261 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
261 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
---
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title: Zalajmkwély
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...
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# Phonology
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## Vowels
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| | Front | Back |
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|-----:|:----------------:|:----------------:|
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| High | #/i ɪ/ «y i» | #/u ʊ/ «ů u» |
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| Mid | #/e ɛ ɛ̃/ «é e į» | #/o ɔ õ/ «ó o ų» |
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| Low | #/a æ̃/ «ä ę» | #/ɑ ɒ̃/ «a ą» |
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Words have vowel harmony in non-nasal vowels between "tense" and "lax". Vowels are also slightly longer when stressed. If a root contains only nasal vowels, then the harmony defaults to lax.
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| | | | | | |
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|-------|------|------|------|------|------|
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| Tense | #(y) | #(ů) | #(é) | #(ó) | #(ä) |
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| Lax | #(i) | #(u) | #(e) | #(o) | #(a) |
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## Consonants
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| | Labial | Dental | Dorsal |
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|----------:|:------------:|:------------:|:------------:|
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| Plosive | #/p b/ «p b» | #/t d/ «t d» | #/k/ «k» |
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| Fricative | #/f/ «f» | #/s z/ «s z» | #/x ʁ/ «h ř» |
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| Nasal | #/m/ «m» | #/n/ «n» | #/ŋ/ «g» |
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| Other | #/w/ «w» | #/l ɾ/ «l r» | #/j/ «j» |
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The sequence #/ŋŋ/ is written «ng» (and pronounced #[ŋɡ]).
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## Syllable structure
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The basic syllable structure is $C(C)(J)V(J)(C(C)(s))$; allowed clusters at the start of a syllable are $Ps$, $Bz$, $\bar{C}L$, or #/mb nd ŋŋ/, and at the end are $L\bar{C}(s)$ and #/mp mb nt nd ŋk ŋŋ/, where:
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<div class=twocol>
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- $V$ is a vowel,
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- $C$ is any consonant,
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- $\bar C$ is any consonant other than $L$ or $J$,
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- $L$ is one of #/l ɾ ʁ/,
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- $J$ is one of #/j w/,
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- $P$ is one of #/p t k/,
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- $B$ is one of #/b d ŋ/,
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- The sequences #/ɪj/, #/ij/, #/ʊw/, or #/uw/ are not allowed before another consonant.
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</div>
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Alternatively, in [EBNF]:
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```ebnf
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syllable = initial, [glide], nucleus, [final];
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initial = consonant
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| ('p' | 't' | 'k'), 's'
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| ('b' | 'd' | 'g'), 'z'
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| (consonant - liquid), liquid
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| 'mb' | 'nd' | 'ŋŋ';
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nucleus = (vowel, glide) - ('ɪj' | 'ij' | 'ʊw' | 'uw');
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final = nonglide, ['s']
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| [liquid], nonglide - liquid, ['s']
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| 'mp' | 'mb' | 'nt' | 'nd' | 'ŋk' | 'ŋŋ';
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nonglide = consonant - glide;
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glide = 'j' | 'w';
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liquid = 'l' | 'ɾ' | 'ʁ';
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```
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[EBNF]: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Backus-Naur_form
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## Stress
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Stress falls on the last syllable of the stem. (In a compound word, the last syllable of the last stem.) Inflectional endings do not cause it to move.
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- «fälés» 'woman' #/faˈleːs/
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- «fälésäm» 'woman.#!GEN!' #/faˈleː.sam/
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## Allophony
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- As mentioned, #/ŋŋ/ is pronounced #[ŋɡ].
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- \#/l/ is #[ɫ] anywhere except before one of #/j i/.
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- \#/p t k/ are affricated to #[pf ts kx] directly before a stressed vowel, and to #[pf tʃ kx] at the end of a word.
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- \#/b d/ become #[v ð] word finally if immediately preceded by a vowel.
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- \#/ŋ/ becomes #[ɡ] after another #/ŋ/, before #/z/, or when not next to a vowel.
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- \#/s z/ become #[ʃ ʒ] at the end of a word or before a plosive.
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- \#/d/ becomes #[dʒ] at the end of a word if _not_ directly preceded by a vowel.
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- \#/t d s z/ become #[tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ] before one of #/j i e/. The #/j/ is then dropped if there was one.
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- \#/ɛ e/ are lowered to #/æ/ before a velar (including #[ɫ]).
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- A #[ʔ] is inserted into word boundaries with a vowel on both sides.
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Voicing of consonants assimilates backwards over syllable boundaries, except when a nasal consonant is present, in which case the cluster always becomes voiced.
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# Morphology
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## Verbs
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Verbs do not inflect themselves, but the conjugation is reflected on a highly fused particle following the main verb. This particle inflects for person, gender (in the third person), number, tense, and a distinction between perfective/imperfective. The ‘citation form’ of this particle is «as», the #!1SG!;#!PRS!;#!IMP! form. The #!3X! form is used with a group of people/objects of multiple genders, as well as for unknown or indefinite referents (whether singular or plural), and impersonal sentences such as instructions on signs.
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### Present
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- «řazgų kéd as» 'I am eating bread'
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- «plas énlä» 'He sneezes'
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| | #!IMPF SG! | #!PL! | #!PF SG! | #!PL! |
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|------:|:----------:|:-------:|:--------:|:-------:|
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| #!1! | #(as) | #(az) | #(és) | #(ez) |
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| #!2! | #(ad) | #(am) | #(ed) | #(ém) |
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| #!3A! | #(äly) | #(alis) | #(énly) | #(elis) |
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| #!3B! | #(älä) | #(älůs) | #(énlä) | #(élůs) |
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| #!3C! | #(äló) | #(alos) | #(énló) | #(elos) |
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| #!3X! | — | #(älós) | — | #(élós) |
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### Past
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- «řazgų kéd als» 'I was eating bread'
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- «řazgų kéd éls» 'I ate bread'
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| | #!IMPF SG! | #!PL! | #!PF SG! | #!PL! |
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|------:|:----------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|
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| #!1! | #(als) | #(ajz) | #(éls) | #(eliz) |
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| #!2! | #(ajd) | #(alm) | #(elid) | #(élym) |
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| #!3B! | #(äjlä) | #(äjlůs) | #(éllä) | #(élůs) |
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| #!3A! | #(äjly) | #(ajlis) | #(élly) | #(ellis) |
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| #!3C! | #(äjló) | #(ajlos) | #(élló) | #(ellos) |
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| #!3X! | — | #(äjlós) | — | #(éllós) |
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### Future
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- «řazgų kéd ojs» 'I will be eating bread'
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- «řazgų kéd éws» 'I will eat bread'
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| | #!IMPF SG! | #!PL! | #!PF SG! | #!PL! |
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|------:|:----------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|
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| #!1! | #(ojs) | #(wįz) | #(ews) | #(jųz) |
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| #!2! | #(wįd) | #(ólm) | #(jųd) | #(ewm) |
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| #!3B! | #(ójlä) | #(ójlůs) | #(éwlä) | #(éwlůs) |
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| #!3A! | #(ójly) | #(ojlis) | #(éwly) | #(ewlis) |
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| #!3C! | #(ójló) | #(ojlos) | #(éwló) | #(ewlos) |
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| #!3X! | — | #(ójlós) | — | #(éwlós) |
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Questions, either of the yes/no or of the content kind, are indicated by a particle «ům» (which is also the verb 'to ask') appearing after the inflection of «as».
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Other aspects and moods are indicated with auxiliary verbs.
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<figure class=glosses>
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```gloss
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Bolus hawa můtä jas jųz.
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bolus hawa můtä jas jųz
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tomorrow can start go 1PL;FUT;PRF
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We can set off tomorrow.
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```
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```gloss
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Pulų jafų ep äly ům?
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pu-lų jaf-ų ep äly ům
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what-ACC name-ACC have 2SG;PRS;IMP QU
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What is your name?
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```
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</figure>
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## Nouns & adjectives
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### Case
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Nouns have five cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and locative. The last of these is used only with preposition-type words. As a result of the inflectional suffixes, nouns almost always end in a consonant. The only exception is words ending in #/ɪ/ or #/i/, which gain an extra #/j/ before the suffixes. The spelling similarly gains a «–j».
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Nouns are divided into a few classes. Each class requires the use of a specific inflection class of «as», labelled #!A!, #!B!, or #!C!. The conventional labels for the classes are:
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I. Sapient #!(A)! sapients
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II. Water #!(B)! bodies of water, and the sky
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III. Ground #!(A)! the ground, rocks, metals, chemical elements
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IV. Artifice #!(C)! handheld tools, small plastic items, electronics
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V. Spiritual #!(C)! gods, the mind & soul, large natural events, language
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VI. Containers #!(B)! boxes, pans, bowls, wardrobes, etc;
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beds, chairs, and other furniture for sitting or lying on
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VII. Clothing #!(B)! clothing and carried objects like umbrellas and bags
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VIII. Food #!(C)! food and drink
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IX. Animal #!(B)! animals (including mythical creatures)
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(**TODO** zk names for genders)
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Not all nouns fall into the class which the labels would suggest, and if none of the labels fit then the choice is arbitrary. (As is usual with #!NOM!–#!ACC! languages, #!NOM!;#!SG! is the citation form in dictionaries.) People's names are assigned to whichever class they choose.
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| | | #!I! | #!II! | #!III! | #!IV! | #!V! | #!VI! | #!VII! | #!VIII! | #!IX! |
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|-------:|------:|:-----------:|:-----------:|:----------:|:---------:|:---------:|:----------:|:----------:|:----------:|:----------:|
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| | | 'woman' | 'lake' | 'iron' | 'tool' | 'life' | 'cup' | 'shoe' | 'bread' | 'dog' |
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| #!NOM! | #!SG! | #(fälés) | #(dusal) | #(klůp) | #(řas) | #(kól) | #(mbuz) | #(gřub) | #(řazg) | #(kląs) |
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| | #!PL! | #(fälésé) | #(dusala) | #(klůpä) | #(řasa) | #(kólä) | #(mbuze) | #(gřube) | #(řazgį) | #(kląse) |
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| #!ACC! | #!SG! | #(fälésų) | #(dusalų) | #(klůpů) | #(řasol) | #(kólų) | #(mbuzol) | #(gřubę) | #(řazgų) | #(kląsų) |
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| | #!PL! | #(fälésów) | #(dusaloh) | #(klůpůf) | #(řasuf) | #(kólůh) | #(mbuzuf) | #(gřubęw) | #(řazgoh) | #(kląsow) |
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| #!GEN! | #!SG! | #(fälésäm) | #(dusalam) | #(klůpym) | #(řasim) | #(kóläm) | #(mbuzat) | #(gřubam) | #(řazgim) | #(kląsam) |
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| | #!PL! | #(fälésäz) | #(dusalat) | #(klůpyt) | #(řasit) | #(kóläz) | #(mbuzaz) | #(gřubat) | #(řazgįz) | #(kląsaz) |
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| #!DAT! | #!SG! | #(fälésój) | #(dusale) | #(klůpój) | #(řasoj) | #(kólé) | #(mbuze) | #(gřuboj) | #(řazgai) | #(kląsi) |
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| | #!PL! | #(fälésůd) | #(dusaloj) | #(klůpůd) | #(řasud) | #(kólój) | #(mbuzoj) | #(gřubud) | #(řazged) | #(kląsid) |
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| #!LOC! | #!SG! | #(fälésés) | #(dusales) | #(klůpés) | #(řases) | #(kólés) | #(mbuzes) | #(gřubes) | #(řazges) | #(kląses) |
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| | #!PL! | #(fälésęts) | #(dusalęts) | #(klůpęts) | #(řasęts) | #(kólęts) | #(mbuzęts) | #(gřubęts) | #(řazgęts) | #(kląsęts) |
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Adjectives, including genitive nouns, agree in case with their head noun, but not number. Adjectives, except for possessive pronouns, attached to a genitive noun agree with that noun's head, but not with the genitive noun itself.
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- \#!NOM!: «bym» 'good'
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- \#!ACC!: «bymů»
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- \#!DAT!: «bymó»
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- \#!LOC!: «bymés»
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# Pronouns
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## Case
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| | #!NOM! | #!ACC! | #!GEN! | #!DAT! | #!LOC! |
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|---------:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:------:|
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| #!1SG! | #(yn) | #(iwn) | #(ym) | #(ém) | #(yné) |
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| #!1PL! | #(fę) | #(fęw) | #(fénó) | #(fejm) | #(fęj) |
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| #!2SG! | #(ol) | #(ow) | #(ů) | #(wą) | #(wój) |
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| #!2PL! | #(zůl) | #(zow) | #(zów) | #(zům) | #(zůj) |
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| #!3SG.A! | #(sem) | #(sju) | #(só) | #(sem) | #(sęs) |
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| #!3SG.B! | #(lem) | #(lew) | #(ló) | #(lem) | #(lęs) |
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| #!3SG.C! | #(em) | #(ä) | #(aw) | #(äm) | #(ęs) |
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| #!3PL.A! | #(gej) | #(gęw) | #(déw) | #(gim) | #(gįs) |
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| #!3PL.B! | #(gaj) | #(gąw) | #(djó) | #(gam) | #(gąs) |
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| #!3PL.C! | #(gó) | #(gů) | #(gů) | #(gam) | #(gąs) |
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| #!3PL.X! | #(gew) | #(gejų) | #(déw) | #(gam) | #(gąs) |
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# Syntax
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## Questions
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To form a yes/no question, the particle «ům» is added to the end of the sentence.
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<figure class=glosses>
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```gloss
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Bymů bälsůh ep ad ům?
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bym-ů bäls-ůh ep ad ům
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good-ACC mood-ACC;PL have 2SG;PRS;IMPF QU
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Are you feeling good?
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```
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</figure>
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To answer a question, conjugate «as» appropriately, and follow with «řab» for agreement and «zol» for disagreement. In formal circumstances the main verb stem may be echoed before the «as». Before «zol», a «s» or «z» at the end of the form of «as» is dropped.
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<figure class=glosses>
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```gloss
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As řab.
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as řab
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1SG;PRS;IMPF CONFIRM
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Yes, I am.
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```
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```gloss
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A zol.
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a(s) zol
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1SG;PRS;IMPF DENY
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No, I am not.
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```
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</figure>
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