lántas stuff
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ hide-footer: true
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Yeah. The ones I have anything written up for, in order of detail, and with a
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couple of buzzwords each:
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* **[Lántas]** `/laːntas/`, which is the language which has gone longest
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* **[Lántas](laantas)** `/laːntas/`, which is the language which has gone longest
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without me abandoning it. It has lots of noun cases and syllabic consonants,
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and is written with an abugida.
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@ -18,4 +18,3 @@ couple of buzzwords each:
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a conlang in an hour" challenge thing but then I got kind of attached to it.
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It has nine genders and vowel harmony.
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[Lántas]: laantas
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@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ The suffix has a few different forms depending on how the word ends:
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`{kášńḿ}` 'the lizard'
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vowel, `{ŕ}`, or `{ł}` `{-m}` `{luwam}` 'the truth',
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`{laksŕm}` 'the fish',
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`{ustaiþłm}` 'the singer'
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`{ustaiƶłm}` 'the singer'
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------------------------- --------- --------------------------------
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A sequence `{ńḿ}` formed in this way is pronounced as `/nm̩/`. In other words,
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@ -62,15 +62,15 @@ inserted after the `{-m}` form of the suffix if it is needed due to another
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suffix following it.
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:::glosses
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- Sámimat þasim
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- Sami-ma-t þasi-m
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- Sámimat ƶasim
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- Sami-ma-t ƶasi-m
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- Sam-DEF-GEN dog-DEF
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- Sam's dog
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---
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- Sámimat þasi
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- Sami-ma-t þasi
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- Sámimat ƶasi
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- Sami-ma-t ƶasi
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- Sam-DEF-GEN dog
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- one of Sam's dogs
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:::
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@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ The definite suffix is used:
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I saw two people. One of them was wearing a nice shirt.
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- For people, places, countries, and other proper names.
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- `{Þuð pas kášńł ǧiššimamba nuabia.}`\
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- `{Ƶuƶ pas kášńł ǧiššimamba nuabia.}`\
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Those two lizards live above the bakery.
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- In time phrases with `{gimi}`. However, `{naigimi}` 'sometime' is indefinite.
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@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ The definite suffix is used:
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I'll do it at some point.
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- In statements of general fact.
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- `{Númsal pasla aðal ai.}`\
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- `{Númsal pasla aƶal ai.}`\
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Humans have two eyes.
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- __TODO: ?__
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@ -198,8 +198,8 @@ affirmative statements.)
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---
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- Kalńkas þasit bairusina.
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- kalń-kas þasi-t bairu-si-na
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- Kalńkas ƶasit bairusina.
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- kalń-kas ƶasi-t bairu-si-na
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- cat-COM dog-GEN see-RPST-1SG
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- I saw a cat and a dog.
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@ -322,8 +322,8 @@ stem ends in a consonant or vowel, so they are only listed for `{nú}`.
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`!PL!` `{nú·sa·l}` `{nú·sa·s·ł}` `{nú·sa·n·ł}` `{nú·sa·ri·l}`
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`!IN!` `!SG!` `{nú·li}` `{nú·li·s}` `{nú·li·n}` `{nú·li·ri}`
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`!PL!` `{nú·li·l}` `{nú·li·s·ł}` `{nú·li·n·ł}` `{nú·li·ri·l}`
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`!PRE!` `!SG!` `{nú·ðu}` `{nú·ðu·s}` `{nú·ðu·n}` `{nú·ðu·ri}`
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`!PL!` `{nú·ðu·l}` `{nú·ðu·s·ł}` `{nú·ðu·n·ł}` `{nú·ðu·ri·l}`
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`!PRE!` `!SG!` `{nú·ƶu}` `{nú·ƶu·s}` `{nú·ƶu·n}` `{nú·ƶu·ri}`
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`!PL!` `{nú·ƶu·l}` `{nú·ƶu·s·ł}` `{nú·ƶu·n·ł}` `{nú·ƶu·ri·l}`
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`!POST!` `!SG!` `{nú·gi}` `{nú·gi·s}` `{nú·gi·n}` `{nú·gi·ri}`
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`!PL!` `{nú·gi·l}` `{nú·gi·s·ł}` `{nú·gi·n·ł}` `{nú·gi·ri·l}`
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`!INTER!` `!SG!` `{nú·nua}` `{nú·nua·s}` `{nú·nua·n}` `{nú·nua·ri}`
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@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ stem ends in a consonant or vowel, so they are only listed for `{nú}`.
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`!(AD-ESS)!` Are you at home?
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- `{Sihamgit ǧimamlis šikkúmána.}`\
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`!(IN-LAT)!` I'll be going home soon.
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- `{Sabut kalń káðuri narasi.}`\
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- `{Sabut kalń káƶuri narasi.}`\
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`!(PRE-PRL)!` A black cat passed in front of me.
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- `{Ǧimamgi waibifás.}`\
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`!(POST-ESS)!` They're playing round the back of the house.
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@ -371,14 +371,14 @@ stem ends in a consonant or vowel, so they are only listed for `{nú}`.
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The position suffixes give rise to the following words based on a root `{fan}`:
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:::figure
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- `{fansað}`: surface
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- `{fanlið}`: interior
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- `{fanduð}`: front
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- `{fangið}`: back
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- `{fannuað}`: company
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- `{fambað}`: top
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- `{fankuð}`: bottom
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- `{fammið}`: vicinity
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- `{fansaƶ}`: surface
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- `{fanliƶ}`: interior
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- `{fanduƶ}`: front
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- `{fangiƶ}`: back
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- `{fannuaƶ}`: company
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- `{fambaƶ}`: top
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- `{fankuƶ}`: bottom
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- `{fammiƶ}`: vicinity
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:::
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@ -397,22 +397,22 @@ Genitive forms can be used as adverbs with the suffix `{-tta}`; the conjunctive
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variant is `{-ttás}`.
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:::glosses
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- sabut þasi
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- sabu-t þasi
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- sabut ƶasi
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- sabu-t ƶasi
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- black-GEN dog
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- a black dog
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---
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- líbisat þasi
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- líbis-at þasi
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- líbisat ƶasi
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- líbis-at ƶasi
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- happy-GEN dog
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- a happy dog
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---
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- sabut líbistas þasi
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- sabu-t líbis-t-as þasi
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- sabut líbistas ƶasi
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- sabu-t líbis-t-as ƶasi
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- black-GEN happy-GEN-CONJ dog
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- a happy black dog
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@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ Where unspecified, consonants are spelt the same way as in IPA.
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Labial Dental Postalveolar Velar
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------------ ------------- ------------------ ------------------- -------------
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Plosive `/p b/` `/t d/` `/tʃ dʒ/` `{č ǧ}` `/k g/`
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Fricative `/f/` `/θ s/` `{ŧ, s}` `/ʃ/` `{š}` `/x/` `{h}`
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Plosive `/p b/` `/t d/` `/tʃ dʒ/` `{č ǧ}` `/k ɡ/`
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Fricative `/f/` `/θ s/` `{ƶ, s}` `/ʃ/` `{š}` `/x/` `{h}`
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Nasal `/m/` `/n/`
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Flap `/ɾ/` `{r}`
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Approximant `/w/` `/l/` `/j/`
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@ -59,12 +59,11 @@ syllable structure, geminated consonants are counted the same as two separate
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ones. Geminate versions of most consonants are spelt by doubling the letter:
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`{pp}`, `{tt}`, `{kk}`, etc.
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*The phoneme `/θ/` might be written `{þ}` or `{ð}` in places I have forgotten to update.*
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In places I have forgotten to update, `/θ/` might be written `{þ}` or `{ð}`.
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## Allophony
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- Before `/i iː iə/`, `/ɾ/` becomes `[ʑ̞]`, a laminal fricative with only a
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small amount of actual friction, almost `[ɹ̻]`.
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- Before `/i iː iə/`, `/ɾ/` becomes `[ʑ̞]`.
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- A nasal followed by a plosive assimilates to the same place of articulation
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(but for compound words this is not reflected in the spelling), for example
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`{rabanpa}` `[ravampa]` 'what book?'.
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@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ ones. Geminate versions of most consonants are spelt by doubling the letter:
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word-finally. The sequence `/lθ/` is realised as `[ɬʲː]`.
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- In many dialects, the long obstruents `/pː tː tʃː kː sː ʃː/` are pronounced as
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ejectives `[pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ sʼ ʃʼ]`, and the long sonorants `/mː nː lː/` as
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`[bᵐ dⁿ ɮː]`.
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`[bᵐ dⁿ ɮˠː]`.
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# Syllable structure
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@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ to each other, however, even without a non-syllabic consonant in between.
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Sometimes an inflectional ending can cause an invalid sequence of syllabic and
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non-syllabic consonant. In this case, the sequence is replaced with `{a}` plus a
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long form of the consonant: `{suaþł}` 'speaker'---`{suaþalla}` 'from a
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long form of the consonant: `{suaƶł}` 'speaker'---`{suaƶalla}` 'from a
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speaker'.
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@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ cases](#locational_cases) are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.
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`!ESS!` `{kagu}` `{tigul}` `{sugu}` `{sugul}` `{rugu}` `{rugul}`
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`!TRA!` `{kasti}` `{tistil}` `{susti}` `{sustul}` `{rusti}` `{rustil}`
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`!EXE!` `{kaču}` `{tičul}` `{sučču}` `{suččul}` `{ruču}` `{ručul}`
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`!LOC!` `{ka–}` `{ti–l}` `{su–}` `{sua–l}` `{ru–}` `{rua–l}`
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`!LOC!` `{ká–}` `{tí–l}` `{sú–}` `{sua–l}` `{rú–}` `{rua–l}`
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:::
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@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ cases](#locational_cases) are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.
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There is a three way distance distinction for demonstratives: a new referent near the speaker/listener, a new referent distant from both, and old information. These will be glossed as 'this', 'yon', and 'that', respectively.
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The near demonstrative is `{lua}`, whose declension is given below. For distant referents it is `{þua}` and for old information `{mua}`; they decline in the same way as `{lua}`.
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The near demonstrative is `{lua}`, whose declension is given below. For distant referents it is `{ƶua}` and for old information `{mua}`; they decline in the same way as `{lua}`.
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The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the genitive: compare `{muð kalńł}` 'those cats' and `{mut kalńł}` 'that person's cats'. It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.
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The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the genitive: compare `{muƶ kalńł}` 'those cats' and `{mut kalńł}` 'that person's cats'. It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.
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:::figure
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@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other n
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`!TRA!` `{lusti}` `{lustil}`
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`!EXE!` `{luču}` `{lučul}`
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`!LOC!` `{lu–}` `{lu–l}`
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`!ADJ!` `{luð}` `{luð}`
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`!ADJ!` `{luƶ}` `{luƶ}`
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:::
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@ -28,29 +28,29 @@ Stories are narrated in the present tense.
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:::
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:::glosses
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- Þasim kalńḿt jaðí.
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- þasi-m kalń-ḿ-t jaðí
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- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí.
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- ƶasi-m kalń-ḿ-t jaƶí
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- dog-DEF cat-DEF-GEN love;PRS
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- The dog loves the cat.
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---
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- Þasim kalńḿt jaðísi.
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- þasim kalńḿt jaðí-si
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- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶísi.
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- ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí-si
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- the:dog the:cat love-RPST
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- The dog loved the cat.
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---
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- Þasim kalńḿt jaðísai.
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- þasim kalńḿt jaðí-sai
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- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶísai.
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- ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí-sai
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- the:dog the:cat love-DPST
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- The dog had loved the cat (until …).
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---
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- Þasim kalńḿt jaðímá.
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- þasim kalńḿt jaðí-má
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- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶímá.
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- ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí-má
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- the:dog the:cat love-FUT
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- The dog will love the cat.
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:::
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@ -84,15 +84,15 @@ is expressed by using conjunctions of pronouns instead of suffixes.
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---
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- Þasim bairunáš.
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- þasi-m bairu-**náš**
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- Ƶasim bairunáš.
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- ƶasi-m bairu-**náš**
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- dog-DEF see-1PL;SBJ
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- We see the dog.
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---
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- Þasim bairudúš.
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- þasi-m bairu-**dúš**
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- Ƶasim bairudúš.
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- ƶasi-m bairu-**dúš**
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- dog-DEF see-1PL;OBJ
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- The dog sees us.
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:::
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@ -113,21 +113,21 @@ There is a four way voice distinction. The voice markers are placed between the
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Active `!(ACT)!` `{–}`
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Passive `!(PSV)!` `{–lú}`
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Reflexive `!(RFL)!` `{–sidu}`
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Reciprocal `!(RCP)!` `{–lði}`
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Reciprocal `!(RCP)!` `{–lƶi}`
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--------------------- ----------
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:::
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:::glosses
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- Þasimat tassána.
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- þasimat tassá-na
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- Ƶasimat tassána.
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- ƶasimat tassá-na
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- the:dog wash-1SG
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- I wash the dog.
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---
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- Þasim tassálú.
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- þasim tassá-**lú**
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- Ƶasim tassálú.
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- ƶasim tassá-**lú**
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- the:dog wash-PSV
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- The dog is washed.
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@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ There is a four way voice distinction. The voice markers are placed between the
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---
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- Tassálðináš.
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- tassá-**lði**-náš
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- Tassálƶináš.
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- tassá-**lƶi**-náš
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- wash-RCP-1PL
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- We wash each other.
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:::
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@ -190,25 +190,25 @@ A verb form can be suffixed with `{–ja}` to turn it into a noun modifier. This
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is used to make relative clauses.
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:::glosses
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- þasim bairuja ausut kášńḿ
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- þasi-m bairu-ja ausu-t kášń-ḿ
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- ƶasim bairuja ausut kášńḿ
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- ƶasi-m bairu-ja ausu-t kášń-ḿ
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- dog-DEF see-REL size-GEN lizard-DEF
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- the big lizard that the dog sees
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---
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- þasimat bairuja ausut kášńḿ
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- þasim-at bairu-ja ausut kášńḿ
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- ƶasimat bairuja ausut kášńḿ
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- ƶasim-at bairu-ja ausut kášńḿ
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- the:dog-GEN see-REL big the:lizard
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- the lizard that sees the dog
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:::
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A relative clause can be made into a noun phrase of its own with `{–ð}`,
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A relative clause can be made into a noun phrase of its own with `{–ƶ}`,
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meaning 'the one who \_\_\_\_'.
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:::glosses
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- kášńł bairujað
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- kášń-ł bairu-ja-ð
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- kášńł bairujaƶ
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- kášń-ł bairu-ja-ƶ
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- lizard-PL see-REL-NOM
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- the one who sees lizards
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:::
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@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ meaning 'the one who \_\_\_\_'.
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Pro-verbs are placeholders standing in for verb phrases; they are the verb equivalent of pronouns.
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The word for 'to do this' is `{mai}`, related to the [pronoun] `{mua}`. There
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are also `{lai}` and `{þai}`, which are used only when contrasting between two
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are also `{lai}` and `{ƶai}`, which are used only when contrasting between two
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options.
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[pronoun]: prons.html#demonstratives
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@ -232,15 +232,15 @@ options.
|
|||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- *Laim* iš *þaim* ušmiha?
|
||||
- lai-m iš þai-m ušmi-ha
|
||||
- *Laim* iš *ƶaim* ušmiha?
|
||||
- lai-m iš ƶai-m ušmi-ha
|
||||
- do_this-DEF or do_that-DEF want-2SG
|
||||
- Which do you want to do?
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
- Þaim ušmina.
|
||||
- þai-m ušmi-na
|
||||
- Ƶaim ušmina.
|
||||
- ƶai-m ušmi-na
|
||||
- do_this-DEF want-1SG
|
||||
- I want to take the bus.
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ mansi:
|
|||
o: bairusinabu, ŕminu, mansisinabutul
|
||||
t: i (tried to) read it but I didn't understand
|
||||
|
||||
bauðu:
|
||||
bauƶu:
|
||||
p: ˈbaw.θu
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- west
|
||||
- bauðut: western
|
||||
- bauƶut: western
|
||||
|
||||
čá:
|
||||
p: ˈtʃaː
|
||||
|
|
@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ háma:
|
|||
- land
|
||||
- country
|
||||
|
||||
jaðí:
|
||||
jaƶí:
|
||||
p: ˈja.θiː
|
||||
t: {v: t}
|
||||
d: love
|
||||
|
|
@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ sá:
|
|||
d: now
|
||||
n: usually fronted in sentence
|
||||
|
||||
gimimðu:
|
||||
gimimƶu:
|
||||
p: ɡi.ˈmim.θu
|
||||
t: {pp: GEN}
|
||||
d: before
|
||||
|
|
@ -328,12 +328,12 @@ włjá:
|
|||
- east
|
||||
- włját: eastern
|
||||
|
||||
þasi:
|
||||
ƶasi:
|
||||
p: ˈθa.si
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: dog
|
||||
|
||||
þł:
|
||||
ƶł:
|
||||
p: ˈθl̩
|
||||
t: {suf: [n, n]}
|
||||
d: person
|
||||
|
|
@ -375,12 +375,12 @@ jua:
|
|||
t: {suf: [_, _]}
|
||||
d: excessive, very
|
||||
|
||||
laðas:
|
||||
laƶas:
|
||||
p: ˈla.θas
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: proud
|
||||
|
||||
laðasjua:
|
||||
laƶasjua:
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: pretension
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ lua:
|
|||
d: this
|
||||
n: near speaker
|
||||
|
||||
þua:
|
||||
ƶua:
|
||||
p: ˈθuə
|
||||
t: prn
|
||||
d: that
|
||||
|
|
@ -1045,12 +1045,12 @@ abjas:
|
|||
- equal to (mathematics)
|
||||
see: laimi
|
||||
|
||||
þuna:
|
||||
ƶuna:
|
||||
p: ˈθu.na
|
||||
t: adv
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- exactly
|
||||
- "þuna gimimli": just now
|
||||
- "ƶuna gimimli": just now
|
||||
|
||||
daš:
|
||||
p: ˈdaʃ
|
||||
|
|
@ -1133,11 +1133,11 @@ manifnu:
|
|||
- manifnut:
|
||||
- pleasant
|
||||
- nice
|
||||
- taðmanifnuču:
|
||||
- taƶmanifnuču:
|
||||
- disgusting
|
||||
- (stronger than just \'unpleasant\')
|
||||
|
||||
tað:
|
||||
taƶ:
|
||||
p: taθ
|
||||
t: {pre: [n, n]}
|
||||
d: 'un-'
|
||||
|
|
@ -1357,6 +1357,7 @@ kai:
|
|||
d:
|
||||
- goodness
|
||||
- kait: good
|
||||
- "Y.NOM kait X.INTER.ESS ai": X likes Y
|
||||
|
||||
wá:
|
||||
p: ˈwaː
|
||||
|
|
@ -1430,7 +1431,7 @@ dagu:
|
|||
- "n dagut": n-time
|
||||
- "n dagutta": n times
|
||||
|
||||
aða:
|
||||
aƶa:
|
||||
p: ˈa.θa
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: eye
|
||||
|
|
@ -1440,7 +1441,7 @@ tutim:
|
|||
t: adv
|
||||
d: often
|
||||
|
||||
ðiš:
|
||||
ƶiš:
|
||||
p: θiʃ
|
||||
t: {suf: [n, n]}
|
||||
d: (diminutive)
|
||||
|
|
@ -1505,7 +1506,7 @@ tušura:
|
|||
t: {v: t}
|
||||
d: twist
|
||||
|
||||
tušurajað:
|
||||
tušurajaƶ:
|
||||
p: ˈtu.ʃu.ɾa.jaθ
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: screw
|
||||
|
|
@ -1515,7 +1516,7 @@ tušurat dawin:
|
|||
p: ˌtu.ʃu.ɾat ˈda.win
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d: screwdriver
|
||||
see: [tušura, tušurajað]
|
||||
see: [tušura, tušurajaƶ]
|
||||
|
||||
dawin:
|
||||
p: ˈda.win
|
||||
|
|
@ -1722,14 +1723,14 @@ lira:
|
|||
- press
|
||||
- squeeze
|
||||
- "samńt lira": print
|
||||
- "lirajað":
|
||||
- "lirajaƶ":
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- printer
|
||||
- printing press
|
||||
n:
|
||||
in full, samńt lirajað
|
||||
in full, samńt lirajaƶ
|
||||
|
||||
þalussu:
|
||||
ƶalussu:
|
||||
p: ˈθa.lus.su
|
||||
t: {v: t}
|
||||
d: kill
|
||||
|
|
@ -1864,19 +1865,20 @@ túsal:
|
|||
- wisdom
|
||||
- túsat: wise
|
||||
|
||||
maðka:
|
||||
maƶka:
|
||||
p: ˈmaθ.ka
|
||||
t: n
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- chain
|
||||
- gurubatł maðka: bandwagon
|
||||
- gurubatł maƶka: bandwagon
|
||||
|
||||
fuba:
|
||||
p: ˈfu.ba
|
||||
t: {v: i}
|
||||
d:
|
||||
- rusas fubasidu: roll oneself up
|
||||
- rusan fubasidu: unroll oneself
|
||||
# fuba:
|
||||
# p: ˈfu.ba
|
||||
# t: {v: i}
|
||||
# d:
|
||||
# - rúsas fubasidu: roll oneself up
|
||||
# - rúsan fubasidu: unroll oneself
|
||||
# TODO what is the rú here????
|
||||
|
||||
naiku:
|
||||
p: ˈnai.ku
|
||||
|
|
@ -1917,7 +1919,7 @@ jaisi:
|
|||
t: n
|
||||
d: dream
|
||||
n:
|
||||
- taðjaisi: nightmare
|
||||
- taƶjaisi: nightmare
|
||||
|
||||
luwa:
|
||||
p: ˈlu.wa
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue