
- John and his friends
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Definiteness
|
||||
|
||||
The definite suffix for nouns `!(DEF)!` is usually `{!–m}`, and is used more
|
||||
frequently than 'the' in English. For example, in the first sentence below Sam
|
||||
has one dog, but in the second he is implied to have several. The names of
|
||||
people and places are also definite.
|
||||
|
||||
The suffix has a few different forms depending on how the word ends:
|
||||
|
||||
Ending Suffix Examples
|
||||
------------------------- ---------- --------------------------------
|
||||
`{m}` or `{ḿ}` `{!–am}` `{!šaksḿam}` 'the ash',
|
||||
**TODO word ending in m**
|
||||
other consonant or `{ń}` `{!–ḿ}` `{!lántasḿ}` 'the language',
|
||||
`{!kášńḿ}` 'the lizard'
|
||||
vowel, `{ŕ}`, or `{ł}` `{!–m}` `{!luwam}` 'the truth',
|
||||
`{!laksŕm}` 'the fish',
|
||||
`{!ustaiƶłm}` 'the singer'
|
||||
------------------------- ---------- --------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
A sequence `{ńḿ}` formed in this way is pronounced as `/nm̩/`. In other words,
|
||||
`{!kášńḿ}` has *two* syllables, not three like it is written. An extra `{-a}` is
|
||||
inserted after the `{-m}` form of the suffix if it is needed due to another
|
||||
suffix following it.
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- Sámimat ƶasim
|
||||
- Sami-ma-t ƶasi-m
|
||||
- Sam-DEF-GEN dog-DEF
|
||||
- Sam's dog
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Sámimat ƶasi
|
||||
- Sami-ma-t ƶasi
|
||||
- Sam-DEF-GEN dog
|
||||
- one of Sam's dogs
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- guwanḿt samńḿ
|
||||
- ˈɡu.wa.nm̩t ˈsam.nm̩
|
||||
- guwan-ḿ-t samń-ḿ
|
||||
- sun-DEF-GEN colour-DEF
|
||||
- the colour of the sun
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
## Using the definite suffix
|
||||
|
||||
The definite suffix is used:
|
||||
|
||||
:::examples
|
||||
|
||||
- When the referent is old information already mentioned.
|
||||
- `{!Pas nú bairusina.}` \
|
||||
`{!Nai rala núm manifnut gašnat ippausi.}` \
|
||||
I saw two people. One of them was wearing a nice shirt.
|
||||
|
||||
- For people, places, countries, and other proper names.
|
||||
- `{!Ƶuƶ pas kášńł ǧiššimamba nuabia.}`\
|
||||
Those two lizards live above the bakery.
|
||||
|
||||
- In time phrases with `{!gimi}`. However, `{!naigimi}` 'sometime' is indefinite.
|
||||
- `{!Gimimli lána.}`\
|
||||
I'm doing it now.
|
||||
- `{!Naigimimli lámána.}`\
|
||||
I'll do it at some point.
|
||||
|
||||
- In statements of general fact.
|
||||
- `{!Númsal pasla aƶal ai.}`\
|
||||
Humans have two eyes.
|
||||
|
||||
- __TODO: ?__
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
The definite suffix is _not_ used (in contrast to English):
|
||||
|
||||
:::examples
|
||||
|
||||
- In superlatives.
|
||||
- `{!Milnutlit aifa.}`\
|
||||
It's the smallest.
|
||||
|
||||
- __TODO: ?__
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
# Core cases {#corecases}
|
||||
|
||||
Declension for the core cases of `{!nú}` 'man' and `{!lun}` 'road' are shown
|
||||
below. Some of the endings are slightly different in the case of a stem ending
|
||||
in a consonant or vowel, and if the ending starts with multiple consonants the
|
||||
final one of the stem is dropped.
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
`!SG !` `!PL!`
|
||||
----------------------- ------------ --------------
|
||||
Nominative `!(NOM)!` `{!nú}` `{!nú·l}`
|
||||
Genitive `!(GEN)!` `{!nú·t}` `{!nú·t·ł}`
|
||||
Comitative `!(COM)!` `{!nú·kas}` `{!nú·kas·ł}`
|
||||
Caritive `!(CAR)!` `{!nú·ssa}` `{!nú·ssa·l}`
|
||||
Instrumental `!(INS)!` `{!nú·la}` `{!nú·la·l}`
|
||||
Essive `!(ESS)!` `{!nú·gu}` `{!nú·gu·l}`
|
||||
Translative `!(TRA)!` `{!nú·sti}` `{!nú·sti·l}`
|
||||
Exessive `!(EXE)!` `{!nú·ču}` `{!nú·ču·l}`
|
||||
|
||||
`!SG!` `!PL!`
|
||||
-------- ------------ ---------------
|
||||
`!NOM!` `{!lun}` `{!lun·ł}`
|
||||
`!GEN!` `{!lu·t}` `{!lun·t·ł}`
|
||||
`!COM!` `{!lun·kas}` `{!lun·kas·ł}`
|
||||
`!CAR!` `{!lu·ssa}` `{!lu·ssa·l}`
|
||||
`!INS!` `{!lun·la}` `{!lun·la·l}`
|
||||
`!ESS!` `{!lun·gu}` `{!lun·gu·l}`
|
||||
`!TRA!` `{!lu·sti}` `{!lu·sti·l}`
|
||||
`!EXE!` `{!lun·ču}` `{!lun·ču·l}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
The _nominative_ is the subject of sentences, and the unmarked form. The
|
||||
_genitive_ is used for the object of sentences, the possessive, and for
|
||||
modifying other nouns (see [below](#adjectivals)).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- Jánim línait bairusi.
|
||||
- Jáni-m línai-t bairu-si
|
||||
- John-DEF mouse-GEN see-RPST
|
||||
- John saw a mouse.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Jánimat línai
|
||||
- Jáni-ma-t línai
|
||||
- John-DEF-GEN mouse
|
||||
- John's mouse
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- ausut línai
|
||||
- ausu-t línai
|
||||
- large-GEN mouse
|
||||
- a large mouse
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
For _inalienable_ possession (body parts, family members, etc), the [definite](#definiteness) is usually used instead of an explicit genitive construction.
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- Nattumatł bairusina.
|
||||
- nattu-ma-t-ł bairu-si-na
|
||||
- parent-DEF-GEN-PL see-PST-1SG
|
||||
- I saw my [the] parents.
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
The _comitative_ case is used for 'and' between two nouns, as well as 'with' in
|
||||
the sense of 'accompanied by'. It is used on all but the _last_ noun being
|
||||
conjoined, with the last one taking the semantic case for the whole sequence.
|
||||
The opposite case, the _caritive_, means 'without', and is also used for
|
||||
_negative_ possessive statements. (See the adessive, described below, for
|
||||
affirmative statements.)
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- suksł ká
|
||||
- suksł ká
|
||||
- they;COM I
|
||||
- they and I
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Kalńkas ƶasit bairusina.
|
||||
- kalń-kas ƶasi-t bairu-si-na
|
||||
- cat-COM dog-GEN see-RPST-1SG
|
||||
- I saw a cat and a dog.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Sairiassa aina.
|
||||
- sairia-ssa ai-na
|
||||
- money-CAR be-1SG
|
||||
- I don't have any money.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Kat fadaukas ká rut ǧimamlis šikkúsi.
|
||||
- kat fadau-kas ká rut ǧima-m-li-s šikkú-si
|
||||
- my friend-COM I his house-DEF-IN-LAT go-RPST
|
||||
- I went with my friend to his house.
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The most common use of the _instrumental_ case is the "[theme]" of ditransitive
|
||||
sentences (while the recipient is in the genitive). It is also used for 'with'
|
||||
as in 'using', in distributive phrases such as `{!kallila}` 'in threes, in sets
|
||||
of three, three each', and quantifiers like 'every'.
|
||||
|
||||
[theme]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundative_language
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- Sanǧula paraina.
|
||||
- sanǧu-la parai-na
|
||||
- pen-INS write-1SG
|
||||
- I write with a pen.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- kalli litrala tippi
|
||||
- kalli litra-la tippi
|
||||
- three litre-INS water
|
||||
- three litres of water
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- nakasnala hámal
|
||||
- nakasnala háma-l
|
||||
- every;INS country-PL
|
||||
- every country
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- nala núl
|
||||
- nala nú-l
|
||||
- any;INS person-PL
|
||||
- some people
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- nai rala númł
|
||||
- nai ra(n)-la nú-m-ł
|
||||
- one thing-INS person-DEF-PL
|
||||
- one of the people
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- nala númł
|
||||
- nala nú-m-ł
|
||||
- any;INS person-DEF-PL
|
||||
- some of the people
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
The basic meaning of the _essive_ case is a state. It is used:
|
||||
|
||||
- when a noun modifies another, but with a descriptive meaning\
|
||||
`{!wasalgu fadau}` "animal friend" (i.e. a friend who is an animal);
|
||||
- as the object of certain verbs like __TODO what?__;
|
||||
- with [comparatives](#adjectivals);
|
||||
- as the second argument of `{!ai}`
|
||||
(in very conservative styles the nominative is still used here)
|
||||
|
||||
The _translative_ and _exessive_ cases indicate a change of state:
|
||||
|
||||
- with state-change verbs, the translative marks the new state, and the
|
||||
exessive the old;
|
||||
- the exessive is also used with [comparatives](#adjectivals);
|
||||
- __TODO what else is the translative used with otherwise why does it exist__
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO: examples__
|
||||
|
||||
# Locational cases
|
||||
|
||||
The locational cases are formed by pairs of suffixes, one for the type of
|
||||
motion and one for the orientation or part of the target object.[^tsez] These
|
||||
cases have formulaic names, e.g., 'adessive' (at), 'superablative' (from
|
||||
above), and so on. The prefixes describe the type of motion, and the main words
|
||||
indicate the relative position:
|
||||
|
||||
[^tsez]: You might think that this sounds too artificial, but I actually stole
|
||||
it from [Tsez]. That's also where I got the pseudolatin names.
|
||||
|
||||
[Tsez]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsez_language "Tsez on Wikipedia"
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
-------- ----------- -------------------------
|
||||
ad-- `!AD!` at, on
|
||||
in-- `!IN!` in
|
||||
pre-- `!PRE!` in front of
|
||||
post-- `!POST!` behind
|
||||
inter-- `!INTER!` between, among
|
||||
super-- `!SUPER!` on top of, above
|
||||
sub-- `!SUB!` below, under
|
||||
apud-- `!APUD!` near, next to
|
||||
-------- ----------- -------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
---------- --------- -------------------------
|
||||
essive `!ESS!` at, on
|
||||
lative `!LAT!` towards
|
||||
ablative `!ABL!` away from
|
||||
perlative `!PRL!` through, along
|
||||
---------- --------- -------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike for the core cases, the endings are the same regardless of whether the
|
||||
stem ends in a consonant or vowel, so they are only listed for `{!nú}`.
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
`!ESS!` `!LAT!` `!ABL!` `!PRL!`
|
||||
---------- ------- -------------- ---------------- ---------------- -----------------
|
||||
`!AD!` `!SG!` `{!nú·sa}` `{!nú·sa·s}` `{!nú·sa·n}` `{!nú·sa·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·sa·l}` `{!nú·sa·s·ł}` `{!nú·sa·n·ł}` `{!nú·sa·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!IN!` `!SG!` `{!nú·li}` `{!nú·li·s}` `{!nú·li·n}` `{!nú·li·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·li·l}` `{!nú·li·s·ł}` `{!nú·li·n·ł}` `{!nú·li·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!PRE!` `!SG!` `{!nú·ƶu}` `{!nú·ƶu·s}` `{!nú·ƶu·n}` `{!nú·ƶu·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·ƶu·l}` `{!nú·ƶu·s·ł}` `{!nú·ƶu·n·ł}` `{!nú·ƶu·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!POST!` `!SG!` `{!nú·gi}` `{!nú·gi·s}` `{!nú·gi·n}` `{!nú·gi·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·gi·l}` `{!nú·gi·s·ł}` `{!nú·gi·n·ł}` `{!nú·gi·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!INTER!` `!SG!` `{!nú·nua}` `{!nú·nua·s}` `{!nú·nua·n}` `{!nú·nua·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·nua·l}` `{!nú·nua·s·ł}` `{!nú·nua·n·ł}` `{!nú·nua·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!SUPER!` `!SG!` `{!nú·ba}` `{!nú·ba·s}` `{!nú·ba·n}` `{!nú·ba·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·ba·l}` `{!nú·ba·s·ł}` `{!nú·ba·n·ł}` `{!nú·ba·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!SUB!` `!SG!` `{!nú·ku}` `{!nú·ku·s}` `{!nú·ku·n}` `{!nú·ku·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·ku·l}` `{!nú·ku·s·ł}` `{!nú·ku·n·ł}` `{!nú·ku·ri·l}`
|
||||
`!APUD!` `!SG!` `{!nú·mi}` `{!nú·mi·s}` `{!nú·mi·n}` `{!nú·mi·ri}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{!nú·mi·l}` `{!nú·mi·s·ł}` `{!nú·mi·n·ł}` `{!nú·mi·ri·l}`
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
- `{!Dufnamsas júlisina.}`\
|
||||
`!(AD-LAT)!` I stuck it onto the wall.
|
||||
- `{!Ǧimamsa aihapa?}`\
|
||||
`!(AD-ESS)!` Are you at home?
|
||||
- `{!Sihamgit ǧimamlis šikkúmána.}`\
|
||||
`!(IN-LAT)!` I'll be going home soon.
|
||||
- `{!Sabut kalń káƶuri narasi.}`\
|
||||
`!(PRE-PRL)!` A black cat passed in front of me.
|
||||
- `{!Ǧimamgi waibifás.}`\
|
||||
`!(POST-ESS)!` They're playing round the back of the house.
|
||||
- `{!Lunsari šikkúsina.}`\
|
||||
`!(AD-PRL)!` I went down the road.
|
||||
- `{!Lunliri šikkúsina.}`\
|
||||
`!(IN-PRL)!` I went across the road.
|
||||
- `{!Lunmiri šikkúsina.}`\
|
||||
`!(APUD-PRL)!` I followed (alongside) the river.
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
## Non-locative uses
|
||||
|
||||
- Subessive is used for:
|
||||
- 'in the opinion of':
|
||||
`{!Kaku manifnut ai.}`\
|
||||
That's pleasant to me/I like that.
|
||||
- Superessive is used for:
|
||||
- 'about'\
|
||||
`{!Suba jaisi fína.}`\
|
||||
I had a dream about you.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Position words
|
||||
|
||||
The position suffixes give rise to the following words based on some roots
|
||||
`{!fan}`, `{!gis}`, and `{!pul}`, which no longer exist as separate words:
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
- `{!fanaƶ}`: surface
|
||||
- `{!falliƶ}`: interior
|
||||
- `{!gissuƶ}`: front
|
||||
- `{!giksiƶ}`: back
|
||||
- `{!pulluaƶ}`: company
|
||||
- `{!gisbaƶ}`: top
|
||||
- `{!giskuƶ}`: bottom
|
||||
- `{!pummiƶ}`: vicinity
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Adjectivals
|
||||
|
||||
Most words considered as adjectives in other languages are in fact
|
||||
grammatically nouns in Lántas; words such as `{!sabu}` can be translated as
|
||||
'the colour black'. When one noun modifies another attributively, the [genitive
|
||||
case](#corecases) suffix `{-t}` is used. In the case of multiple adjectives,
|
||||
all other than the last have a modified form of the comitative suffix,
|
||||
`{–kat}`. Adjectives, like other noun modifiers, precede the head noun.
|
||||
|
||||
Genitive forms can be used as adverbs with the suffix `{-tta}`; the conjunctive
|
||||
variant is `{-ttás}`. Adverbs appear immediately before the verb if they are
|
||||
short. Long adverbial phrases, as well as context-setting adverbs such as time
|
||||
words, are usually placed before the rest of the sentence. Longer adverb
|
||||
phrases at the start of a sentence are often separated from the rest by
|
||||
a comma.
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- sabut ƶasi
|
||||
- sabu-t ƶasi
|
||||
- black-GEN dog
|
||||
- a black dog
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- líbit ƶasi
|
||||
- líbi(s)-t ƶasi
|
||||
- happy-GEN dog
|
||||
- a happy dog
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- sabut líbiskat ƶasi
|
||||
- sabu-kat líbi(s)-t ƶasi
|
||||
- black-ADJCOM happy-GEN dog
|
||||
- a happy black dog
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Línaim sihatta irhi.
|
||||
- línai-m siha-tta irhi
|
||||
- mouse-GEN small-ADV squeak
|
||||
- The mouse is squeaking quietly.
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
From adjectivals, several further derivations can be made: the _equative_,
|
||||
which expresses that two objects have an equal measure of some property; the
|
||||
_comparative_, which says that one object has more of a property than another
|
||||
object; and the _superlative_, which claims that an object has the most of
|
||||
a property.
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
----------------------- ---------------- ------------
|
||||
Adjective `{!ausu·t}` big
|
||||
Equative `!(EQU)!` `{!ausu·t·sat}` as big as
|
||||
Comparative `!(CMP)!` `{!ausu·t·pat}` bigger than
|
||||
Superlative `!(SUPL)!` `{!ausu·t·lit}` the biggest
|
||||
----------------------- ---------------- ------------
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
The noun being compared with is in the [essive case](#corecases) for the
|
||||
equative, and the exessive for the comparative.
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- ǧimagu ausutsat
|
||||
- ǧima-gu ausu-t-sat
|
||||
- house-ESS big-GEN-EQU
|
||||
- as big as a house
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- fíraču panísatpat
|
||||
- fíra-ču panísa-t-pat
|
||||
- sky-EXE blue-GEN-CMP
|
||||
- bluer than the sky
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas numbers
|
||||
hidetoc: true
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: .
|
||||
conlang: lántas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
---- ------------------ ------ ------------------
|
||||
1 `{!nai}` 19 `{!taksístu}`
|
||||
2 `{!pas}` 20 `{!pastaksa}`
|
||||
3 `{!kalli}` 30 `{!kaldaksa}`
|
||||
4 `{!šasḿ}` 40 `{!šastaksa}`
|
||||
5 `{!kaisi}` 50 `{!kaistaksa}`
|
||||
6 `{!ǧutta}` 60 `{!ǧuttaksa}`
|
||||
7 `{!libina}` 70 `{!libidaksa}`
|
||||
8 `{!ńdá}` 80 `{!ńtaksa}`
|
||||
9 `{!ístu}` 90 `{!ístaksa}`
|
||||
10 `{!taksa}` 100 `{!bušŕ}`
|
||||
11 `{!tahnai}` 1000 `{!nifma}`
|
||||
12 `{!tappas}` 10⁴ `{!hárual}`
|
||||
13 `{!takkalli}` 10⁵ `{!taksahárual}`
|
||||
14 `{!taksasḿ}` 10⁶ `{!bušŕhárual}`
|
||||
15 `{!takkaisi}` 10⁷ `{!nifmahárual}`
|
||||
16 `{!taččutta}` 10⁸ `{!kḿpsi}`
|
||||
17 `{!taksalibina}` 10¹² `{!kahmil}`
|
||||
18 `{!taksandá}` 10¹⁶ `{!uhnat}`
|
||||
---- ------------------ ------ ------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Numbers between 20--99 are formed by analogy with those from 11--19, for example
|
||||
`{!kaldappas}` for 32 or `{!ǧuttaččutta}` for 66. Numbers are given from largest
|
||||
to smallest, with the value and place of each digit written as one word, so
|
||||
43,523 is `{!šasḿhárual kallinifma kaisibušŕ pastakkalli}`.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,247 +0,0 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas phonology
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: .
|
||||
conlang: lántas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
# Vowels
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- pure vowels -->
|
||||
<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
|
||||
<g id="vowel-frame">
|
||||
<!-- outer trapezoid -->
|
||||
<polygon points="0 0 200 0 200 150 100 150"
|
||||
fill="transparent" stroke="black" />
|
||||
<!-- help lines -->
|
||||
<g stroke="#999">
|
||||
<line x1="50" y1="75" x2="200" y2="75" />
|
||||
<line x1="100" y1="0" x2="150" y2="150" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
<!-- í -->
|
||||
<circle cx="25" cy="15" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="34" y="19" class="ipa">iː</text>
|
||||
<!-- i -->
|
||||
<circle cx="50" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="58" y="34" class="ipa">i</text>
|
||||
<!-- ú -->
|
||||
<circle cx="150" cy="15" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="159" y="18" class="ipa">uː</text>
|
||||
<!-- u -->
|
||||
<circle cx="125" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="133" y="34" class="ipa">u</text>
|
||||
<!-- á -->
|
||||
<circle cx="110" cy="135" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="116" y="138" class="ipa">aː</text>
|
||||
<!-- a -->
|
||||
<circle cx="125" cy="115" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="110" y="118" class="ipa">a</text>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- ai, au -->
|
||||
<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
|
||||
<defs>
|
||||
<marker id="arrowhead"
|
||||
markerWidth="10" markerHeight="12"
|
||||
orient="auto" refX="1" refY="4"
|
||||
viewBox="0 0 12 10">
|
||||
<polygon points="0 0 12 5 0 10" fill="black" />
|
||||
</marker>
|
||||
<marker id="circle"
|
||||
markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6"
|
||||
orient="auto" refX="3" refY="3"
|
||||
viewBox="0 0 6 6">
|
||||
<circle cx="3" cy="3" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
</marker>
|
||||
</defs>
|
||||
<use href="#vowel-frame" />
|
||||
<!-- ai -->
|
||||
<line x1="90" y1="100" x2="50" y2="30"
|
||||
stroke="black"
|
||||
marker-start="url(#circle)"
|
||||
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
||||
<text x="78" y="65" class="ipa">ai</text>
|
||||
<!-- au -->
|
||||
<line x1="180" y1="130" x2="180" y2="45"
|
||||
stroke="black"
|
||||
marker-start="url(#circle)"
|
||||
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
||||
<text x="155" y="91" class="ipa">au</text>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- ia, ua -->
|
||||
<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
|
||||
<use href="#vowel-frame" />
|
||||
<!-- iə -->
|
||||
<line x1="25" y1="15" x2="115" y2="65"
|
||||
stroke="black"
|
||||
marker-start="url(#circle)"
|
||||
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
||||
<text x="64" y="30" class="ipa">iə</text>
|
||||
<!-- uə -->
|
||||
<line x1="190" y1="15" x2="130" y2="65"
|
||||
stroke="black"
|
||||
marker-start="url(#circle)"
|
||||
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
||||
<text x="147" y="30" class="ipa">uə</text>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
There are three basic vowels `/i a u/`, diphthongs `/ai au iə uə/`, and
|
||||
syllabic consonants `/m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩/`. Neither of these last two sets have a length
|
||||
distinction, and have the same duration as a long vowel. Note that `/u uː/` are
|
||||
substantially more central than `/i iː/`, and the initial place of `/uə/` is
|
||||
further back than pure `/uː/`.
|
||||
|
||||
Long vowels, and syllabic consonants other than `{l}`, are spelt with a acute
|
||||
accent: `{í á ú ḿ ń ŕ}`. A syllabic `{l}`, because of its height, replaces the
|
||||
acute with a stroke: `{ł}`. The diphthongs are spelt `{ai au ia ua}`.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Allophony
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
|
||||
<use href="#vowel-frame" />
|
||||
<circle cx="55" cy="65" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="63" y="68" class="ipa">e</text>
|
||||
<circle cx="50" cy="40" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="58" y="43" class="ipa">eː</text>
|
||||
<circle cx="160" cy="55" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="170" y="60" class="ipa">o</text>
|
||||
<circle cx="160" cy="40" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="170" y="41" class="ipa">oː</text>
|
||||
<circle cx="185" cy="135" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="162" y="139" class="ipa">ɑː</text>
|
||||
<circle cx="175" cy="115" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="184" y="119" class="ipa">ɑ</text>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
||||
<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
|
||||
<use href="#vowel-frame" />
|
||||
<circle cx="65" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="50" y="33" class="ipa">y</text>
|
||||
<circle cx="90" cy="25" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="97" y="29" class="ipa">ʉː</text>
|
||||
<circle cx="75" cy="95" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="83" y="98" class="ipa">ɛ</text>
|
||||
<circle cx="160" cy="80" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="168" y="89" class="ipa">ɔ</text>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
||||
<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
|
||||
<use href="#vowel-frame" />
|
||||
<line x1="55" y1="55" x2="115" y2="70"
|
||||
stroke="black"
|
||||
marker-start="url(#circle)"
|
||||
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
||||
<text x="80" y="58" class="ipa">eə</text>
|
||||
<line x1="190" y1="105" x2="130" y2="70"
|
||||
stroke="black"
|
||||
marker-start="url(#circle)"
|
||||
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
||||
<text x="170" y="88" class="ipa">ɔə</text>
|
||||
<line x1="175" y1="120" x2="90" y2="80"
|
||||
stroke="black"
|
||||
marker-start="url(#circle)"
|
||||
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
||||
<text x="104" y="108" class="ipa">ɑe</text>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
* After a velar consonant, including `/ɫ w/`, the vowels
|
||||
`/a aː ai i iː iə u uː uə/` are backed and lowered to the forms labelled
|
||||
`[ɑ ɑː ɑe ɛ eː eə ɔ oː ɔə]`,
|
||||
respectively, in the figures above.
|
||||
* After `/j/`, `/i iː iə/` become `[e eː eə]`.
|
||||
* After `/tʃ dʒ ʃ j/`, `/u uː/` is fronted to `[y ʉː]`.
|
||||
* Before a syllabic consonant, a small schwa may be inserted if necessary to
|
||||
make pronunciation easier. This is most common between `/ln̩ nl̩/` and two copies
|
||||
of a single sound. For example, `{!kalń}` 'cat': `/kaln̩/` → `[kɐlᵊn]`.
|
||||
* `/r̩ l̩/` are pronounced as `[ɻː ɫ̩ː]`.
|
||||
* Syllabic `/n̩/` assimilates to `[ŋ̍]` before a velar consonant; no other
|
||||
assimilation for syllabic nasals occurs, though. (It does for *non*-syllabic
|
||||
nasals, though; see below.)
|
||||
* Unstressed short vowels are somewhat reduced, `/a/` more than the others.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Consonants
|
||||
|
||||
Where unspecified, consonants are spelt the same way as in IPA.
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
Labial Dental Postalveolar Velar
|
||||
------------ ------------- ------------------ ------------------- -------------
|
||||
Plosive `/p b/` `/t d/` `/tʃ dʒ/` `{č ǧ}` `/k ɡ/`
|
||||
Fricative `/f/` `/θ s/` `{ƶ, s}` `/ʃ/` `{š}` `/x/` `{h}`
|
||||
Nasal `/m/` `/n/`
|
||||
Flap `/ɾ/` `{r}`
|
||||
Approximant `/w/` `/l/` `/j/`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
The phonemes `/p t tʃ k s ʃ m n ɾ l x/` can be geminated. For the purposes of
|
||||
syllable structure, geminated consonants are counted the same as two separate
|
||||
ones. Geminate versions of most consonants are spelt by doubling the letter:
|
||||
`{pp}`, `{tt}`, `{kk}`, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
In places I have forgotten to update, `/θ/` might be written `{þ}` or `{ð}`.
|
||||
|
||||
## Allophony
|
||||
|
||||
- Before `/i iː iə/`, `/ɾ/` becomes `[ʑ̞]`.
|
||||
- A nasal followed by a plosive assimilates to the same place of articulation
|
||||
(but for compound words this is not reflected in the spelling), for example
|
||||
`{!rabanpa}` `[ravampa]` 'what book?'.
|
||||
- The sequences `/tʃs/` is pronounced as `[tʃː]`, and `/ʃs sʃ ʃj sj/` are all
|
||||
`[ʃː]`.
|
||||
- Nasals before `/s x/` decay to a nasalisation of the previous vowel, or are
|
||||
dropped entirely if that vowel is a syllabic consonant.
|
||||
- Voiced plosives `/b d dʒ ɡ/` become fricatives `[v ð ʒ ɣ]` between proper
|
||||
vowels. The allophone `[v]` is pronounced `[β]` by some speakers.
|
||||
- The velar fricative `/x/` becomes `[h]` before `/r̩/`, and is palatalised to
|
||||
`[ç]` before `/i iː iə/`.
|
||||
- Long `/tʃː/` is pronounced as `[ṯːʃ]` (distinct from the `[tʃː]` coming from
|
||||
`/tʃs tʃʃ/`). Long `/ɾ l/` become `[ʐː ɫː]`.
|
||||
- Non-final `/l/` is velarized `[ɫ]` after a back vowel (including the
|
||||
allophones `[ɑ ɑː]`). After other vowels, it is palatalised.
|
||||
- Non-syllabic `/l/` is pronounced as `[ɬʲ]` at the end of words, even after a
|
||||
back vowel. After `/t/` it is `[ɬ]`. The phoneme `/ɾ/` is also devoiced `[ɾ̥]`
|
||||
word-finally. The sequence `/lθ/` is realised as `[ɬʲː]`.
|
||||
- In many dialects, the long obstruents `/pː tː tʃː kː sː ʃː/` are pronounced as
|
||||
ejectives `[pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ sʼ ʃʼ]`, and the long sonorants `/mː nː lː/` as
|
||||
`[bᵐ dⁿ ɮˠː]`.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Syllable structure
|
||||
|
||||
The allowed shape of a syllable is usually *CV*(*C*), where *V* is any vowel
|
||||
and *C* any consonant. Clusters take one of the following forms:
|
||||
|
||||
- *KC*, where *K* can be any of `/m n l r θ s ʃ t/` _(coda consonants)_;
|
||||
- *FN*, where *F* can be `/f θ s ʃ x/` _(fricatives)_ and
|
||||
*N* can be `/m n/` _(nasals)_;
|
||||
- *P*`/s/`, where *P* can be `/p t tʃ k/` _(voiceless plosives)_;
|
||||
- `/pj bj lj rj/`;
|
||||
- geminate consonants.
|
||||
|
||||
The exceptions to the normal pattern are that a vowel or syllabic consonant can
|
||||
also occur at the start of a word, or after another syllabic consonant (but not
|
||||
a proper vowel). At the end of a word, the consonants from *K* are allowed.
|
||||
A syllabic consonant cannot be next to the non-syllabic form of the same
|
||||
consonant---for example, the sequences `/ll̩/` and `/l̩l/` are not possible.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Stress
|
||||
|
||||
Words are stressed on the first long vowel, if there is one. If there are no
|
||||
long vowels, _or_ the only one is in the final syllable of a multi-syllabic
|
||||
word, then the stress is on the first syllable. For the purposes of deciding
|
||||
stress placement, neither diphthongs nor syllabic consonants are counted as
|
||||
long.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas pronouns, demonstratives, etc
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: .
|
||||
conlang: lántas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
Pronouns are inflected for the same cases as other nouns, though their forms
|
||||
are somewhat irregular.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Personal pronouns
|
||||
|
||||
The first person plural `{!til}` is only used inclusively of the listener. For an
|
||||
exclusive meaning, a form like `{!rukas ká}` ('they and I') is used.
|
||||
|
||||
The `!LOC!` column is the word stems which the [locational
|
||||
cases](#locational_cases) are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
`!1SG!` `!1PL!` `!2SG!` `!2PL!` `!3SG!` `!3PL!`
|
||||
-------- ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------- ------------ ------------
|
||||
`!NOM!` `{!ká}` `{!til}` `{!sur}` `{!sual}` `{!rú}` `{!rúl}`
|
||||
`!GEN!` `{!kat}` `{!tial}` `{!sut}` `{!suatł}` `{!rut}` `{!rutł}`
|
||||
`!COM!` `{!kakas}` `{!tiksł}` `{!sukas}` `{!suksł}` `{!rukas}` `{!ruksł}`
|
||||
`!CAR!` `{!kassa}` `{!tissal}` `{!sussa}` `{!sussal}` `{!russa}` `{!russal}`
|
||||
`!INS!` `{!kala}` `{!tilla}` `{!sulla}` `{!sualla}` `{!rulla}` `{!rualla}`
|
||||
`!ESS!` `{!kagu}` `{!tigul}` `{!sugu}` `{!sugul}` `{!rugu}` `{!rugul}`
|
||||
`!TRA!` `{!kasti}` `{!tistil}` `{!susti}` `{!sustul}` `{!rusti}` `{!rustil}`
|
||||
`!EXE!` `{!kaču}` `{!tičul}` `{!sučču}` `{!suččul}` `{!ruču}` `{!ručul}`
|
||||
`!LOC!` `{!ká–}` `{!tí–l}` `{!sú–}` `{!sua–l}` `{!rú–}` `{!rua–l}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Demonstratives
|
||||
|
||||
There is a three way distance distinction for demonstratives: a new referent near the speaker/listener, a new referent distant from both, and old information. These will be glossed as 'this', 'yon', and 'that', respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
The near demonstrative is `{!lua}`, whose declension is given below. For distant referents it is `{!ƶua}` and for old information `{!mua}`; they decline in the same way as `{!lua}`.
|
||||
|
||||
The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the genitive: compare `{!muƶ kalńł}` 'those cats' and `{!mut kalńł}` 'that person's cats'. It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
`!SG!` `!PL!`
|
||||
-------- ------------ --------------
|
||||
`!NOM!` `{!lua}` `{!lul}`
|
||||
`!GEN!` `{!lut}` `{!lutł}`
|
||||
`!COM!` `{!lukas}` `{!luksł}`
|
||||
`!CAR!` `{!lussa}` `{!lussal}`
|
||||
`!INS!` `{!lulla}` `{!lullal}`
|
||||
`!ESS!` `{!lugu}` `{!lugul}`
|
||||
`!TRA!` `{!lusti}` `{!lustil}`
|
||||
`!EXE!` `{!luču}` `{!lučul}`
|
||||
`!LOC!` `{!lu–}` `{!lu–l}`
|
||||
`!ADJ!` `{!luƶ}` `{!luƶ}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Indefinites
|
||||
|
||||
The words 'someone', 'something', 'anyone', 'anything' are served by (a stressed form of) the numeral `{nai}` 'one'. 'Everyone' or 'everything' is `{nakasnai}`, and inflects the same way as `{nai}` itself. The words `{nala}` and `{nakasnala}` mean 'any' and 'every', respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Interrogatives
|
||||
|
||||
Interrogatives (question words) are formed with the enclitic `{-pa}`, attached to any noun phrase. As well as `{naipa}` 'what?, who?', it can be added to any other word to mean 'which?'.
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- Naipa musat ai?
|
||||
- Nai=pa mu-sa-t ai
|
||||
- one=what that-AD-ESS be
|
||||
- Who's there?
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Hámamlinaspa sidasiha?
|
||||
- háma-m-li-nas=pa sida-si-ha
|
||||
- country-DEF-IN-ABL=what come-RPST-2SG
|
||||
- Which country do you come from?
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
Being a clitic, `{-pa}` is added to the end of the noun, after all other (non-clitic) endings such as case inflections, as shown in the above examples.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,324 +0,0 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas verbs
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
conlang: lántas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO: intro__
|
||||
|
||||
The infinitive is unmarked, but always ends in a vowel. A borrowing from another
|
||||
language adds an `{a}` to the end if necessary. It is the citation form for
|
||||
verbs as well as being used in several constructions.^[citation needed]^
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Tense
|
||||
|
||||
There is a distinction between two different past tenses, _recent_ and _distant_
|
||||
past. The recent past is most commonly used, while the distant past is used to
|
||||
denote an action happening further in the past than to another action already
|
||||
expressed using the recent.
|
||||
|
||||
Stories are narrated in the present tense.
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------ ----------
|
||||
Distant past `!(DPST)!` `{–saji}`
|
||||
Recent past `!(RPST)!` `{–si}`
|
||||
Present `!(PRS)!` `{–}`
|
||||
Future `!(FUT)!` `{–má}`
|
||||
------------------------ ----------
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí.
|
||||
- ƶasi-m kalń-ḿ-t jaƶí
|
||||
- dog-DEF cat-DEF-GEN love;PRS
|
||||
- The dog loves the cat.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí{si}.
|
||||
- ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí-si
|
||||
- the:dog the:cat love-RPST
|
||||
- The dog loved the cat.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí{saji}.
|
||||
- ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí-saji
|
||||
- the:dog the:cat love-DPST
|
||||
- The dog had loved the cat (until …).
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí{má}.
|
||||
- ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí-má
|
||||
- the:dog the:cat love-FUT
|
||||
- The dog will love the cat.
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Person
|
||||
|
||||
These suffixes are used instead of pronouns (but not nouns) in the subject
|
||||
and object positions. The subject suffix comes before the object. For the
|
||||
plural, the vowel is lengthened and `{–š}` is added (e.g. `{–na}` to `{–náš}`).
|
||||
|
||||
Just like with the [pronouns](#pronouns), the first person plurals `{–náš}`
|
||||
and `{–dúš}` can only be used with an inclusive meaning. The exclusive sense
|
||||
is expressed by using conjunctions of pronouns instead of suffixes.
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
`!1!` `!2!` `!3!`
|
||||
------------------ -------- -------- --------
|
||||
Subject `!(SBJ)!` `{–na}` `{–ha}` `{–fa}`
|
||||
Object `!(OBJ)!` `{–du}` `{–gu}` `{–bu}`
|
||||
------------------ -------- -------- --------
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- Bairu{nagu}.
|
||||
- bairu-na-gu
|
||||
- see-1SG;SBJ-2SG;OBJ
|
||||
- I see you.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Ƶasim bairu{náš}.
|
||||
- ƶasi-m bairu-náš
|
||||
- dog-DEF see-1PL;SBJ
|
||||
- We see the dog.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Ƶasim bairu{dúš}.
|
||||
- ƶasi-m bairu-dúš
|
||||
- dog-DEF see-1PL;OBJ
|
||||
- The dog sees us.
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Voice
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO replace this, probably__
|
||||
|
||||
There is a four way voice distinction. The voice markers are placed between the
|
||||
tense and person markers.
|
||||
|
||||
- The _active_ voice is the default form of the verb and does not modify the
|
||||
roles of the arguments.
|
||||
- The _passive_ voice promotes the direct object of the verb to subject
|
||||
position, leaving the former subject role unspecified. There is no way to
|
||||
specify the agent (i.e., no equivalent to _by_); to merely emphasise the
|
||||
object but keep the subject specified, the object can be moved to the
|
||||
beginning of the clause.
|
||||
- The _reflexive_ voice indicates that the subject(s) act on themselves.
|
||||
- The _reciprocal_ voice indicates that the subjects act on each other.
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------- ----------
|
||||
Active `!(ACT)!` `{–}`
|
||||
Passive `!(PSV)!` `{–lú}`
|
||||
Reflexive `!(RFL)!` `{–sidu}`
|
||||
Reciprocal `!(RCP)!` `{–lƶi}`
|
||||
--------------------- ----------
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- Ƶasimat tassána.
|
||||
- ƶasimat tassá-na
|
||||
- the:dog wash-1SG
|
||||
- I wash the dog.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Ƶasim tassá{lú}.
|
||||
- ƶasim tassá-lú
|
||||
- the:dog wash-PSV
|
||||
- The dog is washed.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Tassá{sidu}na.
|
||||
- tassá-sidu-na
|
||||
- wash-RFL-1SG
|
||||
- I wash myself.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Tassá{lƶi}náš.
|
||||
- tassá-lƶi-náš
|
||||
- wash-RCP-1PL
|
||||
- We wash each other.
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Negative
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO__
|
||||
|
||||
- `{–tul}`
|
||||
- "is not" is just `{tul}` instead of `{aitul}`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Nominal forms
|
||||
|
||||
A verb stem can also be used as a noun: for example, `{šikkú}` both means 'to
|
||||
go' and 'an act of going'. The definite plural is also used to mean the act in
|
||||
a general sense. The definite form is also used for the verb of content
|
||||
clauses, for example indirect quotations, and with auxiliary verbs such as
|
||||
modals.
|
||||
|
||||
When the final part of the verb is a subject suffix ending in `{–a}`, that `{a}`
|
||||
is dropped and the `{–ḿ}` form of the definite is used instead, e.g.
|
||||
`{!rusmánḿ}` "that I sleep" rather than `{!rusmánam}`. The definite form of
|
||||
`{!ai}` "to be" is `{!am}` rather than `{!aim}`.
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- hipsa{mł}
|
||||
- hipsa-m-ł
|
||||
- solve_problem-DEF-PL
|
||||
- logic (the general act of problem solving)
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Fíra fuha{m} suasifa.
|
||||
- fíra fuha-m sua-si-fa
|
||||
- air blow-DEF say-RPST-3SG
|
||||
- He said it was windy.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Šikkún{ḿt} ušminatul.
|
||||
- šikkú-n(a)-ḿ-t ušmi-na-tul
|
||||
- go-1SG-DEF-GEN want-1SG-NEG
|
||||
- I don't want to go.
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Modifier forms
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO: maybe replace `{–ja}` with `{–[ka]t}`? (or `{–gu}`???)__
|
||||
|
||||
A verb form can be suffixed with `{!–ja}` to turn it into a noun modifier. This
|
||||
is used to make relative clauses.
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- ƶasim bairu{ja} ausut kášńḿ
|
||||
- ƶasi-m bairu-ja ausu-t kášń-ḿ
|
||||
- dog-DEF see-REL size-GEN lizard-DEF
|
||||
- the big lizard that the dog sees
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- ƶasimat bairu{ja} ausut kášńḿ
|
||||
- ƶasim-at bairu-ja ausut kášńḿ
|
||||
- the:dog-GEN see-REL big the:lizard
|
||||
- the lizard that sees the dog
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO: probably remove and modify some word instead?__
|
||||
|
||||
A relative clause can be made into a noun phrase of its own with `{!–ƶ}`,
|
||||
meaning 'the one who \_\_\_\_'.
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- kášńł bairuja{ƶ}
|
||||
- kášń-ł bairu-ja-ƶ
|
||||
- lizard-PL see-REL-NOM
|
||||
- the one who sees lizards
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Pro-verbs
|
||||
|
||||
Pro-verbs are placeholders standing in for verb phrases; they are the verb
|
||||
equivalent of pronouns.
|
||||
|
||||
The word for 'to do this' is `{mai}`, related to the [pronoun] `{mua}`. There
|
||||
are also `{lai}` and `{ƶai}`, which are used only when contrasting between two
|
||||
options.
|
||||
|
||||
[pronoun]: prons.html#demonstratives
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- Naranášḿ iš lut saunusam gibanášḿ fulla.
|
||||
- nara-náš-ḿ iš lut_saunu-sa-m giba-náš-ḿ fulla
|
||||
- walk-1PL-DEF or bus-AD-DEF ride-1PL-DEF can
|
||||
- We can walk or take the bus.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- {Laim} iš {ƶaim} ušmiha?
|
||||
- lai-m iš ƶai-m ušmi-ha
|
||||
- do_this-DEF or do_that-DEF want-2SG
|
||||
- Which do you want to do?
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- {Ƶaim} ušmina.
|
||||
- ƶai-m ušmi-na
|
||||
- do_that want-1SG
|
||||
- I want to take the bus.
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
There is also a negative pro-verb `{tulla}`, 'to not do this/that'.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Polar questions
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO idk__
|
||||
|
||||
Polar (yes/no) questions add a `{–ǧi}` clitic on the word or phrase being
|
||||
questioned. The word being questioned receives the primary stress. If there is
|
||||
no particular focus for the question, it is attached to the final word of the
|
||||
sentence.
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
- Inlantimsas{ǧi} šikkúmáha?
|
||||
- inlanti-m-sa-s-ǧi šikkú-má-ha
|
||||
- england-DEF-AD-LAT-QU go-FUT-2SG
|
||||
- Are you going to england (vs going somewhere else)?
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Sur{ǧi} inlantimsas šikkúmá?
|
||||
- sur-ǧi inlantimsas šikkúmá
|
||||
- 2SG-QU to:england will:go
|
||||
- Is it you (vs someone else) who is going to england?
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Inlantimsas šikkúmáha{ǧi}?
|
||||
- inlantimsas šikkúmáha-ǧi
|
||||
- to:england you:will:go-QU
|
||||
- Are you going to england (vs coming from it)?
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To answer a yes/no question, the verbs `{!mai}` or `{!tulla}`, respectively, are
|
||||
conjugated for person (but not tense, etc). Their literal meaning are as
|
||||
[pro-verbs], 'to (not) do this'.
|
||||
|
||||
[pro-verbs]: #pro-verbs
|
||||
|
||||
- `{!Inlantimsasǧi šikkúmáha?}`\
|
||||
Are you going to england?
|
||||
- `{!Maina.}`/`{!Tullana.}`\
|
||||
Yes, I am/No, I'm not.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# If/then
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO__
|
||||
|
||||
- if-clause nominalised, in IN-ABL
|
||||
- then-clause main clause of sentence, with aux verb `{tisu}`
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,145 +0,0 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas writing
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: .
|
||||
conlang: lántas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
Lántas is written with a simple alphasyllabary, where most glyphs consist of
|
||||
a consonant or cluster with a descender marking the vowel following it. There
|
||||
are full-sized letters for vowels, used when they start a word or follow
|
||||
a syllabic consonant. As a quick example, here's the first sentence of
|
||||
[*the North Wind and the Sun*](examples.html#nwas):
|
||||
|
||||
:::example
|
||||
`{!Ruakul naipa bahútlit aimlis Laksimat Fuhamkas Guwanḿ asumsas ba sua.
|
||||
| file = northwind0 ; size = 60 ; stroke = 2 }`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
# Vowels
|
||||
|
||||
At the start of a word, or after a syllabic consonant, these independent
|
||||
vowel letters are used.
|
||||
|
||||
:::letter-list
|
||||
`{!a}` `{!á}` `{!i}` `{!í}` `{!u}` `{!ú}`
|
||||
`{!ai}` `{!au}` `{!ia}` `{!ua}`
|
||||
`{!ł}` `{!ḿ}` `{!ń}` `{!ŕ}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
In other cases, vowels are attached to the letter for the previous consonant.
|
||||
|
||||
:::letter-list
|
||||
`{!ta}` `{!tá}` `{!ti}` `{!tí}` `{!tu}` `{!tú}`
|
||||
`{!tai}` `{!tau}` `{!tia}` `{!tua}`
|
||||
`{!tł}` `{!tḿ}` `{!tń}` `{!tŕ}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
# Consonants
|
||||
|
||||
The basic consonant shapes are:
|
||||
|
||||
:::letter-list
|
||||
`{!ta}` `{!ka}` `{!ga}` `{!da}` `{!ƶa}` `{!pa}` `{!ba}`
|
||||
`{!sa}` `{!ša}` `{!la}` `{!ma}` `{!na}` `{!ča}` `{!ǧa}`
|
||||
`{!wa}` `{!ha}` `{!fa}` `{!ja}` `{!ra}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
Clusters are written with a single glyph called a 'conjunct'. These aren't
|
||||
always just the two letters glued together but they're not usually too
|
||||
surprising.
|
||||
|
||||
<nav>
|
||||
[`{t}`](#conj-t) ·
|
||||
[`{ƶ}`](#conj-ƶ) ·
|
||||
[`{s}`](#conj-s) ·
|
||||
[`{l}`](#conj-l) ·
|
||||
[`{m}`](#conj-m) ·
|
||||
[`{n}`](#conj-n) ·
|
||||
[`{r}`](#conj-r) ·
|
||||
[`{⁎}`](#conj-o)
|
||||
</nav>
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-t}
|
||||
`{!tta}` `{!tka}` `{!tga}` `{!tda}` `{!tƶa}` `{!tpa}` `{!tba}` `{!tsa}`
|
||||
`{!tla}` `{!tma}` `{!tna}` `{!tra}` `{!tča}` `{!tǧa}` `{!twa}` `{!tha}`
|
||||
`{!tfa}` `{!tja}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-ƶ}
|
||||
`{!ƶta}` `{!ƶka}` `{!ƶga}` `{!ƶda}` `{!ƶƶa}` `{!ƶpa}` `{!ƶba}` `{!ƶsa}`
|
||||
`{!ƶla}` `{!ƶma}` `{!ƶna}` `{!ƶra}` `{!ƶča}` `{!ƶǧa}` `{!ƶwa}` `{!ƶha}`
|
||||
`{!ƶfa}` `{!ƶja}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-s}
|
||||
`{!sta}` `{!ska}` `{!sga}` `{!sda}` `{!sƶa}` `{!spa}` `{!sba}` `{!ssa}`
|
||||
`{!sla}` `{!sma}` `{!sna}` `{!sra}` `{!sča}` `{!sǧa}` `{!swa}` `{!sha}`
|
||||
`{!sfa}` `{!sja}` `{!šša}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
Conjuncts with `{!ša}` are the same as with `{!sa}`, but with the line above. In
|
||||
the case of `{!šša}` the lines join up.
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-l}
|
||||
`{!lta}` `{!lka}` `{!lga}` `{!lda}` `{!lƶa}` `{!lpa}` `{!lba}` `{!lsa}`
|
||||
`{!lla}` `{!lma}` `{!lna}` `{!lra}` `{!lča}` `{!lǧa}` `{!lwa}` `{!lha}`
|
||||
`{!lfa}` `{!lja}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-m}
|
||||
`{!mta}` `{!mka}` `{!mga}` `{!mda}` `{!mƶa}` `{!mpa}` `{!mba}` `{!msa}`
|
||||
`{!mla}` `{!mma}` `{!mna}` `{!mra}` `{!mča}` `{!mǧa}` `{!mwa}` `{!mha}`
|
||||
`{!mfa}` `{!mja}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-n}
|
||||
`{!nta}` `{!nka}` `{!nga}` `{!nda}` `{!nƶa}` `{!npa}` `{!nba}` `{!nsa}`
|
||||
`{!nla}` `{!nma}` `{!nna}` `{!nra}` `{!nča}` `{!nǧa}` `{!nwa}` `{!nha}`
|
||||
`{!nfa}` `{!nja}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-r}
|
||||
`{!rta}` `{!rka}` `{!rga}` `{!rda}` `{!rƶa}` `{!rpa}` `{!rba}` `{!rsa}`
|
||||
`{!rla}` `{!rma}` `{!rna}` `{!rra}` `{!rča}` `{!rǧa}` `{!rwa}` `{!rha}`
|
||||
`{!rfa}` `{!rja}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
::: {.letter-list #conj-o}
|
||||
`{!kka}` `{!ksa}` `{!ppa}` `{!psa}` `{!pja}`
|
||||
`{!bja}` `{!čsa}` `{!čča}` `{!hha}`
|
||||
`{!hna}` `{!hma}` `{!fna}` `{!fma}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
If a word ends in a consnant, a horizontal line is drawn under it to specify
|
||||
that there is no vowel.
|
||||
|
||||
:::letter-list
|
||||
`{!–t}` `{!–ƶ}` `{!–s}` `{!–š}` `{!–l}` `{!–m}` `{!–n}` `{!–r}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Punctuation
|
||||
|
||||
Punctuation in Lántas is very simple. Phrases within a sentence can be separated
|
||||
by a single circle, and sentences are ended by a double circle:
|
||||
|
||||
:::letter-list
|
||||
`{!ta, ta | file=comma}`
|
||||
`{!ta. ta | file=fullstop}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
Both have an equal amount of space either side, more for the second one, and if
|
||||
they are next to a line break they stay with the previous word.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Numbers
|
||||
|
||||
Numbers are written in base 10. Most of the digits are letters, with the
|
||||
ascenders removed if they had one. Numbers in running text are indicated by
|
||||
double vertical bars each side, and are grouped in fours.
|
||||
|
||||
:::letter-list
|
||||
`{!0}` `{!1}` `{!2}` `{!3}` `{!4}` `{!5}` `{!6}` `{!7}` `{!8}` `{!9}`
|
||||
`{!#18 5263 9772#}`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,289 +0,0 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: unnamed volapük style language
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
What if Volapük didn't see the world
|
||||
through an extremely 19^th^ century lens?
|
||||
(And also what if it wasn't trying to be an IAL
|
||||
so I can put some interesting stuff in there if I want to)
|
||||
|
||||
# Phonology
|
||||
|
||||
## Vowels
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
Front Back
|
||||
------------- ----------------- -----------------
|
||||
High `{i ü}` `/i y/` `{ï u}` `/ɯ u/`
|
||||
High central `{e ö}` `/e ø/` `{o}` `/o/`
|
||||
Low `{ä}` `/æ/` `{a}` `/ɑ/`
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
- You can write `{ü ö ä ï}` as `{ᵫ œ æ ꜵ}` if you want.
|
||||
- Lowercase `{ᵫ}` is `U+1D6B`.
|
||||
Capital `{}` is not in the unicode standard (yet?), but some specialist
|
||||
medievalist fonts, such as [the one I'm using here][Junius], have it in the
|
||||
private use area at `U+E8C8` following the
|
||||
[[MUFI]]{title="Medieval Unicode Font Initiative"}.
|
||||
- `{Œ œ}` are `U+0152` and `U+0153`.
|
||||
- `{Æ æ}` are `U+00C6` and `U+00E6`.
|
||||
- `{Ꜵ ꜵ}` are `U+A734` and `U+A735`.
|
||||
- In unstressed syllables,
|
||||
high vowels become lax,
|
||||
high central vowels become lax low central,
|
||||
and `/ɑ/` becomes `[ə]`.
|
||||
- Word-initially before another vowel,
|
||||
`/i y u ɯ/` become `[j ɥ w ɰ]`.
|
||||
- If, after applying the above rule,
|
||||
a vowel follows another,
|
||||
an approximant or fricative is inserted
|
||||
based on the second vowel:
|
||||
<div class=twocol>
|
||||
- `[ʝ]` before `/i y/`;
|
||||
- `[ɣ]` before `/u ɯ/`;
|
||||
- `[j]` before `/e/`;
|
||||
- `[w]` before `/ø o/`;
|
||||
- `[ʢ]` (approximant) before `/æ ɑ/`.
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
- **TODO** expand this
|
||||
|
||||
[Junius]: https://github.com/psb1558/Junicode-New
|
||||
[MUFI]: https://mufi.info
|
||||
|
||||
## Consonants
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
Labial Alveolar Velar, etc
|
||||
---------- --------- ---------- ------------
|
||||
Plosive `/p b/` `/t d/` `/k ɡ/`
|
||||
Fricative `/f v/` `/s/` `/h/`
|
||||
Nasal `/m/` `/n/`
|
||||
Lateral `/l/`
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
Consonants are all written with the same letter as in IPA.
|
||||
|
||||
- An `/s/` becomes `/z/` next to a voiced consonant
|
||||
other than `/l v/`.
|
||||
- `/v/` becomes `[f]` after one of `/s k/`.
|
||||
- `/n/` becomes `[ŋ]` before `/k ɡ/`.
|
||||
- `/h/` becomes `[ɣ]` between two vowels.
|
||||
- `/l/` is velarised when it is
|
||||
after a back vowel or `/æ/` and
|
||||
either before another consonant or at the end of a word.
|
||||
It is palatalised at the end of a word (only) when after a front vowel.
|
||||
- The sequences `/ks ts/` are written `{x z}`
|
||||
when they are not interrupted by a morpheme boundary.
|
||||
- A `[ʔ]` is inserted between a word ending with a vowel
|
||||
and a word beginning with one
|
||||
(unless the latter becomes a glide).
|
||||
- `{te ob}` `[te ʔob]`; `{ni ob}` `[ni ʔob]`; `{la iäm}` `[lɑ jæm]`\
|
||||
**TODO** examples with actual words
|
||||
- **TODO** expand this
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Phonotactics
|
||||
|
||||
This description is written in [EBNF].
|
||||
Basically, parts in
|
||||
[\[]{.ebnf-brack}square brackets[\]]{.ebnf-brack}
|
||||
are optional, and parts in
|
||||
[{]{.ebnf-brack}braces[}]{.ebnf-brack}
|
||||
can be repeated (or skipped). A vertical bar
|
||||
[|]{.ebnf-punc} separates alternatives and a comma
|
||||
[,]{.ebnf-punc} just indicates a sequence of things.
|
||||
|
||||
[EBNF]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Backus-Naur_form
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
```ebnf
|
||||
word = [init cons], ?vowel?, {[inner cons], ?vowel?}, [final cons];
|
||||
|
||||
init cons
|
||||
= ?consonant?
|
||||
| 's', ?plosive?
|
||||
| ?plosive?, 'l'
|
||||
| 's', ('f' | 'v' | 'l')
|
||||
| ('f' | 'v'), 'l'
|
||||
| ('p' | 'b' | 'k' | 'ɡ'), 'n'
|
||||
| ('t' | 'd' | 'k' | 'ɡ'), 'm'
|
||||
| ('kv' | 'gv')
|
||||
;
|
||||
|
||||
inner cons
|
||||
= ?consonant?
|
||||
| 's', ?consonant? - ('s' | 'h')
|
||||
| ['m'], ('p', ['s'], 't' | 'b', ['s'], 'd')
|
||||
| ['n'], ('k', ['s'], 't' | 'ɡ', ['s'], 'd')
|
||||
| sonorant-plosive, ['s']
|
||||
| ['m' | 's'], ('p' | 'b'), 'n'
|
||||
| ['n' | 's'], ('k' | 'ɡ'), 'n'
|
||||
| ['n' | 's'], ('t' | 'd' | 'k' | 'ɡ'), 'm'
|
||||
| ['n' | 's'], ('kv' | 'gv')
|
||||
;
|
||||
|
||||
final cons
|
||||
= ?consonant? - ('h' | 's'), ['s']
|
||||
| sonorant-plosive, ['s']
|
||||
| 's'
|
||||
;
|
||||
|
||||
sonorant-plosive
|
||||
= 'm', ('p' | 'b')
|
||||
| 'n', ('t' | 'd' | 'k' | 'ɡ')
|
||||
| ['l'], ?plosive?
|
||||
;
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
In most cases a syllable break is between the first and second consonant of a
|
||||
cluster, but in cases like `/–nk.s–/` it is between the second and third. The
|
||||
exact rules are:
|
||||
|
||||
1. If there is only one consonant, then the break is before it.
|
||||
2. If there are more than one, then there is at least one consonant either side
|
||||
of the break.
|
||||
3. The cluster after the break is accepted by [init cons]{.ebnf-nt}.
|
||||
4. As many consonants are placed after the break as possible while still
|
||||
following the other rules.
|
||||
|
||||
Example words:
|
||||
|
||||
:::twocol
|
||||
- `{aeia}` `/ɑ.e.iˈɑ/` `[ə.je.ʝiˈʢɑ]`
|
||||
- `{gnolbs}` `/ɡnolbs/` `[ɡnoɫbz]`
|
||||
- `{bünz}` `/bynts/` `[bynts]`
|
||||
- `{svihel}` `/sviˈhel/` `[sfɪˈɣelʲ]`
|
||||
- `{hänxtis}` `/hænkˈstis/` `[hæŋkˈstis]`
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
- **TODO** real words for examples
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Verbs
|
||||
|
||||
Verb stems begin with one or more consonants, and end with exactly one.
|
||||
|
||||
- zero prs copula
|
||||
- "\<pronoun> is \<noun>" attaches the pronoun (not the verb subject marker)
|
||||
to the noun
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Person & number
|
||||
|
||||
If the subject and/or [primary] object are pronouns, they are instead marked on
|
||||
the verb as suffixes.
|
||||
(**TODO** link to secundativity section)
|
||||
For first and second person, the subject marker is the pronoun itself, and the
|
||||
object marker is the pronoun with the initial `{o–}` replaced with `{i–}`. These
|
||||
vowels change to `{u– ä–}` respectively for the dual or plural. For third person
|
||||
it is just the vowel with no consonant. In this case, independent third-person
|
||||
pronouns can be used instead of verb markers if it makes the sentence less
|
||||
confusing.
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
`!SG!` `!DU/PL!`
|
||||
-------- ---------- -------------
|
||||
`!SBJ!` `{o–}` `{u–}`
|
||||
`!OBJ!` `{i–}` `{ä–}`
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
If the subject or object are a noun phrase other than a single pronoun, they
|
||||
are not reflected on the verb at all.
|
||||
|
||||
:::twocol
|
||||
- `{böl gelb pülku}` the lizard sees the dog
|
||||
- `{böl{ob} pülku}` I see the dog
|
||||
- `{böl{ib} gelb}` the lizard sees me
|
||||
- `{böl{obit}}` I see you
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
## Tense & aspect
|
||||
|
||||
Verbs have a distinction between past & nonpast, and [imperfective]
|
||||
& [perfective]. The tense/aspect marker comes directly after the person markers.
|
||||
blah blah blah
|
||||
|
||||
[imperfective]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfective_aspect
|
||||
[perfective]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfective_aspect
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
`!IPFV!` `!PFV!`
|
||||
--------- ---------- -----------
|
||||
`!NPST!` `{–}` `{–n–}`
|
||||
`!PST!` `{–e}` `{–n–ö}`
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
For the perfective, an `{n}` is inserted before the last consonant of the stem.
|
||||
It interacts with the consonant already there in a few ways:
|
||||
|
||||
- It is `{m}` before a labial consonant.
|
||||
- After this new `{n}`/`{m}`, the letters `{f}`, `{v}`, `{l}` become
|
||||
`{p}`, `{b}`, `{n}`.
|
||||
- A double `{nn}` or `{mm}` produced this way is pronounced the same as a
|
||||
single one.
|
||||
|
||||
:::twocol
|
||||
|
||||
- `{pnumob}` I am sleeping/will be sleeping/etc
|
||||
- `{pnumo{m}b}` I slept/will sleep
|
||||
- `{pnumob{e}}` I was sleeping
|
||||
- `{pnumo{m}b{ö}}` I slept
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Nouns
|
||||
|
||||
Noun roots end in either a vowel or a consonant other than `{s}`
|
||||
(or `{x}`/`{z}`). They have no restriction on what they begin with.
|
||||
|
||||
- dual number. why not
|
||||
- dual is `{–di}` after vowel or just `{–i}` after consonant
|
||||
- plural is `{s}` like in v, so nouns don't end in that
|
||||
- 4–5 cases, but not *those* ones. maybe nom, acc+loc+all, ins+thm, gen+abl
|
||||
- acc/loc/all sg is `{-u}`
|
||||
- list acc in the table last like people do with latin for some reason
|
||||
- ~~dechticaetiative~~ secundative
|
||||
- vocative prefix, probably sth like `{iä–}`.
|
||||
- i guess that's a sixth case but i was thinking suffixes for the others
|
||||
- fuck regularity this isn't an IAL any more
|
||||
- indefinite article but no definite. maybe from 'this'. maybe a prefix
|
||||
|
||||
# Pronouns
|
||||
|
||||
Personal pronouns have a distinction between inclusive/exclusive `!(I/E)!` first
|
||||
person, e.g. `{ov}` means "you and me", but `{om}` means "me and someone else".
|
||||
The third person singular is listed as `{ok}`, but that is only a default.
|
||||
People can choose to be referred to with `{o–}` plus any consonant or cluster
|
||||
that isn't already another pronoun. `{Ok}` is used for strangers or objects, or
|
||||
for people who just want to be called `{ok}`.
|
||||
|
||||
:::figure
|
||||
|
||||
`!1;E!` `!1;I!` `!2!` `!3!`
|
||||
--------- --------- --------- --------- --------
|
||||
`!SG!` `{ob}` --- `{ot}` `{ok}`
|
||||
`!DU!` `{om}` `{ov}` `{ond}` `{ong}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{oms}` `{obs}` `{oz}` `{ox}`
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
**TODO** yes i know this isnt the only type of pronoun obviously
|
||||
|
||||
# Word order etc
|
||||
|
||||
- VSOX by default but NPs can be shuffled around
|
||||
- head initial NPs, prepositions [mostly?]
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
|
|||
böl:
|
||||
t: v
|
||||
d: see
|
||||
|
||||
gelb:
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: lizard
|
||||
|
||||
pülk:
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: dog
|
||||
|
||||
käld:
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: dragon
|
||||
|
||||
mel:
|
||||
t: v
|
||||
d: love
|
||||
|
||||
gek:
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: gecko
|
||||
|
||||
pnum:
|
||||
t: v
|
||||
d: sleep
|
||||
|
||||
sä-:
|
||||
t: {pfx: [v, v]}
|
||||
d: begin to
|
||||
|
||||
# vea–:
|
||||
|
||||
# ituk:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,319 +0,0 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Zalajmkwély
|
||||
conlang: zalajmkwely
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
# Phonology
|
||||
|
||||
## Vowels
|
||||
|
||||
Front Back
|
||||
--------- --------------------- ---------------------
|
||||
High `/i ɪ/` `{y i}` `/u ʊ/` `{ů u}`
|
||||
Mid-high `/e/` `{é}` `/o õ/` `{ó ų}`
|
||||
Mid-low `/ɛ ɛ̃/` `{e į}` `/ɔ/` `{o}`
|
||||
Low `/a æ̃/` `{ä ę}` `/ɑ ɒ̃/` `{a ą}`
|
||||
|
||||
Words have vowel harmony in non-nasal vowels between "tense" and "lax". If a
|
||||
root contains only nasal vowels, then the harmony defaults to lax. In affixes,
|
||||
a vowel that alternates depending on harmony (which is all of them, other than
|
||||
nasals) is indicated with a capital letter. The realisation of these vowels is
|
||||
based on the root nearest to the affix.
|
||||
|
||||
`{I}` `{U}` `{E}` `{O}` `{A}`
|
||||
------ ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
|
||||
Tense `{y}` `{ů}` `{é}` `{ó}` `{ä}`
|
||||
Lax `{i}` `{u}` `{e}` `{o}` `{a}`
|
||||
|
||||
Before a consonant, nasal vowels can be written as a vowel followed by
|
||||
`{m}`/`{n}`/`{ŋ}`. In this case, `{on}`, `{ón}`, etc, are pronounced
|
||||
`/ɒ̃/` like `{ą}`.
|
||||
|
||||
### Allophony
|
||||
|
||||
- Vowels are slightly longer when stressed.
|
||||
- `/ɛ e/` are lowered to `/æ/` before a velar (including `[ɫ]`).
|
||||
- A `[ʔ]` is inserted into word boundaries with a vowel on both sides.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Consonants
|
||||
|
||||
Labial Dental Dorsal
|
||||
---------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
|
||||
Plosive `/p b/` `{p b}` `/t d/` `{t d}` `/k/` `{k}`
|
||||
Fricative `/f/` `{f}` `/s z/` `{s z}` `/x ʁ/` `{h ř}`
|
||||
Nasal `/m/` `{m}` `/n/` `{n}` `/ŋ/` `{g}`
|
||||
Other `/w/` `{w}` `/l ɾ/` `{l r}` `/j/` `{j}`
|
||||
|
||||
The word "glide" refers to `/w j/`, and "liquid" to `/l ɾ ʁ/`.
|
||||
|
||||
The sequence `/ŋŋ/` is written `{ng}` (and pronounced `[ŋɡ]`).
|
||||
|
||||
### Allophony
|
||||
|
||||
- `/l/` is `[ɫ]` anywhere except before one of `/j i/`.
|
||||
- `/p t k/` are affricated to `[pf ts kx]` directly before a stressed vowel,
|
||||
and to `[pf tʃ kx]` at the end of a word.
|
||||
- `/x/` is pronounced `[χ]` at the end of a word or after a lax vowel.
|
||||
- `/b d/` become `[v ð]` word finally if immediately preceded by a vowel.
|
||||
- `/ŋ/` becomes `[ɡ]` after another `/ŋ/`, before `/z/` or `/d/`, or when not next to a
|
||||
vowel.
|
||||
- `/s z/` become `[ʃ ʒ]` at the end of a word or before a plosive (including the
|
||||
`[ɡ]` coming from `/ŋ/`).
|
||||
- `/d/` becomes `[dʒ]` at the end of a word if _not_ directly preceded by a
|
||||
vowel.
|
||||
- `/t d s z/` become `[tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ]` before one of `/j i e/`. The `/j/` is then
|
||||
dropped if there was one.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Syllable structure
|
||||
|
||||
In [EBNF]:
|
||||
|
||||
[EBNF]: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Backus-Naur_form
|
||||
|
||||
```ebnf
|
||||
word = [init cons], nucleus, {inner cons, nucleus}, [final cons];
|
||||
nucleus = (?vowel?, ?glide?) - ('ɪj' | 'ij' | 'ɛ̃j' | 'ʊw' | 'uw' | 'õw');
|
||||
init cons = ?consonant?, [?glide?]
|
||||
| ('p' | 't' | 'k'), 's', [?glide?]
|
||||
| ('b' | 'd' | 'ŋ'), 'z', [?glide?]
|
||||
| (?consonant? - ?liquid?), ?liquid?
|
||||
| ('mb' | 'nd' | 'ŋŋ'), [?glide?];
|
||||
inner cons = '·', ?consonant?
|
||||
| '·', (?consonant? - ?glide?), ?glide?
|
||||
| (('p' | 'k'), '·', ('t' | 's') | ('b' | 'ŋ'), '·', ('d' | 'z'))
|
||||
| ('s', '·', ('p' | 't' | 'k') | 'z', '·', ('b' | 'd' | 'm' | 'n' | 'ŋ'))
|
||||
| ('f' | 'h'), '·', ?voiceless plosive?
|
||||
| ?liquid?, '·', ?nasal?
|
||||
| ('m · m' | 'n · n' | 'ŋ · ŋ');
|
||||
final cons = ?consonant? - (?glide? | ?nasal?), ['s']
|
||||
| ?liquid?, (?consonant? - (?glide? | ?liquid? | 'n' | 'ŋ')), ['s'];
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The `{·}` in [inner cons]{.ebnf-nt} indicates where the syllable boundary is.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Stress
|
||||
|
||||
Stress falls on the last syllable of the stem. (In a compound word, the last
|
||||
syllable of the last stem.) Inflectional endings do not cause it to move.
|
||||
|
||||
- `{kwély}` 'language' `/kweˈliː/`
|
||||
- `{kwélyjäm}` 'language.`!GEN!`' `/kweˈliː.jam/`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Verbs
|
||||
|
||||
Verbs do not inflect themselves, but the conjugation is reflected on a highly
|
||||
fused particle following the main verb. This particle inflects for person,
|
||||
gender (in the third person), number, tense, and a distinction between
|
||||
perfective/imperfective. The ‘citation form’ of this particle is `{as}`, the
|
||||
`!1SG!`;`!PRS!`;`!IMP!` form. The `!3X!` form is used with a group of
|
||||
people/objects of multiple genders, as well as for unknown or indefinite
|
||||
referents (whether singular or plural), and impersonal sentences such as
|
||||
instructions on signs.
|
||||
|
||||
## Present
|
||||
|
||||
:::twocol
|
||||
|
||||
- `{řazgų kéd as}` 'I am eating bread'
|
||||
- `{plas énlä}` 'He sneezes'
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
`!IMPF SG!` `!PL!` `!PF SG!` `!PL!`
|
||||
------- ------------- ---------- ----------- ----------
|
||||
`!1!` `{as}` `{az}` `{és}` `{ez}`
|
||||
`!2!` `{ad}` `{am}` `{ed}` `{ém}`
|
||||
`!3A!` `{äly}` `{alis}` `{énly}` `{elis}`
|
||||
`!3B!` `{älä}` `{älůs}` `{énlä}` `{élůs}`
|
||||
`!3C!` `{äló}` `{alos}` `{énló}` `{elos}`
|
||||
`!3X!` — `{älós}` — `{élós}`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Past
|
||||
|
||||
:::twocol
|
||||
|
||||
- `{řazgų kéd als}` 'I was eating bread'
|
||||
- `{řazgų kéd éls}` 'I ate bread'
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
`!IMPF SG!` `!PL!` `!PF SG!` `!PL!`
|
||||
------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
|
||||
`!1!` `{als}` `{ajz}` `{éls}` `{eliz}`
|
||||
`!2!` `{ajd}` `{alm}` `{elid}` `{élym}`
|
||||
`!3B!` `{äjlä}` `{äjlůs}` `{éllä}` `{élůs}`
|
||||
`!3A!` `{äjly}` `{ajlis}` `{élly}` `{ellis}`
|
||||
`!3C!` `{äjló}` `{ajlos}` `{élló}` `{ellos}`
|
||||
`!3X!` — `{äjlós}` — `{éllós}`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Future
|
||||
|
||||
:::twocol
|
||||
|
||||
- `{řazgų kéd ojs}` 'I will be eating bread'
|
||||
- `{řazgų kéd éws}` 'I will eat bread'
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
`!IMPF SG!` `!PL!` `!PF SG!` `!PL!`
|
||||
------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
|
||||
`!1!` `{ojs}` `{wįz}` `{ews}` `{jųz}`
|
||||
`!2!` `{wįd}` `{ólm}` `{jųd}` `{ewm}`
|
||||
`!3B!` `{ójlä}` `{ójlůs}` `{éwlä}` `{éwlůs}`
|
||||
`!3A!` `{ójly}` `{ojlis}` `{éwly}` `{ewlis}`
|
||||
`!3C!` `{ójló}` `{ojlos}` `{éwló}` `{ewlos}`
|
||||
`!3X!` — `{ójlós}` — `{éwlós}`
|
||||
|
||||
Questions, either of the yes/no or of the content kind, are indicated by a
|
||||
particle `{ům}` (which is also the verb 'to ask') appearing after the inflection
|
||||
of `{as}`.
|
||||
|
||||
Other aspects and moods are indicated with auxiliary verbs.
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
|
||||
- Bolus hawa můtä jas jųz.
|
||||
- [bɔˈlʊʃ xɑˈwɑ muˈta jɑʃ jõʒ]
|
||||
- bolus hawa můtä jas jųz
|
||||
- tomorrow can start go 1PL;FUT;PRF
|
||||
- We can set off tomorrow.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Pulų jafų ep äly ům?
|
||||
- [pʊˈlõ jaˈfõ epf alijˈõ]
|
||||
- pu-lų jaf-ų ep äly ům
|
||||
- what-ACC name-ACC have 2SG;PRS;IMP QU
|
||||
- What is your name?
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Nouns & adjectives
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Case
|
||||
|
||||
Nouns have five cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and locative.
|
||||
The last of these is used only with preposition-type words. As a result of the
|
||||
inflectional suffixes, nouns almost always end in a consonant. The only
|
||||
exception is words ending in `/ɪ/` or `/i/`, which gain an extra `/j/` before
|
||||
the suffixes. The spelling similarly gains a `{–j}`.
|
||||
|
||||
Nouns are divided into a few classes. Each class requires the use of a specific
|
||||
inflection class of `{as}`, labelled `!A!`, `!B!`, or `!C!`. The conventional
|
||||
labels for the classes are:
|
||||
|
||||
I. Sapient `!(A)!` sapients
|
||||
II. Water `!(B)!` bodies of water, and the sky
|
||||
III. Ground `!(A)!` the ground, rocks, metals, chemical elements
|
||||
IV. Artifice `!(C)!` handheld tools, small plastic items, electronics
|
||||
V. Spiritual `!(C)!` gods, the mind & soul, large natural events, language
|
||||
VI. Containers `!(B)!` boxes, pans, bowls, wardrobes, etc;
|
||||
beds, chairs, and other furniture for sitting or lying on
|
||||
VII. Clothing `!(B)!` clothing and carried objects like umbrellas and bags
|
||||
VIII. Food `!(C)!` food and drink
|
||||
IX. Animal `!(B)!` animals (including mythical creatures)
|
||||
|
||||
(**TODO** zk names for genders)
|
||||
|
||||
Not all nouns fall into the class which the labels would suggest, and if none of
|
||||
the labels fit then the choice is arbitrary. (As is usual with `!NOM!`–`!ACC!`
|
||||
languages, `!NOM!`;`!SG!` is the citation form in dictionaries.) People's names
|
||||
are assigned to whichever class they choose.
|
||||
|
||||
`!I!` `!II!` `!III!` `!IV!` `!V!` `!VI!` `!VII!` `!VIII!` `!IX!`
|
||||
--------- -------- -------------- -------------- ------------- ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
|
||||
'woman' 'lake' 'iron' 'tool' 'life' 'cup' 'shoe' 'bread' 'dog'
|
||||
`!NOM!` `!SG!` `{fälés}` `{dusal}` `{klůp}` `{řas}` `{kól}` `{mbuz}` `{gřub}` `{řazg}` `{kląs}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{fälésé}` `{dusala}` `{klůpä}` `{řasa}` `{kólä}` `{mbuze}` `{gřube}` `{řazgį}` `{kląse}`
|
||||
`!ACC!` `!SG!` `{fälésų}` `{dusalų}` `{klůpů}` `{řasol}` `{kólų}` `{mbuzol}` `{gřubę}` `{řazgų}` `{kląsų}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{fälésów}` `{dusaloh}` `{klůpůf}` `{řasuf}` `{kólůh}` `{mbuzuf}` `{gřubęw}` `{řazgoh}` `{kląsow}`
|
||||
`!GEN!` `!SG!` `{fälésäm}` `{dusalam}` `{klůpym}` `{řasim}` `{kóläm}` `{mbuzat}` `{gřubam}` `{řazgim}` `{kląsam}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{fälésäz}` `{dusalat}` `{klůpyt}` `{řasit}` `{kóläz}` `{mbuzaz}` `{gřubat}` `{řazgįz}` `{kląsaz}`
|
||||
`!DAT!` `!SG!` `{fälésój}` `{dusale}` `{klůpój}` `{řasoj}` `{kólé}` `{mbuze}` `{gřuboj}` `{řazgai}` `{kląsi}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{fälésůd}` `{dusaloj}` `{klůpůd}` `{řasud}` `{kólój}` `{mbuzoj}` `{gřubud}` `{řazged}` `{kląsid}`
|
||||
`!LOC!` `!SG!` `{fälésés}` `{dusales}` `{klůpés}` `{řases}` `{kólés}` `{mbuzes}` `{gřubes}` `{řazges}` `{kląses}`
|
||||
`!PL!` `{fälésęts}` `{dusalęts}` `{klůpęts}` `{řasęts}` `{kólęts}` `{mbuzęts}` `{gřubęts}` `{řazgęts}` `{kląsęts}`
|
||||
|
||||
Adjectives, including genitive nouns, agree in case with their head noun, but not number. Adjectives, except for possessive pronouns, attached to a genitive noun agree with that noun's head, but not with the genitive noun itself.
|
||||
|
||||
:::twocol
|
||||
|
||||
- `!NOM!`: `{bym}` 'good'
|
||||
- `!ACC!`: `{bymů}`
|
||||
- `!DAT!`: `{bymó}`
|
||||
- `!LOC!`: `{bymés}`
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Pronouns
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO__
|
||||
|
||||
## Case
|
||||
|
||||
| | `!NOM!` | `!ACC!` | `!GEN!` | `!DAT!` | `!LOC!` |
|
||||
|----------:|:-------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:-------:|
|
||||
| `!1SG!` | `{yn}` | `{iwn}` | `{ym}` | `{ém}` | `{yné}` |
|
||||
| `!1PL!` | `{fę}` | `{fęw}` | `{fénó}` | `{fejm}` | `{fęj}` |
|
||||
| `!2SG!` | `{ol}` | `{ow}` | `{ů}` | `{wą}` | `{wój}` |
|
||||
| `!2PL!` | `{zůl}` | `{zow}` | `{zów}` | `{zům}` | `{zůj}` |
|
||||
| `!3SG.A!` | `{sem}` | `{sju}` | `{só}` | `{sem}` | `{sęs}` |
|
||||
| `!3SG.B!` | `{lem}` | `{lew}` | `{ló}` | `{lem}` | `{lęs}` |
|
||||
| `!3SG.C!` | `{em}` | `{ä}` | `{aw}` | `{äm}` | `{ęs}` |
|
||||
| `!3PL.A!` | `{gej}` | `{gęw}` | `{déw}` | `{gim}` | `{gįs}` |
|
||||
| `!3PL.B!` | `{gaj}` | `{gąw}` | `{djó}` | `{gam}` | `{gąs}` |
|
||||
| `!3PL.C!` | `{gó}` | `{gů}` | `{gů}` | `{gam}` | `{gąs}` |
|
||||
| `!3PL.X!` | `{gew}` | `{gejų}` | `{déw}` | `{gam}` | `{gąs}` |
|
||||
|
||||
# Syntax
|
||||
|
||||
## Questions
|
||||
|
||||
To form a yes/no question, the particle `{ům}` is added to the end of the
|
||||
sentence. When used in this way, `{ům}` is pronounced as an `{ų}` attached to
|
||||
the final word.
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
|
||||
- Bymů bälsůh ep ad ům?
|
||||
- [biˈmuː baɫˈsuːχ ɛpf ɑˈdõ]
|
||||
- bym-ů bäls-ůh ep ad ům
|
||||
- good-ACC mood-ACC;PL have 2SG;PRS;IMPF QU
|
||||
- Are you feeling good?
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
To answer a question, conjugate `{as}` appropriately, and follow with `{řab}`
|
||||
for agreement and `{zol}` for disagreement. In formal circumstances the main
|
||||
verb stem may be echoed before the `{as}`. Before `{zol}`, a `{s}` or `{z}` at
|
||||
the end of the form of `{as}` is dropped.
|
||||
|
||||
:::glosses
|
||||
|
||||
- As řab.
|
||||
- [ɑʃ ʁɑv]
|
||||
- as řab
|
||||
- 1SG;PRS;IMPF CONFIRM
|
||||
- Yes, I am.
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- A zol.
|
||||
- [ɑ zɔɫ]
|
||||
- a(s) zol
|
||||
- 1SG;PRS;IMPF DENY
|
||||
- No, I am not.
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
|
|||
:root {
|
||||
--section-prefix: '';
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
h1::before, h2::before, h3::before, h4::before, h5::before, h6::before {
|
||||
padding-right: 1ex;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main h1 {
|
||||
counter-increment: h1;
|
||||
counter-reset: h2 h3 h4 h5 h6;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main h1::before {
|
||||
content: var(--section-prefix) counter(h1);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main h2 {
|
||||
counter-increment: h2;
|
||||
counter-reset: h3 h4 h5 h6;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main h2::before {
|
||||
content: var(--section-prefix) counter(h1) '.' counter(h2);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main h3 {
|
||||
counter-increment: h3;
|
||||
counter-reset: h4 h5 h6;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main h3::before {
|
||||
content: var(--section-prefix) counter(h1) '.' counter(h2) '.' counter(h3);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main h4 {
|
||||
counter-increment: h4;
|
||||
counter-reset: h5 h6;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main h4::before {
|
||||
content: var(--section-prefix)
|
||||
counter(h1) '.' counter(h2) '.' counter(h3) '.' counter(h4);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main h5 {
|
||||
counter-increment: h5;
|
||||
counter-reset: h6;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main h5::before {
|
||||
content: var(--section-prefix)
|
||||
counter(h1) '.' counter(h2) '.' counter(h3) '.' counter(h4) '.'
|
||||
counter(h5);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main h6 {
|
||||
counter-increment: h6;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
main h6::before {
|
||||
content: var(--section-prefix)
|
||||
counter(h1) '.' counter(h2) '.' counter(h3) '.' counter(h4) '.'
|
||||
counter(h5) '.' counter(h6);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
|
|||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 300;
|
||||
font-stretch: normal;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-Light.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-Light.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 400;
|
||||
font-stretch: normal;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-Regular.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-Regular.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 500;
|
||||
font-stretch: normal;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-Medium.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-Medium.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 600;
|
||||
font-stretch: normal;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-Semibold.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-Semibold.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 700;
|
||||
font-stretch: normal;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-Bold.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-Bold.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 300;
|
||||
font-stretch: semi-condensed;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-SemiCondensedLight.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-SemiCondensedLight.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 400;
|
||||
font-stretch: semi-condensed;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-SemiCondensed.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-SemiCondensed.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 500;
|
||||
font-stretch: semi-condensed;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-SemiCondensedMedium.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-SemiCondensedMedium.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 600;
|
||||
font-stretch: semi-condensed;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-SemiCondensedSemibold.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-SemiCondensedSemibold.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 700;
|
||||
font-stretch: semi-condensed;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-SemiCondensedBold.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-SemiCondensedBold.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 300;
|
||||
font-stretch: condensed;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-CondensedLight.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-CondensedLight.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 400;
|
||||
font-stretch: condensed;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-Condensed.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-Condensed.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 500;
|
||||
font-stretch: condensed;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-CondensedMedium.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-CondensedMedium.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 600;
|
||||
font-stretch: condensed;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-CondensedSemibold.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-CondensedSemibold.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@font-face {
|
||||
font-family: JuniusX;
|
||||
font-weight: 700;
|
||||
font-stretch: condensed;
|
||||
src:
|
||||
url(ttf/JuniusX-CondensedBold.ttf) format('ttf'),
|
||||
url(woff2/JuniusX-CondensedBold.woff2) format('woff2');
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/* idk what "JuniusVF" is */
|
||||
BIN
style/fonts/junius/ttf/JuniusVF.ttf (Stored with Git LFS)
BIN
style/fonts/junius/ttf/JuniusVF.ttf (Stored with Git LFS)
Binary file not shown.
BIN
style/fonts/junius/ttf/JuniusX-Bold.ttf (Stored with Git LFS)
BIN
style/fonts/junius/ttf/JuniusX-Bold.ttf (Stored with Git LFS)
Binary file not shown.
BIN
style/fonts/junius/ttf/JuniusX-Condensed.ttf (Stored with Git LFS)
BIN
style/fonts/junius/ttf/JuniusX-Condensed.ttf (Stored with Git LFS)
Binary file not shown.
BIN
style/fonts/junius/ttf/JuniusX-CondensedBold.ttf (Stored with Git LFS)
BIN
style/fonts/junius/ttf/JuniusX-CondensedBold.ttf (Stored with Git LFS)
Binary file not shown.
BIN
style/fonts/junius/ttf/JuniusX-CondensedLight.ttf (Stored with Git LFS)
BIN
style/fonts/junius/ttf/JuniusX-CondensedLight.ttf (Stored with Git LFS)
Binary file not shown.
BIN
style/fonts/junius/ttf/JuniusX-CondensedMedium.ttf (Stored with Git LFS)
BIN
style/fonts/junius/ttf/JuniusX-CondensedMedium.ttf (Stored with Git LFS)
Binary file not shown.
BIN
style/fonts/junius/ttf/JuniusX-CondensedSemibold.ttf (Stored with Git LFS)
BIN
style/fonts/junius/ttf/JuniusX-CondensedSemibold.ttf (Stored with Git LFS)
Binary file not shown.
Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More
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Reference in New Issue