7.4 KiB
| title | backname | backlink | conlang |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lántas verbs | Lántas | ../laantas | lántas |
- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí{si}.
- ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí-si
- the:dog the:cat love-RPST
- The dog loved the cat.
- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí{saji}.
- ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí-saji
- the:dog the:cat love-DPST
- The dog had loved the cat (until …).
- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí{má}.
- ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí-má
- the:dog the:cat love-FUT
- The dog will love the cat. :::
Person
These suffixes are used instead of pronouns (but not nouns) in the subject
and object positions. The subject suffix comes before the object. For the
plural, the vowel is lengthened and {–š} is added (e.g. {–na} to {–náš}).
Just like with the pronouns, the first person plurals {–náš}
and {–dúš} can only be used with an inclusive meaning. The exclusive sense
is expressed by using conjunctions of pronouns instead of suffixes.
:::figure
`!1!` `!2!` `!3!`
Subject !(SBJ)! {–na} {–ha} {–fa}
Object !(OBJ)! {–du} {–gu} {–bu}
:::
:::glosses
- Bairu{nagu}.
- bairu-na-gu
- see-1SG;SBJ-2SG;OBJ
- I see you.
- Ƶasim bairu{náš}.
- ƶasi-m bairu-náš
- dog-DEF see-1PL;SBJ
- We see the dog.
- Ƶasim bairu{dúš}.
- ƶasi-m bairu-dúš
- dog-DEF see-1PL;OBJ
- The dog sees us. :::
Voice
TODO replace this, probably
There is a four way voice distinction. The voice markers are placed between the tense and person markers.
- The active voice is the default form of the verb and does not modify the roles of the arguments.
- The passive voice promotes the direct object of the verb to subject position, leaving the former subject role unspecified. There is no way to specify the agent (i.e., no equivalent to by); to merely emphasise the object but keep the subject specified, the object can be moved to the beginning of the clause.
- The reflexive voice indicates that the subject(s) act on themselves.
- The reciprocal voice indicates that the subjects act on each other.
:::figure
Active `!(ACT)!` `{–}`
Passive `!(PSV)!` `{–lú}`
Reflexive !(RFL)! {–sidu}
Reciprocal !(RCP)! {–lƶi}
:::
:::glosses
- Ƶasimat tassána.
- ƶasimat tassá-na
- the:dog wash-1SG
- I wash the dog.
- Ƶasim tassá{lú}.
- ƶasim tassá-lú
- the:dog wash-PSV
- The dog is washed.
- Tassá{sidu}na.
- tassá-sidu-na
- wash-RFL-1SG
- I wash myself.
- Tassá{lƶi}náš.
- tassá-lƶi-náš
- wash-RCP-1PL
- We wash each other. :::
Negative
TODO
{–tul}- "is not" is just
{tul}instead of{aitul}
Nominal forms
A verb stem can also be used as a noun: for example, {šikkú} both means 'to
go' and 'an act of going'. The definite plural is also used to mean the act in
a general sense. The definite form is also used for the verb of content
clauses, for example indirect quotations, and with auxiliary verbs such as
modals.
When the final part of the verb is a subject suffix ending in {–a}, that {a}
is dropped and the {–ḿ} form of the definite is used instead, e.g.
{!rusmánḿ} "that I sleep" rather than {!rusmánam}. The definite form of
{!ai} "to be" is {!am} rather than {!aim}.
:::glosses
- hipsa{mł}
- hipsa-m-ł
- solve_problem-DEF-PL
- logic (the general act of problem solving)
- Fíra fuha{m} suasifa.
- fíra fuha-m sua-si-fa
- air blow-DEF say-RPST-3SG
- He said it was windy.
- Šikkún{ḿt} ušminatul.
- šikkú-n(a)-ḿ-t ušmi-na-tul
- go-1SG-DEF-GEN want-1SG-NEG
- I don't want to go. :::
Modifier forms
TODO: maybe replace {–ja} with {–[ka]t}? (or {–gu}???)
A verb form can be suffixed with {!–ja} to turn it into a noun modifier. This
is used to make relative clauses.
:::glosses
- ƶasim bairu{ja} ausut kášńḿ
- ƶasi-m bairu-ja ausu-t kášń-ḿ
- dog-DEF see-REL size-GEN lizard-DEF
- the big lizard that the dog sees
- ƶasimat bairu{ja} ausut kášńḿ
- ƶasim-at bairu-ja ausut kášńḿ
- the:dog-GEN see-REL big the:lizard
- the lizard that sees the dog :::
TODO: probably remove and modify some word instead?
A relative clause can be made into a noun phrase of its own with {!–ƶ},
meaning 'the one who ____'.
:::glosses
- kášńł bairuja{ƶ}
- kášń-ł bairu-ja-ƶ
- lizard-PL see-REL-NOM
- the one who sees lizards :::
Pro-verbs
Pro-verbs are placeholders standing in for verb phrases; they are the verb equivalent of pronouns.
The word for 'to do this' is {mai}, related to the pronoun {mua}. There
are also {lai} and {ƶai}, which are used only when contrasting between two
options.
:::glosses
- Naranášḿ iš lut saunusam gibanášḿ fulla.
- nara-náš-ḿ iš lut_saunu-sa-m giba-náš-ḿ fulla
- walk-1PL-DEF or bus-AD-DEF ride-1PL-DEF can
- We can walk or take the bus.
- {Laim} iš {ƶaim} ušmiha?
- lai-m iš ƶai-m ušmi-ha
- do_this-DEF or do_that-DEF want-2SG
- Which do you want to do?
- {Ƶaim} ušmina.
- ƶai-m ušmi-na
- do_that want-1SG
- I want to take the bus. :::
There is also a negative pro-verb {tulla}, 'to not do this/that'.
Polar questions
TODO idk
Polar (yes/no) questions add a {–ǧi} clitic on the word or phrase being
questioned. The word being questioned receives the primary stress. If there is
no particular focus for the question, it is attached to the final word of the
sentence.
:::glosses
- Inlantimsas{ǧi} šikkúmáha?
- inlanti-m-sa-s-ǧi šikkú-má-ha
- england-DEF-AD-LAT-QU go-FUT-2SG
- Are you going to england (vs going somewhere else)?
- Sur{ǧi} inlantimsas šikkúmá?
- sur-ǧi inlantimsas šikkúmá
- 2SG-QU to:england will:go
- Is it you (vs someone else) who is going to england?
- Inlantimsas šikkúmáha{ǧi}?
- inlantimsas šikkúmáha-ǧi
- to:england you:will:go-QU
- Are you going to england (vs coming from it)? :::
To answer a yes/no question, the verbs {!mai} or {!tulla}, respectively, are
conjugated for person (but not tense, etc). Their literal meaning are as
pro-verbs, 'to (not) do this'.
{!Inlantimsasǧi šikkúmáha?}
Are you going to england?{!Maina.}/{!Tullana.}
Yes, I am/No, I'm not.
If/then
TODO
- if-clause nominalised, in IN-ABL
- then-clause main clause of sentence, with aux verb
{tisu}