248 lines
9.1 KiB
Markdown
248 lines
9.1 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Lántas phonology
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backname: Lántas
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backlink: .
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conlang: lántas
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...
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# Vowels
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:::figure
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<!-- pure vowels -->
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<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
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<g id="vowel-frame">
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<!-- outer trapezoid -->
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<polygon points="0 0 200 0 200 150 100 150"
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fill="transparent" stroke="black" />
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<!-- help lines -->
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<g stroke="#999">
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<line x1="50" y1="75" x2="200" y2="75" />
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<line x1="100" y1="0" x2="150" y2="150" />
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</g>
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</g>
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<!-- í -->
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<circle cx="25" cy="15" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="34" y="19" class="ipa">iː</text>
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<!-- i -->
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<circle cx="50" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="58" y="34" class="ipa">i</text>
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<!-- ú -->
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<circle cx="150" cy="15" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="159" y="18" class="ipa">uː</text>
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<!-- u -->
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<circle cx="125" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="133" y="34" class="ipa">u</text>
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<!-- á -->
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<circle cx="110" cy="135" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="116" y="138" class="ipa">aː</text>
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<!-- a -->
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<circle cx="125" cy="115" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="110" y="118" class="ipa">a</text>
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</svg>
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<!-- ai, au -->
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<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
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<defs>
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<marker id="arrowhead"
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markerWidth="10" markerHeight="12"
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orient="auto" refX="1" refY="4"
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viewBox="0 0 12 10">
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<polygon points="0 0 12 5 0 10" fill="black" />
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</marker>
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<marker id="circle"
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markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6"
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orient="auto" refX="3" refY="3"
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viewBox="0 0 6 6">
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<circle cx="3" cy="3" r="3" fill="black" />
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</marker>
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</defs>
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<use href="#vowel-frame" />
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<!-- ai -->
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<line x1="90" y1="100" x2="50" y2="30"
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stroke="black"
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marker-start="url(#circle)"
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marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
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<text x="78" y="65" class="ipa">ai</text>
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<!-- au -->
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<line x1="180" y1="130" x2="180" y2="45"
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stroke="black"
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marker-start="url(#circle)"
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marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
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<text x="155" y="91" class="ipa">au</text>
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</svg>
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<!-- ia, ua -->
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<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
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<use href="#vowel-frame" />
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<!-- iə -->
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<line x1="25" y1="15" x2="115" y2="65"
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stroke="black"
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marker-start="url(#circle)"
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marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
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<text x="64" y="30" class="ipa">iə</text>
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<!-- uə -->
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<line x1="190" y1="15" x2="130" y2="65"
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stroke="black"
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marker-start="url(#circle)"
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marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
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<text x="147" y="30" class="ipa">uə</text>
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</svg>
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:::
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There are three basic vowels `/i a u/`, diphthongs `/ai au iə uə/`, and
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syllabic consonants `/m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩/`. Neither of these last two sets have a length
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distinction, and have the same duration as a long vowel. Note that `/u uː/` are
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substantially more central than `/i iː/`, and the initial place of `/uə/` is
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further back than pure `/uː/`.
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Long vowels, and syllabic consonants other than `{l}`, are spelt with a acute
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accent: `{í á ú ḿ ń ŕ}`. A syllabic `{l}`, because of its height, replaces the
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acute with a stroke: `{ł}`. The diphthongs are spelt `{ai au ia ua}`.
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## Allophony
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:::figure
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<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
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<use href="#vowel-frame" />
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<circle cx="55" cy="65" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="63" y="68" class="ipa">e</text>
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<circle cx="50" cy="40" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="58" y="43" class="ipa">eː</text>
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<circle cx="160" cy="55" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="170" y="60" class="ipa">o</text>
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<circle cx="160" cy="40" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="170" y="41" class="ipa">oː</text>
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<circle cx="185" cy="135" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="162" y="139" class="ipa">ɑː</text>
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<circle cx="175" cy="115" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="184" y="119" class="ipa">ɑ</text>
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</svg>
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<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
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<use href="#vowel-frame" />
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<circle cx="65" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="50" y="33" class="ipa">y</text>
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<circle cx="90" cy="25" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="97" y="29" class="ipa">ʉː</text>
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<circle cx="75" cy="95" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="83" y="98" class="ipa">ɛ</text>
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<circle cx="160" cy="80" r="3" fill="black" />
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<text x="168" y="89" class="ipa">ɔ</text>
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</svg>
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<svg width="210" height="160" viewBox="0 0 210 160">
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<use href="#vowel-frame" />
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<line x1="55" y1="55" x2="115" y2="70"
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stroke="black"
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marker-start="url(#circle)"
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marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
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<text x="80" y="58" class="ipa">eə</text>
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<line x1="190" y1="105" x2="130" y2="70"
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stroke="black"
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marker-start="url(#circle)"
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marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
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<text x="170" y="88" class="ipa">ɔə</text>
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<line x1="175" y1="120" x2="90" y2="80"
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stroke="black"
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marker-start="url(#circle)"
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marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
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<text x="104" y="108" class="ipa">ɑe</text>
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</svg>
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:::
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* After a velar consonant, including `/ɫ w/`, the vowels
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`/a aː ai i iː iə u uː uə/` are backed and lowered to the forms labelled
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`[ɑ ɑː ɑe ɛ eː eə ɔ oː ɔə]`,
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respectively, in the figures above.
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* After `/j/`, `/i iː iə/` become `[e eː eə]`.
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* After `/tʃ dʒ ʃ j/`, `/u uː/` is fronted to `[y ʉː]`.
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* Before a syllabic consonant, a small schwa may be inserted if necessary to
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make pronunciation easier. This is most common between `/ln̩ nl̩/` and two copies
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of a single sound. For example, `{!kalń}` 'cat': `/kaln̩/` → `[kɐlᵊn]`.
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* `/r̩ l̩/` are pronounced as `[ɻː ɫ̩ː]`.
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* Syllabic `/n̩/` assimilates to `[ŋ̍]` before a velar consonant; no other
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assimilation for syllabic nasals occurs, though. (It does for *non*-syllabic
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nasals, though; see below.)
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* Unstressed short vowels are somewhat reduced, `/a/` more than the others.
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# Consonants
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Where unspecified, consonants are spelt the same way as in IPA.
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:::figure
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Labial Dental Postalveolar Velar
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------------ ------------- ------------------ ------------------- -------------
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Plosive `/p b/` `/t d/` `/tʃ dʒ/` `{č ǧ}` `/k ɡ/`
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Fricative `/f/` `/θ s/` `{ƶ, s}` `/ʃ/` `{š}` `/x/` `{h}`
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Nasal `/m/` `/n/`
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Flap `/ɾ/` `{r}`
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Approximant `/w/` `/l/` `/j/`
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:::
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The phonemes `/p t tʃ k s ʃ m n ɾ l x/` can be geminated. For the purposes of
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syllable structure, geminated consonants are counted the same as two separate
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ones. Geminate versions of most consonants are spelt by doubling the letter:
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`{pp}`, `{tt}`, `{kk}`, etc.
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In places I have forgotten to update, `/θ/` might be written `{þ}` or `{ð}`.
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## Allophony
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- Before `/i iː iə/`, `/ɾ/` becomes `[ʑ̞]`.
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- A nasal followed by a plosive assimilates to the same place of articulation
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(but for compound words this is not reflected in the spelling), for example
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`{!rabanpa}` `[ravampa]` 'what book?'.
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- The sequences `/tʃs/` is pronounced as `[tʃː]`, and `/ʃs sʃ ʃj sj/` are all
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`[ʃː]`.
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- Nasals before `/s x/` decay to a nasalisation of the previous vowel, or are
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dropped entirely if that vowel is a syllabic consonant.
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- Voiced plosives `/b d dʒ ɡ/` become fricatives `[v ð ʒ ɣ]` between proper
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vowels. The allophone `[v]` is pronounced `[β]` by some speakers.
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- The velar fricative `/x/` becomes `[h]` before `/r̩/`, and is palatalised to
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`[ç]` before `/i iː iə/`.
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- Long `/tʃː/` is pronounced as `[ṯːʃ]` (distinct from the `[tʃː]` coming from
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`/tʃs tʃʃ/`). Long `/ɾ l/` become `[ʐː ɫː]`.
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- Non-final `/l/` is velarized `[ɫ]` after a back vowel (including the
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allophones `[ɑ ɑː]`). After other vowels, it is palatalised.
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- Non-syllabic `/l/` is pronounced as `[ɬʲ]` at the end of words, even after a
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back vowel. After `/t/` it is `[ɬ]`. The phoneme `/ɾ/` is also devoiced `[ɾ̥]`
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word-finally. The sequence `/lθ/` is realised as `[ɬʲː]`.
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- In many dialects, the long obstruents `/pː tː tʃː kː sː ʃː/` are pronounced as
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ejectives `[pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ sʼ ʃʼ]`, and the long sonorants `/mː nː lː/` as
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`[bᵐ dⁿ ɮˠː]`.
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# Syllable structure
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The allowed shape of a syllable is usually *CV*(*C*), where *V* is any vowel
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and *C* any consonant. Clusters take one of the following forms:
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- *KC*, where *K* can be any of `/m n l r θ s ʃ t/` _(coda consonants)_;
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- *FN*, where *F* can be `/f θ s ʃ x/` _(fricatives)_ and
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*N* can be `/m n/` _(nasals)_;
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- *P*`/s/`, where *P* can be `/p t tʃ k/` _(voiceless plosives)_;
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- `/pj bj lj rj/`;
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- geminate consonants.
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The exceptions to the normal pattern are that a vowel or syllabic consonant can
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also occur at the start of a word, or after another syllabic consonant (but not
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a proper vowel). At the end of a word, the consonants from *K* are allowed.
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A syllabic consonant cannot be next to the non-syllabic form of the same
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consonant---for example, the sequences `/ll̩/` and `/l̩l/` are not possible.
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# Stress
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Words are stressed on the first long vowel, if there is one. If there are no
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long vowels, _or_ the only one is in the final syllable of a multi-syllabic
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word, then the stress is on the first syllable. For the purposes of deciding
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stress placement, neither diphthongs nor syllabic consonants are counted as
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long.
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