321 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
321 lines
12 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Zalajmkwély
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lang: zalajmkwely
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...
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# Phonology
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## Vowels
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Front Back
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--------- --------------------- ---------------------
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High `/i ɪ/` `{y i}` `/u ʊ/` `{ů u}`
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Mid-high `/e/` `{é}` `/o õ/` `{ó ų}`
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Mid-low `/ɛ ɛ̃/` `{e į}` `/ɔ/` `{o}`
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Low `/a æ̃/` `{ä ę}` `/ɑ ɒ̃/` `{a ą}`
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Words have vowel harmony in non-nasal vowels between "tense" and "lax". If a
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root contains only nasal vowels, then the harmony defaults to lax. In affixes,
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a vowel that alternates depending on harmony (which is all of them, other than
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nasals) is indicated with a capital letter. The realisation of these vowels is
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based on the root nearest to the affix.
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`{I}` `{U}` `{E}` `{O}` `{A}`
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------ ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
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Tense `{y}` `{ů}` `{é}` `{ó}` `{ä}`
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Lax `{i}` `{u}` `{e}` `{o}` `{a}`
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Before a consonant, nasal vowels can be written as a vowel followed by
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`{m}`/`{n}`/`{ŋ}`. In this case, `{on}`, `{ón}`, etc, are pronounced
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`/ɒ̃/` like `{ą}`.
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### Allophony
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- Vowels are slightly longer when stressed.
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- `/ɛ e/` are lowered to `/æ/` before a velar (including `[ɫ]`).
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- A `[ʔ]` is inserted into word boundaries with a vowel on both sides.
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## Consonants
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Labial Dental Dorsal
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---------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
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Plosive `/p b/` `{p b}` `/t d/` `{t d}` `/k/` `{k}`
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Fricative `/f/` `{f}` `/s z/` `{s z}` `/x ʁ/` `{h ř}`
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Nasal `/m/` `{m}` `/n/` `{n}` `/ŋ/` `{g}`
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Other `/w/` `{w}` `/l ɾ/` `{l r}` `/j/` `{j}`
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The word "glide" refers to `/w j/`, and "liquid" to `/l ɾ ʁ/`.
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The sequence `/ŋŋ/` is written `{ng}` (and pronounced `[ŋɡ]`).
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### Allophony
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- `/l/` is `[ɫ]` anywhere except before one of `/j i/`.
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- `/p t k/` are affricated to `[pf ts kx]` directly before a stressed vowel,
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and to `[pf tʃ kx]` at the end of a word.
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- `/x/` is pronounced `[χ]` at the end of a word or after a lax vowel.
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- `/b d/` become `[v ð]` word finally if immediately preceded by a vowel.
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- `/ŋ/` becomes `[ɡ]` after another `/ŋ/`, before `/z/` or `/d/`, or when not next to a
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vowel.
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- `/s z/` become `[ʃ ʒ]` at the end of a word or before a plosive (including the
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`[ɡ]` coming from `/ŋ/`).
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- `/d/` becomes `[dʒ]` at the end of a word if _not_ directly preceded by a
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vowel.
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- `/t d s z/` become `[tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ]` before one of `/j i e/`. The `/j/` is then
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dropped if there was one.
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## Syllable structure
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In [EBNF]:
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[EBNF]: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Backus-Naur_form
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```ebnf
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word = [init cons], nucleus, {inner cons, nucleus}, [final cons];
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nucleus = (?vowel?, ?glide?) - ('ɪj' | 'ij' | 'ɛ̃j' | 'ʊw' | 'uw' | 'õw');
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init cons = ?consonant?, [?glide?]
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| ('p' | 't' | 'k'), 's', [?glide?]
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| ('b' | 'd' | 'ŋ'), 'z', [?glide?]
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| (?consonant? - ?liquid?), ?liquid?
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| ('mb' | 'nd' | 'ŋŋ'), [?glide?];
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inner cons = '·', ?consonant?
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| '·', (?consonant? - ?glide?), ?glide?
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| (('p' | 'k'), '·', ('t' | 's') | ('b' | 'ŋ'), '·', ('d' | 'z')),
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(* the above ŋ is aksdm *)
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| ('s', '·', ('p' | 't' | 'k') | 'z', '·', ('b' | 'd' | 'm' | 'n' | 'ŋ'))
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| ('f' | 'h'), '·', ?voiceless plosive?
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| ?liquid?, '·', ?nasal?
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| ('m · m' | 'n · n' | 'ŋ · ŋ');
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final cons = ?consonant? - (?glide? | ?nasal?), ['s']
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| ?liquid?, (?consonant? - (?glide? | ?liquid? | 'n' | 'ŋ')), ['s'];
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```
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The `{·}` in [inner cons]{.ebnf-nt} indicates where the syllable boundary is.
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## Stress
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Stress falls on the last syllable of the stem. (In a compound word, the last
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syllable of the last stem.) Inflectional endings do not cause it to move.
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- `{kwély}` 'language' `/kweˈliː/`
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- `{kwélyjäm}` 'language.`!GEN!`' `/kweˈliː.jam/`
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# Verbs
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Verbs do not inflect themselves, but the conjugation is reflected on a highly
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fused particle following the main verb. This particle inflects for person,
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gender (in the third person), number, tense, and a distinction between
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perfective/imperfective. The ‘citation form’ of this particle is `{as}`, the
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`!1SG!`;`!PRS!`;`!IMP!` form. The `!3X!` form is used with a group of
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people/objects of multiple genders, as well as for unknown or indefinite
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referents (whether singular or plural), and impersonal sentences such as
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instructions on signs.
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## Present
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:::twocol
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- `{řazgų kéd as}` 'I am eating bread'
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- `{plas énlä}` 'He sneezes'
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:::
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`!IMPF SG!` `!PL!` `!PF SG!` `!PL!`
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------- ------------- ---------- ----------- ----------
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`!1!` `{as}` `{az}` `{és}` `{ez}`
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`!2!` `{ad}` `{am}` `{ed}` `{ém}`
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`!3A!` `{äly}` `{alis}` `{énly}` `{elis}`
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`!3B!` `{älä}` `{älůs}` `{énlä}` `{élůs}`
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`!3C!` `{äló}` `{alos}` `{énló}` `{elos}`
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`!3X!` — `{älós}` — `{élós}`
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## Past
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:::twocol
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- `{řazgų kéd als}` 'I was eating bread'
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- `{řazgų kéd éls}` 'I ate bread'
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:::
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`!IMPF SG!` `!PL!` `!PF SG!` `!PL!`
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------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
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`!1!` `{als}` `{ajz}` `{éls}` `{eliz}`
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`!2!` `{ajd}` `{alm}` `{elid}` `{élym}`
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`!3B!` `{äjlä}` `{äjlůs}` `{éllä}` `{élůs}`
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`!3A!` `{äjly}` `{ajlis}` `{élly}` `{ellis}`
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`!3C!` `{äjló}` `{ajlos}` `{élló}` `{ellos}`
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`!3X!` — `{äjlós}` — `{éllós}`
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## Future
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:::twocol
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- `{řazgų kéd ojs}` 'I will be eating bread'
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- `{řazgų kéd éws}` 'I will eat bread'
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:::
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`!IMPF SG!` `!PL!` `!PF SG!` `!PL!`
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------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
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`!1!` `{ojs}` `{wįz}` `{ews}` `{jųz}`
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`!2!` `{wįd}` `{ólm}` `{jųd}` `{ewm}`
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`!3B!` `{ójlä}` `{ójlůs}` `{éwlä}` `{éwlůs}`
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`!3A!` `{ójly}` `{ojlis}` `{éwly}` `{ewlis}`
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`!3C!` `{ójló}` `{ojlos}` `{éwló}` `{ewlos}`
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`!3X!` — `{ójlós}` — `{éwlós}`
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Questions, either of the yes/no or of the content kind, are indicated by a
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particle `{ům}` (which is also the verb 'to ask') appearing after the inflection
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of `{as}`.
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Other aspects and moods are indicated with auxiliary verbs.
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:::glosses
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- Bolus hawa můtä jas jųz.
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- [bɔˈlʊʃ xɑˈwɑ muˈta jɑʃ jõʒ]
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- bolus hawa můtä jas jųz
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- tomorrow can start go 1PL;FUT;PRF
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- We can set off tomorrow.
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---
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- Pulų jafų ep äly ům?
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- [pʊˈlõ jaˈfõ epf alijˈõ]
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- pu-lų jaf-ų ep äly ům
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- what-ACC name-ACC have 2SG;PRS;IMP QU
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- What is your name?
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:::
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# Nouns & adjectives
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## Case
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Nouns have five cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and locative.
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The last of these is used only with preposition-type words. As a result of the
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inflectional suffixes, nouns almost always end in a consonant. The only
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exception is words ending in `/ɪ/` or `/i/`, which gain an extra `/j/` before
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the suffixes. The spelling similarly gains a `{–j}`.
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Nouns are divided into a few classes. Each class requires the use of a specific
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inflection class of `{as}`, labelled `!A!`, `!B!`, or `!C!`. The conventional
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labels for the classes are:
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I. Sapient `!(A)!` sapients
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II. Water `!(B)!` bodies of water, and the sky
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III. Ground `!(A)!` the ground, rocks, metals, chemical elements
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IV. Artifice `!(C)!` handheld tools, small plastic items, electronics
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V. Spiritual `!(C)!` gods, the mind & soul, large natural events, language
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VI. Containers `!(B)!` boxes, pans, bowls, wardrobes, etc;
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beds, chairs, and other furniture for sitting or lying on
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VII. Clothing `!(B)!` clothing and carried objects like umbrellas and bags
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VIII. Food `!(C)!` food and drink
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IX. Animal `!(B)!` animals (including mythical creatures)
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(**TODO** zk names for genders)
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Not all nouns fall into the class which the labels would suggest, and if none of
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the labels fit then the choice is arbitrary. (As is usual with `!NOM!`–`!ACC!`
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languages, `!NOM!`;`!SG!` is the citation form in dictionaries.) People's names
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are assigned to whichever class they choose.
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`!I!` `!II!` `!III!` `!IV!` `!V!` `!VI!` `!VII!` `!VIII!` `!IX!`
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--------- -------- -------------- -------------- ------------- ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
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'woman' 'lake' 'iron' 'tool' 'life' 'cup' 'shoe' 'bread' 'dog'
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`!NOM!` `!SG!` `{fälés}` `{dusal}` `{klůp}` `{řas}` `{kól}` `{mbuz}` `{gřub}` `{řazg}` `{kląs}`
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`!PL!` `{fälésé}` `{dusala}` `{klůpä}` `{řasa}` `{kólä}` `{mbuze}` `{gřube}` `{řazgį}` `{kląse}`
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`!ACC!` `!SG!` `{fälésų}` `{dusalų}` `{klůpů}` `{řasol}` `{kólų}` `{mbuzol}` `{gřubę}` `{řazgų}` `{kląsų}`
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`!PL!` `{fälésów}` `{dusaloh}` `{klůpůf}` `{řasuf}` `{kólůh}` `{mbuzuf}` `{gřubęw}` `{řazgoh}` `{kląsow}`
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`!GEN!` `!SG!` `{fälésäm}` `{dusalam}` `{klůpym}` `{řasim}` `{kóläm}` `{mbuzat}` `{gřubam}` `{řazgim}` `{kląsam}`
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`!PL!` `{fälésäz}` `{dusalat}` `{klůpyt}` `{řasit}` `{kóläz}` `{mbuzaz}` `{gřubat}` `{řazgįz}` `{kląsaz}`
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`!DAT!` `!SG!` `{fälésój}` `{dusale}` `{klůpój}` `{řasoj}` `{kólé}` `{mbuze}` `{gřuboj}` `{řazgai}` `{kląsi}`
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`!PL!` `{fälésůd}` `{dusaloj}` `{klůpůd}` `{řasud}` `{kólój}` `{mbuzoj}` `{gřubud}` `{řazged}` `{kląsid}`
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`!LOC!` `!SG!` `{fälésés}` `{dusales}` `{klůpés}` `{řases}` `{kólés}` `{mbuzes}` `{gřubes}` `{řazges}` `{kląses}`
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`!PL!` `{fälésęts}` `{dusalęts}` `{klůpęts}` `{řasęts}` `{kólęts}` `{mbuzęts}` `{gřubęts}` `{řazgęts}` `{kląsęts}`
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Adjectives, including genitive nouns, agree in case with their head noun, but not number. Adjectives, except for possessive pronouns, attached to a genitive noun agree with that noun's head, but not with the genitive noun itself.
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:::twocol
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- `!NOM!`: `{bym}` 'good'
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- `!ACC!`: `{bymů}`
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- `!DAT!`: `{bymó}`
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- `!LOC!`: `{bymés}`
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:::
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# Pronouns
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__TODO__
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## Case
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| | `!NOM!` | `!ACC!` | `!GEN!` | `!DAT!` | `!LOC!` |
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|----------:|:-------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:-------:|
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| `!1SG!` | `{yn}` | `{iwn}` | `{ym}` | `{ém}` | `{yné}` |
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| `!1PL!` | `{fę}` | `{fęw}` | `{fénó}` | `{fejm}` | `{fęj}` |
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| `!2SG!` | `{ol}` | `{ow}` | `{ů}` | `{wą}` | `{wój}` |
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| `!2PL!` | `{zůl}` | `{zow}` | `{zów}` | `{zům}` | `{zůj}` |
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| `!3SG.A!` | `{sem}` | `{sju}` | `{só}` | `{sem}` | `{sęs}` |
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| `!3SG.B!` | `{lem}` | `{lew}` | `{ló}` | `{lem}` | `{lęs}` |
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| `!3SG.C!` | `{em}` | `{ä}` | `{aw}` | `{äm}` | `{ęs}` |
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| `!3PL.A!` | `{gej}` | `{gęw}` | `{déw}` | `{gim}` | `{gįs}` |
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| `!3PL.B!` | `{gaj}` | `{gąw}` | `{djó}` | `{gam}` | `{gąs}` |
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| `!3PL.C!` | `{gó}` | `{gů}` | `{gů}` | `{gam}` | `{gąs}` |
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| `!3PL.X!` | `{gew}` | `{gejų}` | `{déw}` | `{gam}` | `{gąs}` |
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# Syntax
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## Questions
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To form a yes/no question, the particle `{ům}` is added to the end of the
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sentence. When used in this way, `{ům}` is pronounced as an `{ų}` attached to
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the final word.
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:::glosses
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- Bymů bälsůh ep ad ům?
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- [biˈmuː baɫˈsuːχ ɛpf ɑˈdõ]
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- bym-ů bäls-ůh ep ad ům
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- good-ACC mood-ACC;PL have 2SG;PRS;IMPF QU
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- Are you feeling good?
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:::
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To answer a question, conjugate `{as}` appropriately, and follow with `{řab}`
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for agreement and `{zol}` for disagreement. In formal circumstances the main
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verb stem may be echoed before the `{as}`. Before `{zol}`, a `{s}` or `{z}` at
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the end of the form of `{as}` is dropped.
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:::glosses
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- As řab.
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- [ɑʃ ʁɑv]
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- as řab
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- 1SG;PRS;IMPF CONFIRM
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- Yes, I am.
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---
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- A zol.
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- [ɑ zɔɫ]
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- a(s) zol
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- 1SG;PRS;IMPF DENY
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- No, I am not.
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:::
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