some grammar changes
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3 changed files with 39 additions and 47 deletions
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@ -370,40 +370,47 @@ stem ends in a consonant or vowel, so they are only listed for `{!nú}`.
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## Non-locative uses
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- Subessive is used for:
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* 'in the opinion of': `{Kaku manifnut ai.}` That's pleasant to me/I like that.
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- 'in the opinion of':
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`{!Kaku manifnut ai.}`\
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That's pleasant to me/I like that.
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- Superessive is used for:
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- 'about': `{Suba jaisi fína.}` I dreamt about you.
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- 'about'\
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`{!Suba jaisi fína.}`\
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I had a dream about you.
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## Position words
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The position suffixes give rise to the following words based on a root `{fan}`:
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The position suffixes give rise to the following words based on some roots
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`{!fan}`, `{!gis}`, and `{!pul}`, which no longer exist as separate words:
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:::figure
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- `{fansaƶ}`: surface
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- `{fanliƶ}`: interior
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- `{fanduƶ}`: front
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- `{fangiƶ}`: back
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- `{fannuaƶ}`: company
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- `{fambaƶ}`: top
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- `{fankuƶ}`: bottom
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- `{fammiƶ}`: vicinity
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- `{!fanaƶ}`: surface
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- `{!falliƶ}`: interior
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- `{!gissuƶ}`: front
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- `{!giksiƶ}`: back
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- `{!pulluaƶ}`: company
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- `{!gisbaƶ}`: top
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- `{!giskuƶ}`: bottom
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- `{!pummiƶ}`: vicinity
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:::
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# Adjectivals
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Most words considered as adjectives in other languages are in fact
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grammatically nouns in Lántas; words such as `{sabu}` can be translated as 'the
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colour black'. When one noun modifies another attributively, the [genitive
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case](#corecases) suffix `{-(a)t}` is used. Additional adjectives after the
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first additionally take a special conjunctive suffix `{-as}`, similar to the
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comitative case. Adjectives, like other noun modifiers, precede the head noun
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in most cases. However, they can follow it if they indicate a property
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considered inherent to the objects in question.
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grammatically nouns in Lántas; words such as `{!sabu}` can be translated as
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'the colour black'. When one noun modifies another attributively, the [genitive
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case](#corecases) suffix `{-t}` is used. In the case of multiple adjectives,
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all other than the last have a modified form of the comitative suffix,
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`{–kat}`. Adjectives, like other noun modifiers, precede the head noun.
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Genitive forms can be used as adverbs with the suffix `{-tta}`; the conjunctive
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variant is `{-ttás}`.
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variant is `{-ttás}`. Adverbs appear immediately before the verb if they are
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short. Long adverbial phrases, as well as context-setting adverbs such as time
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words, are usually placed before the rest of the sentence. Longer adverb
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phrases at the start of a sentence are often separated from the rest by
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a comma.
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:::glosses
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- sabut ƶasi
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@ -413,16 +420,16 @@ variant is `{-ttás}`.
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---
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- líbisat ƶasi
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- líbis-at ƶasi
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- líbit ƶasi
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- líbi(s)-t ƶasi
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- happy-GEN dog
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- a happy dog
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---
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- sabut líbistas ƶasi
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- sabu-t líbis-t-as ƶasi
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- black-GEN happy-GEN-CONJ dog
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- sabut líbiskat ƶasi
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- sabu-kat líbi(s)-t ƶasi
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- black-ADJCOM happy-GEN dog
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- a happy black dog
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---
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@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ In places I have forgotten to update, `/θ/` might be written `{þ}` or `{ð}`.
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# Syllable structure
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The allowed shape of a syllable is *CV*(*C*) where *V* is any vowel and *C* any
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consonant, as long as all clusters take one of the following forms:
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The allowed shape of a syllable is usually *CV*(*C*), where *V* is any vowel
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and *C* any consonant. Clusters take one of the following forms:
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- *KC*, where *K* can be any of `/m n l r θ s ʃ t/` _(coda consonants)_;
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- *FN*, where *F* can be `/f θ s ʃ x/` _(fricatives)_ and
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@ -100,16 +100,11 @@ consonant, as long as all clusters take one of the following forms:
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- `/pj bj lj rj/`;
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- geminate consonants.
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Aside from these, a word can also start with a vowel. At the end of a word, the
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consonants from *K* are allowed. A syllabic consonant cannot be next
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to the non-syllabic form of the same consonant---for example, the sequences
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`/ll̩/` and `/l̩l/` are not possible. Two distinct syllabic consonants can be next
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to each other, however, even without a non-syllabic consonant in between.
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Sometimes an inflectional ending can cause an invalid sequence of syllabic and
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non-syllabic consonant. In this case, the sequence is replaced with `{a}` plus a
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long form of the consonant: `{suaƶł}` 'speaker'---`{suaƶalla}` 'from a
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speaker'.
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The exceptions to the normal pattern are that a vowel or syllabic consonant can
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also occur at the start of a word, or after another syllabic consonant (but not
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a proper vowel). At the end of a word, the consonants from *K* are allowed.
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A syllabic consonant cannot be next to the non-syllabic form of the same
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consonant---for example, the sequences `/ll̩/` and `/l̩l/` are not possible.
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# Stress
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@ -119,14 +114,3 @@ long vowels, _or_ the only one is in the final syllable of a multi-syllabic
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word, then the stress is on the first syllable. For the purposes of deciding
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stress placement, neither diphthongs nor syllabic consonants are counted as
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long.
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# Epenthesis
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Some affixes begin with a consonant. Occasionally, this will cause an illegal
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consonant cluster. In this case a vowel will be inserted. The vowel depends on
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the affix being added, so it is given at the same time as the affix itself. If
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multiple affixes are added, only the extra vowels necessary to make the word
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legal are inserted, going left to right: as further affixes are stacked, they
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might surface and vanish again. See, for instance, the examples given for
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[adjectival genitives](nouns.html#adjectivals).
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@ -1178,6 +1178,7 @@ tílju:
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d:
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- glow
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- shine (of the sun)
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- smile
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waračča:
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p: wa.ˈɾat.tʃa
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