325 lines
7.4 KiB
Markdown
325 lines
7.4 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Lántas verbs
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backname: Lántas
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backlink: ../laantas
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conlang: lántas
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...
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__TODO: intro__
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The infinitive is unmarked, but always ends in a vowel. A borrowing from another
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language adds an `{a}` to the end if necessary. It is the citation form for
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verbs as well as being used in several constructions.^[citation needed]^
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# Tense
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There is a distinction between two different past tenses, _recent_ and _distant_
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past. The recent past is most commonly used, while the distant past is used to
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denote an action happening further in the past than to another action already
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expressed using the recent.
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Stories are narrated in the present tense.
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:::figure
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------------------------ ----------
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Distant past `!(DPST)!` `{–saji}`
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Recent past `!(RPST)!` `{–si}`
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Present `!(PRS)!` `{–}`
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Future `!(FUT)!` `{–má}`
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------------------------ ----------
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:::
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:::glosses
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- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí.
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- ƶasi-m kalń-ḿ-t jaƶí
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- dog-DEF cat-DEF-GEN love;PRS
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- The dog loves the cat.
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---
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- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí{si}.
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- ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí-si
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- the:dog the:cat love-RPST
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- The dog loved the cat.
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---
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- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí{saji}.
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- ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí-saji
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- the:dog the:cat love-DPST
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- The dog had loved the cat (until …).
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---
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- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí{má}.
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- ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí-má
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- the:dog the:cat love-FUT
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- The dog will love the cat.
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:::
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# Person
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These suffixes are used instead of pronouns (but not nouns) in the subject
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and object positions. The subject suffix comes before the object. For the
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plural, the vowel is lengthened and `{–š}` is added (e.g. `{–na}` to `{–náš}`).
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Just like with the [pronouns](#pronouns), the first person plurals `{–náš}`
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and `{–dúš}` can only be used with an inclusive meaning. The exclusive sense
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is expressed by using conjunctions of pronouns instead of suffixes.
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:::figure
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`!1!` `!2!` `!3!`
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------------------ -------- -------- --------
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Subject `!(SBJ)!` `{–na}` `{–ha}` `{–fa}`
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Object `!(OBJ)!` `{–du}` `{–gu}` `{–bu}`
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------------------ -------- -------- --------
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:::
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:::glosses
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- Bairu{nagu}.
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- bairu-na-gu
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- see-1SG;SBJ-2SG;OBJ
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- I see you.
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---
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- Ƶasim bairu{náš}.
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- ƶasi-m bairu-náš
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- dog-DEF see-1PL;SBJ
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- We see the dog.
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---
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- Ƶasim bairu{dúš}.
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- ƶasi-m bairu-dúš
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- dog-DEF see-1PL;OBJ
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- The dog sees us.
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:::
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# Voice
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__TODO replace this, probably__
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There is a four way voice distinction. The voice markers are placed between the
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tense and person markers.
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- The _active_ voice is the default form of the verb and does not modify the
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roles of the arguments.
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- The _passive_ voice promotes the direct object of the verb to subject
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position, leaving the former subject role unspecified. There is no way to
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specify the agent (i.e., no equivalent to _by_); to merely emphasise the
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object but keep the subject specified, the object can be moved to the
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beginning of the clause.
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- The _reflexive_ voice indicates that the subject(s) act on themselves.
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- The _reciprocal_ voice indicates that the subjects act on each other.
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:::figure
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--------------------- ----------
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Active `!(ACT)!` `{–}`
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Passive `!(PSV)!` `{–lú}`
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Reflexive `!(RFL)!` `{–sidu}`
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Reciprocal `!(RCP)!` `{–lƶi}`
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--------------------- ----------
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:::
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:::glosses
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- Ƶasimat tassána.
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- ƶasimat tassá-na
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- the:dog wash-1SG
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- I wash the dog.
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---
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- Ƶasim tassá{lú}.
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- ƶasim tassá-lú
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- the:dog wash-PSV
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- The dog is washed.
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---
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- Tassá{sidu}na.
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- tassá-sidu-na
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- wash-RFL-1SG
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- I wash myself.
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---
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- Tassá{lƶi}náš.
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- tassá-lƶi-náš
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- wash-RCP-1PL
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- We wash each other.
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:::
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# Negative
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__TODO__
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- `{–tul}`
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- "is not" is just `{tul}` instead of `{aitul}`
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# Nominal forms
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A verb stem can also be used as a noun: for example, `{šikkú}` both means 'to
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go' and 'an act of going'. The definite plural is also used to mean the act in
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a general sense. The definite form is also used for the verb of content
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clauses, for example indirect quotations, and with auxiliary verbs such as
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modals.
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When the final part of the verb is a subject suffix ending in `{–a}`, that `{a}`
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is dropped and the `{–ḿ}` form of the definite is used instead, e.g.
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`{!rusmánḿ}` "that I sleep" rather than `{!rusmánam}`. The definite form of
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`{!ai}` "to be" is `{!am}` rather than `{!aim}`.
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:::glosses
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- hipsa{mł}
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- hipsa-m-ł
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- solve_problem-DEF-PL
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- logic (the general act of problem solving)
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---
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- Fíra fuha{m} suasifa.
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- fíra fuha-m sua-si-fa
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- air blow-DEF say-RPST-3SG
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- He said it was windy.
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---
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- Šikkún{ḿt} ušminatul.
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- šikkú-n(a)-ḿ-t ušmi-na-tul
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- go-1SG-DEF-GEN want-1SG-NEG
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- I don't want to go.
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:::
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# Modifier forms
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__TODO: maybe replace `{–ja}` with `{–[ka]t}`? (or `{–gu}`???)__
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A verb form can be suffixed with `{!–ja}` to turn it into a noun modifier. This
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is used to make relative clauses.
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:::glosses
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- ƶasim bairu{ja} ausut kášńḿ
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- ƶasi-m bairu-ja ausu-t kášń-ḿ
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- dog-DEF see-REL size-GEN lizard-DEF
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- the big lizard that the dog sees
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---
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- ƶasimat bairu{ja} ausut kášńḿ
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- ƶasim-at bairu-ja ausut kášńḿ
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- the:dog-GEN see-REL big the:lizard
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- the lizard that sees the dog
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:::
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__TODO: probably remove and modify some word instead?__
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A relative clause can be made into a noun phrase of its own with `{!–ƶ}`,
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meaning 'the one who \_\_\_\_'.
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:::glosses
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- kášńł bairuja{ƶ}
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- kášń-ł bairu-ja-ƶ
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- lizard-PL see-REL-NOM
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- the one who sees lizards
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:::
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# Pro-verbs
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Pro-verbs are placeholders standing in for verb phrases; they are the verb
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equivalent of pronouns.
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The word for 'to do this' is `{mai}`, related to the [pronoun] `{mua}`. There
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are also `{lai}` and `{ƶai}`, which are used only when contrasting between two
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options.
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[pronoun]: prons.html#demonstratives
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:::glosses
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- Naranášḿ iš lut saunusam gibanášḿ fulla.
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- nara-náš-ḿ iš lut_saunu-sa-m giba-náš-ḿ fulla
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- walk-1PL-DEF or bus-AD-DEF ride-1PL-DEF can
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- We can walk or take the bus.
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---
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- {Laim} iš {ƶaim} ušmiha?
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- lai-m iš ƶai-m ušmi-ha
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- do_this-DEF or do_that-DEF want-2SG
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- Which do you want to do?
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---
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- {Ƶaim} ušmina.
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- ƶai-m ušmi-na
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- do_that want-1SG
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- I want to take the bus.
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:::
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There is also a negative pro-verb `{tulla}`, 'to not do this/that'.
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# Polar questions
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__TODO idk__
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Polar (yes/no) questions add a `{–ǧi}` clitic on the word or phrase being
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questioned. The word being questioned receives the primary stress. If there is
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no particular focus for the question, it is attached to the final word of the
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sentence.
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:::glosses
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- Inlantimsas{ǧi} šikkúmáha?
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- inlanti-m-sa-s-ǧi šikkú-má-ha
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- england-DEF-AD-LAT-QU go-FUT-2SG
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- Are you going to england (vs going somewhere else)?
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---
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- Sur{ǧi} inlantimsas šikkúmá?
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- sur-ǧi inlantimsas šikkúmá
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- 2SG-QU to:england will:go
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- Is it you (vs someone else) who is going to england?
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---
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- Inlantimsas šikkúmáha{ǧi}?
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- inlantimsas šikkúmáha-ǧi
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- to:england you:will:go-QU
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- Are you going to england (vs coming from it)?
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:::
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To answer a yes/no question, the verbs `{!mai}` or `{!tulla}`, respectively, are
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conjugated for person (but not tense, etc). Their literal meaning are as
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[pro-verbs], 'to (not) do this'.
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[pro-verbs]: #pro-verbs
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- `{!Inlantimsasǧi šikkúmáha?}`\
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Are you going to england?
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- `{!Maina.}`/`{!Tullana.}`\
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Yes, I am/No, I'm not.
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# If/then
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__TODO__
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- if-clause nominalised, in IN-ABL
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- then-clause main clause of sentence, with aux verb `{tisu}`
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