old sketches
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50
laantas-old/5min-524.svg
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5
laantas-old/5min-524.txt
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laantas-old/5min-524.txt
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Gimimli mathamat kihnuja namaksumasti aisina.
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{
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gimi-m-li matha-m-at kihnu-ja namaksu-m-asti ai-si-na
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time-DEF-IN world-DEF-GEN destroy-REL death-DEF-TRA be-RPST-1SG
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}
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laantas-old/5min-525.svg
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12
laantas-old/5min-525.txt
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Láhasijaðba míllanamku ibjahatul.
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{
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lá-ha-si-ja-ð-ba mílla-na-m-ku ibja-ha-tul
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do-2SG-RPST-REL-NOM-SUP know-1SG-DEF-SUB think-2SG-NEG
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You don't think I know what you've done.
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}
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Pašuja nisł kali aimat mulin suaha.
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{
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pašu-ja nis-ł ka-li ai-m-at mulin sua-ha
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break-REL thought-PL 1SG-AD be-DEF-GEN therefore say-2SG
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So you say I'm crazy.
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}
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laantas-old/5min-534.svg
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
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<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"
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href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
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<svg width="800" height="155"
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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
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9
laantas-old/5min-534.txt
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Ŕ kalsudúšḿt lau ǧisat hámam sidasai, ŕ nakasnai asuraisai.
|
||||
{ [ɻ̩ ˌkaɬʲsuðuːʃm̩t lau ˌʤisat ˈxaːmam sɪðasai | ɻ̩ ˌnakasnai asuˈraisai]
|
||||
ŕ kalsu-dúš-ḿ-t lau ǧisa-t háma-m sida-sai
|
||||
and strike-3PL-DEF-GEN in_order_to fire-GEN nation-DEF come-DPST
|
||||
ŕ nakasnai asurai-sai
|
||||
and everything change-DPST
|
||||
|
||||
And the fire nation attacked, and everything changed.
|
||||
}
|
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laantas-old/abbrevs.md
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|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—List of abbreviations
|
||||
hidetoc: true
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
<div class=twocol>
|
||||
|
||||
1
|
||||
: first person
|
||||
|
||||
2
|
||||
: second person
|
||||
|
||||
3
|
||||
: third person
|
||||
|
||||
CAR
|
||||
: caritive case
|
||||
|
||||
ABL
|
||||
: --ablative case
|
||||
|
||||
AD
|
||||
: ad-- case
|
||||
|
||||
ADV
|
||||
: adverbial
|
||||
|
||||
AGT
|
||||
: agentive
|
||||
|
||||
APUD
|
||||
: apud-- case
|
||||
|
||||
CMP
|
||||
: comparative
|
||||
|
||||
COM
|
||||
: comitative case
|
||||
|
||||
CONJ
|
||||
: adjectival conjunction
|
||||
|
||||
DEF
|
||||
: definite
|
||||
|
||||
DIM
|
||||
: diminutive
|
||||
|
||||
DPST
|
||||
: distant past
|
||||
|
||||
EQU
|
||||
: equative
|
||||
|
||||
ESS
|
||||
: essive case
|
||||
|
||||
EXE
|
||||
: exessive case
|
||||
|
||||
FUT
|
||||
: future
|
||||
|
||||
GEN
|
||||
: genitive case
|
||||
|
||||
IN
|
||||
: in-- case
|
||||
|
||||
INS
|
||||
: instrumental case
|
||||
|
||||
INT
|
||||
: inter-- case
|
||||
|
||||
LAT
|
||||
: --lative case
|
||||
|
||||
NAGT
|
||||
: non-agentive
|
||||
|
||||
NEG
|
||||
: negative
|
||||
|
||||
NOM
|
||||
: nominaliser; (nominative case)
|
||||
|
||||
OBJ
|
||||
: object
|
||||
|
||||
PL
|
||||
: plural
|
||||
|
||||
POST
|
||||
: post-- case
|
||||
|
||||
PRE
|
||||
: pre-- case
|
||||
|
||||
PRL
|
||||
: --perlative case
|
||||
|
||||
PSV
|
||||
: passive
|
||||
|
||||
QU
|
||||
: question suffix
|
||||
|
||||
RCP
|
||||
: reciprocal
|
||||
|
||||
RFL
|
||||
: reflexive
|
||||
|
||||
RPST
|
||||
: recent past
|
||||
|
||||
SBJ
|
||||
: subject
|
||||
|
||||
SG
|
||||
: singular
|
||||
|
||||
SPL
|
||||
: superlative
|
||||
|
||||
SUB
|
||||
: sub-- case
|
||||
|
||||
SUP
|
||||
: super-- case
|
||||
|
||||
TRA
|
||||
: translative case
|
||||
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
53
laantas-old/cd.svg
Normal file
53
laantas-old/cd.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"
|
||||
href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="800" height="255"
|
||||
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(45.0, 60.0) scale(5.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#m" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="6.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="8.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="13.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ǧ" x="20.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="25.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ks" x="27.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="36.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="38.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="43.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ŕ" x="50.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#m" x="62.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="68.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="70.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="75.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#p" x="82.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="87.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#r" x="89.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dai" x="94.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="96.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="101.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#m" x="103.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="106.0" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(45.0, 150.0) scale(5.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#f" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="6.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ll" x="8.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="18.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#t" x="20.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="25.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#l" x="27.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dḿ" x="32.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#t" x="34.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="37.25" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#i" x="46.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#bj" x="53.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="62.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="64.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="69.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#eos" x="71.0" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 2.5 KiB |
37
laantas-old/cervantes.txt
Normal file
37
laantas-old/cervantes.txt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
|||
{I am the first who has written novels in the Spanish language, though many have hitherto appeared among us, all of them translated from foreign authors. But these are my own, neither imitated nor stolen from anyone; my genius has engendered them, my pen has brought them forth, and they are growing up in the arms of the press.}
|
||||
|
||||
Ispanalántasla paraijað natta aina.
|
||||
{ ispana-lántas-la parai-ja-ð na-tta ai-na
|
||||
| spain-language-INS speak-REL-NOM one-ADV be-1SG
|
||||
| I am the first to write in Spanish. }
|
||||
Liččala maškutrabanł tíruli bairusailú,
|
||||
{ ličča mašku-t-raban-ł tíru-li bairu-sai-lú
|
||||
| many story-GEN-book-PL past-IN see-DPST-PSV
|
||||
| Many have already been seen among us, }
|
||||
ŕminu nakasnala ran lisla asurat lántaslin paraisailú.
|
||||
{ ŕminu nakasna-la ran lisla asura-t lántas-li-n parai-sai-lú
|
||||
| but every-INS thing again other-GEN language-IN-ABL write-DPST-PSV
|
||||
| but all of them were translated from another language. }
|
||||
Ŕ lul fasitta kat ai.
|
||||
{ ŕ lu-l fasi-tta kat ai
|
||||
| and this-PL complete-ADV 1SG;GEN be
|
||||
| But these are my own. }
|
||||
Gurubasanł júlilúfáštul, kaubasilúfáštul.
|
||||
{ guruba-sa-n-ł júli-lú-fáš-tul kauba-si-lú-fáš-tul
|
||||
| copy-AD-ABL-PL take-PSV-3PL-NEG steal-RPST-PSV-3PL-NEG
|
||||
| They aren't copies, and they weren't stolen. }
|
||||
Kat časmá lásibúš,
|
||||
{ kat časmá lá-si-búš
|
||||
| my genius make-RPST-3PL;OBJ
|
||||
| My genius created them, }
|
||||
ŕ kat ǧunai lusas júlisibúš
|
||||
{ ŕ kat ǧunai lu-sa-s júli-si-búš
|
||||
| and my pen this-AD-LAT bring-RPST-3PL;OBJ
|
||||
| my pen brought them forth, }
|
||||
ŕ samńt lirajat iššasku gḿbafáš.
|
||||
{ ŕ samń-t lira-ja-Ø-t iššas-ku gḿba-fáš
|
||||
| and ink-GEN press-REL-NOM-GEN care-SUB grow-3PL;SBJ
|
||||
| and they grow in the care of the press. }
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
{ vim: set lbr : }
|
||||
19
laantas-old/christian1.svg
Normal file
19
laantas-old/christian1.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"
|
||||
href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="400" height="75"
|
||||
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5.0, 20.0) scale(5.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#k" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="5.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#r" x="7.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="12.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#sč" x="14.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="23.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="25.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="27.5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 805 B |
19
laantas-old/christian2.svg
Normal file
19
laantas-old/christian2.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"
|
||||
href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="400" height="75"
|
||||
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5.0, 20.0) scale(5.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#k" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="5.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#r" x="7.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="12.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#šš" x="14.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="24.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="26.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="28.5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 806 B |
61
laantas-old/conjuncts-l.svg
Normal file
61
laantas-old/conjuncts-l.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="620" height="330" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 25) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lt" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lk" x="13" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lg" x="26" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ld" x="39" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lð" x="52" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lp" x="65" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lb" x="78" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ls" x="92" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lš" x="105" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 80)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="25">–lt–</text>
|
||||
<text x="88">–lk–</text>
|
||||
<text x="151">–lg–</text>
|
||||
<text x="217">–ld–</text>
|
||||
<text x="283">–lð–</text>
|
||||
<text x="351">–lp–</text>
|
||||
<text x="417">–lb–</text>
|
||||
<text x="486">–ls–</text>
|
||||
<text x="552">–lš–</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(65, 135) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ll" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lm" x="13" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ln" x="27" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lr" x="40" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lč" x="53" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lǧ" x="66" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lw" x="79" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(65, 190)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="25">–ll–</text>
|
||||
<text x="91">–lm–</text>
|
||||
<text x="162">–ln–</text>
|
||||
<text x="226">–lr–</text>
|
||||
<text x="292">–lč–</text>
|
||||
<text x="357">–lǧ–</text>
|
||||
<text x="425">–lw–</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(195, 255) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lh" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lf" x="16" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#lj" x="31" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(195, 310)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="35">–lh–</text>
|
||||
<text x="111">–lf–</text>
|
||||
<text x="171">–lj–</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 2.1 KiB |
62
laantas-old/conjuncts-m.svg
Normal file
62
laantas-old/conjuncts-m.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="630" height="330" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 25) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mt" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mk" x="13" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mg" x="26" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#md" x="39" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mð" x="54" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mp" x="69" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mb" x="84" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ms" x="99" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mš" x="113" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 85)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="25">–mt–</text>
|
||||
<text x="90">–mk–</text>
|
||||
<text x="156">–mg–</text>
|
||||
<text x="222">–md–</text>
|
||||
<text x="298">–mð–</text>
|
||||
<text x="374">–mp–</text>
|
||||
<text x="450">–mb–</text>
|
||||
<text x="524">–ms–</text>
|
||||
<text x="593">–mš–</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(65, 135) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ml" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mm" x="14" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mn" x="29" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mr" x="43" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mč" x="55" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mǧ" x="70" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mw" x="85" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(65, 190)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="28">–ml–</text>
|
||||
<text x="99">–mm–</text>
|
||||
<text x="173">–mn–</text>
|
||||
<text x="237">–mr–</text>
|
||||
<text x="306">–mč–</text>
|
||||
<text x="380">–mǧ–</text>
|
||||
<text x="454">–mw–</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(195, 255) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mh" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mf" x="17" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mj" x="33" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(195, 310)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="35">–mh–</text>
|
||||
<text x="113">–mf–</text>
|
||||
<text x="186">–mj–</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 2.1 KiB |
62
laantas-old/conjuncts-n.svg
Normal file
62
laantas-old/conjuncts-n.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="630" height="330" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 25) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#nt" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#nk" x="13" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ng" x="26" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#nd" x="39" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#nð" x="54" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#np" x="69" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#nb" x="84" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ns" x="99" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#nš" x="113" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 85)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="25">–nt–</text>
|
||||
<text x="90">–nk–</text>
|
||||
<text x="156">–ng–</text>
|
||||
<text x="222">–nd–</text>
|
||||
<text x="298">–nð–</text>
|
||||
<text x="374">–np–</text>
|
||||
<text x="450">–nb–</text>
|
||||
<text x="524">–ns–</text>
|
||||
<text x="593">–nš–</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(65, 135) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#nl" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#nm" x="14" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#nn" x="29" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#nr" x="43" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#nč" x="53" />
|
||||
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#n" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#r" x="8" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#č" x="16" />
|
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ǧ" x="24" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#w" x="32" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#h" x="40" />
|
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#f" x="51" />
|
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#j" x="60" />
|
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</g>
|
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|
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<g transform="translate(65, 180)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="15">n–</text>
|
||||
<text x="55">r–</text>
|
||||
<text x="95">č–</text>
|
||||
<text x="135">ǧ–</text>
|
||||
<text x="175">w–</text>
|
||||
<text x="220">h–</text>
|
||||
<text x="270">f–</text>
|
||||
<text x="315">j–</text>
|
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|
||||
</svg>
|
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|
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45
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|
|
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|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
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<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<text x="85" y="65" class="ipa">ai</text>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<text x="167" y="88" class="ipa">au</text>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
|
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
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|
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|
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<polygon points="0 0 200 0 200 150 100 150"
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fill="transparent" stroke="black" />
|
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<!-- iə -->
|
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<line x1="25" y1="15" x2="115" y2="65"
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stroke="black"
|
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marker-start="url(#circle)"
|
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marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
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<text x="75" y="30" class="ipa">iə</text>
|
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<!-- uə -->
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<line x1="190" y1="15" x2="130" y2="65"
|
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stroke="black"
|
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marker-start="url(#circle)"
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marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
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<text x="154" y="30" class="ipa">uə</text>
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</svg>
|
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|
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105
laantas-old/dvowels.svg
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|
|
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|
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
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<g transform="translate(16)">
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#di" x="5" />
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<g transform="translate(24)">
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
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|
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<g transform="translate(32)">
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#du" x="5" />
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<g transform="translate(40)">
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
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<g transform="translate(48)">
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
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<g transform="translate(56)">
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dau" x="5" />
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</g>
|
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</g>
|
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|
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<g transform="translate(5, 95)" class="word">
|
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<text x="15">ta</text>
|
||||
<text x="55">tá</text>
|
||||
<text x="95">ti</text>
|
||||
<text x="135">tí</text>
|
||||
<text x="175">tu</text>
|
||||
<text x="215">tú</text>
|
||||
<text x="255">tai</text>
|
||||
<text x="295">tau</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(30, 160) scale(5)" class="script">
|
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<g>
|
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dia" x="5" />
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</g>
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<g transform="translate(8)">
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" />
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dua" x="5" />
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<g transform="translate(16)">
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dḿ" x="5" />
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</g>
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<g transform="translate(24)">
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<g transform="translate(32)">
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</g>
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</g>
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<g transform="translate(30, 230)" class="word">
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<text x="15">tia</text>
|
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<text x="55">tua</text>
|
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<text x="95">tḿ</text>
|
||||
<text x="135">tń</text>
|
||||
<text x="175">tł</text>
|
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<text x="215">tŕ</text>
|
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<text x="255">–t</text>
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</svg>
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|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 2.7 KiB |
7
laantas-old/eop.svg
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|
|
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#eop" x="-0.5" y="-1"
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|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 348 B |
7
laantas-old/eos.svg
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|
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
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|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 349 B |
558
laantas-old/examples.md
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558
laantas-old/examples.md
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|
|
@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Examples
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
# The North Wind and the Sun
|
||||
|
||||
_The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveller came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveller take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveller fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveller took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two._
|
||||
|
||||
«Ruakul naipa bahútlit aimlis
|
||||
Laksit Fuhamkas Guwanḿ asumsas ba sua.
|
||||
Gimimli ufat kukkit ippauja šikkúþł ruamiril nara.
|
||||
Šikkúþłm kukkimat rumin júlim natta abudajað
|
||||
bahútlit aimat
|
||||
laimitta šikkúbu.
|
||||
Gimimli Laksit Fuham rut bássatlit fuha,
|
||||
ŕminu hakkatta fuhafamat gimimli
|
||||
kubutta šikkúþłm kukkimat rumi ńgua.
|
||||
Mulin Laksit Fuham čaubam bulla.
|
||||
Gimimli Guwanḿ ufatta tílju,
|
||||
ŕ šikkúþłm kukkimat šutta rumin júli.
|
||||
Mulin Guwanḿ bahútlit aimat Laksit Fuham suam bulla.»
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object data=northwind.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Ruakul naipa bahútlit aimlis
|
||||
ˌruə̯kɔɬʲ ˌnæɪ̯pɐ bɐˈxoːtɬɪt æɪ̯mlɪs
|
||||
rua-ku-l nai=pa bahú-t-lit ai-m-li-s
|
||||
3-SUB-PL one=what strength-GEN-SUP be-DEF-IN-ABL
|
||||
About which of them was stronger
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Laksit Fuhamkas Guwanḿ asumsas ba sua.
|
||||
ˌlaksɪt ˈfuxɑmkɑs ˈɡɔwɑnm̩ ˌasʊmsɐs bɐ ˌsuə̯
|
||||
laksi-t fuha-m-kas guwan-ḿ asu-m-sa-s ba sua
|
||||
north-GEN blow-DEF-COM sun-DEF others-DEF-AD-LAT against say
|
||||
the North Wind and the Sun were arguing.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Gimimli ufat kukkit ippauja šikkúþł ruamiril nara.
|
||||
ˌɡɛmɪmlɪ ˌufɐt ˈkɔkːɛt ˌipːɑʊ̯jɐ ˈʃikːoːθɫ̩ ˌɾuə̯mɪʑɪɬʲ ˌnarɐ
|
||||
gimi-m-li ufan-t kukki-t ippau-ja šikkú-þł rua-mi-ri-l nara
|
||||
time-DEF-IN warm-GEN coat-GEN wear-REL go-er 3-APUD-PRL-PL walk
|
||||
Then, a traveller wearing a warm coat walked past.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Šikkúþłm kukkimat rumin júlim natta abudajað
|
||||
ˌʃikːoːθɫ̩m ˈkɔkːɛmɐt ˌɾumɪn ˌjuːlɪm ˈnatːɐ ˌavʊðɐjɐθ
|
||||
šikkúþł-m kukki-m-at ru-mi-n júli-m na-tta abuda-ja-ð
|
||||
traveller-DEF coat-DEF-GEN 3SG-APUD-ABL take-DEF one-ADV cause-REL-NOM
|
||||
The one to first make the traveller remove his coat
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
bahútlit aimat
|
||||
bɐˈxoːtɬɪt æɪ̯mɐt
|
||||
bahútlit ai-m-at
|
||||
strongest be-DEF-GEN
|
||||
would be the stronger
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
laimitta šikkúbu.
|
||||
ˌlæɪ̯mɪtːɐ ˌʃikːoːvʊ
|
||||
laimi-tta šikkú-bu
|
||||
same-ADV go-3PL
|
||||
is what they agreed.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Gimimli Laksit Fuham rut bássatlitta fuha,
|
||||
ˌɡɛmɪmlɪ ˈlaksɪt ˈfuxɑm ɾʊt ˌbaːsːɐtɬɪtːɐ ˈfuxɑ
|
||||
gimimli Laksit_Fuham rut bássa-t-lit-ta fuha
|
||||
then the:North:Wind 3SG;GEN force-GEN-SUP-ADV blow
|
||||
Then the North Wind blew his hardest,
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
ŕminu hakkatta fuhafamat gimimli
|
||||
ˌɻ̩ːmɪnʊ ˌxɑkːɑtːɐ ˈfuxɑfɐmɐt ˌɡɛmɪmlɪ
|
||||
ŕ-minu hakka-tta fuha-fa-m-at gimimli
|
||||
and-still harsh-ADV blow-3SG-DEF-GEN as
|
||||
but the stronger he blew
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
kubutta šikkúþłm kukkimat rumi ńgua.
|
||||
ˌkɔvʊtːɐ ˌʃɪkːoːθɫ̩m ˌkɔkːɛmɐt ɾʊmɪ ˈŋ̩ɡɔə̯
|
||||
kubu-tta šikkúþłm kukkim-at ru-mi ńgua
|
||||
close-ADV the:traveller the:coat-GEN 3SG-APUD pull
|
||||
the closer the traveller pulled his coat around himself.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Mulin Laksit Fuham čaubam bulla.
|
||||
ˌmulɪn ˈlaksɪt ˈfuhɑm ˈtʃɑʊ̯vɐm ˌbuɫːɑ
|
||||
mu-li-n Laksit_Fuham čauba-m bulla
|
||||
that-AD-ABL the:North:Wind give_up-DEF must
|
||||
So the North Wind had to give up.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Gimimli Guwanḿ ufatta tílju,
|
||||
ɡɛˌmimlɪ ˈɡɔwɑnm̩ ʊˈfatːɐ ˌtɪːljʊ
|
||||
gimimli Guwanḿ ufan-tta tílju
|
||||
then the:sun warm-ADV shine
|
||||
Then the Sun shone out warmly,
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
ŕ šikkúþłm kukkimat šutta rumin júli.
|
||||
ɻ̩ː ˌʃikːoːθl̩m ˈkɔkːɛmɐt ˈʃutːɐ ˌɾumɪn ˌjyːlɪ
|
||||
ŕ šikkúþłm kukkimat šun-tta ru-mi-n júli
|
||||
and the:traveller the:coat:GEN immediate-ADV 3SG-APUD-ABL take
|
||||
and immediately the traveller took off his coat.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Mulin Guwanḿ bahútlit aimat Laksit Fuham suam bulla.
|
||||
ˌmulɪn ˈɡɔwɑnm̩ bɐˌxoːtɬɪt æɪ̯mɐt ˈlaksɪt ˈfuxɑm suɐ̯m ˌbuɫːɐ
|
||||
mulin Guwanḿ bahútlit ai-m-at Laksit_Fuham sua-m bulla
|
||||
so the:Sun strongest be-DEF-GEN the:North:Wind say-DEF must
|
||||
So the North Wind had to say that the Sun was the stronger.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# Long-time nuclear waste warning message
|
||||
|
||||
> Long-time nuclear waste warning messages are intended to deter human intrusion
|
||||
> at nuclear waste repositories in the far future, within or above the order of
|
||||
> magnitude of 10,000 years. Nuclear semiotics is an interdisciplinary field of
|
||||
> research, first done by the Human Interference Task Force since 1981.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> —[Wikipedia](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-time_nuclear_waste_warning_messages)
|
||||
|
||||
- [This place is a message... and part of a system of messages ...pay attention
|
||||
to it!](#nuc1)
|
||||
- Sending this message was important to us. We considered ourselves to be a
|
||||
powerful culture.
|
||||
- This place is not a place of honor ... no highly esteemed deed is commemorated
|
||||
here... nothing valued is here.
|
||||
- What is here was dangerous and repulsive to us. This message is a warning
|
||||
about danger.
|
||||
- The danger is in a particular location... it increases towards a center... the
|
||||
center of danger is here... of a particular size and shape, and below us.
|
||||
- The danger is still present, in your time, as it was in ours.
|
||||
- The danger is to the body, and it can kill.
|
||||
- The form of the danger is an emanation of energy.
|
||||
- The danger is unleashed only if you substantially disturb this place
|
||||
physically.
|
||||
- This place is best shunned and left uninhabited.
|
||||
|
||||
**#(Luð fasḿ sua ai. Suatł kaubat jat ai. Mansihášbum bulla.)**
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Luð fasḿ sua ai.
|
||||
ˈluθ ˈfasm̩ ˈsuə̯ ai̯
|
||||
lu-ð fas-ḿ sua-Ø ai
|
||||
this-ADJ place-DEF say-N be
|
||||
This place is a message.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Suatł kaubat jat ai.
|
||||
ˌsuə̯tɫ̩ kɑo̯vɐt ˌjat ai̯
|
||||
sua-Ø-t-ł kauba-t jat ai
|
||||
say-N-GEN-PL group-GEN piece be
|
||||
It is one of a series of messages.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Mansihášbum bulla.
|
||||
ˈmansixɑːʒbʊm ˌbuɫːə
|
||||
mansi-háš-bu-m bulla
|
||||
understand-2PL-3SG-DEF must
|
||||
You must pay attention to it.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Luð suamat suam ausut aim ibjasináš. Bahút núl ainášḿ ibjasináš.
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Luð suamat suam ausut aim ibjasináš.
|
||||
lu-ð sua-Ø-m-at sua-m ausu-t ai-m ibja-si-náš
|
||||
this-ADJ say-N-DEF-GEN say-DEF important-GEN be-DEF believe-PST-1PL
|
||||
We thought it important to leave this message.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Bahút núl ainášḿ ibjasináš.
|
||||
bahú-t núl ai-náš-ḿ ibja-si-náš
|
||||
strong-GEN person-PL be-1PL-DEF believe-PST-1PL
|
||||
We believed ourselves to be powerful people.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Luð fasḿsa šit lá sawaitul.
|
||||
|
||||
```pgloss
|
||||
Luð fasḿsa šit lá sawaitul.
|
||||
lu-ð fas-ḿ-sa ši-t lá sawai-tul
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
# Test sentences
|
||||
|
||||
([Source](http://web.archive.org/web/20120427054736/http://fiziwig.com/conlang/syntax_tests.html))
|
||||
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
<style scope>
|
||||
p { margin-bottom: 0; }
|
||||
.gloss { margin-top: 6pt; }
|
||||
</style>
|
||||
|
||||
1. The sun shines.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Guwanḿ tílju.
|
||||
guwan-ḿ tílju
|
||||
sun-DEF shine
|
||||
The sun shines.
|
||||
```
|
||||
2. The sun is shining.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Sá guwanḿ tílju.
|
||||
sá guwanḿ tílju
|
||||
now the:sun shine
|
||||
The sun is shining now.
|
||||
```
|
||||
3. The sun shone.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Guwanḿ tíljusai.
|
||||
guwanḿ tílju-sai
|
||||
the:sun shine-DPST
|
||||
The sun shone.
|
||||
```
|
||||
4. The sun will shine.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Guwanḿ tíljumá.
|
||||
guwanḿ tílju-má
|
||||
the:sun shine-FUT
|
||||
The sun will shine.
|
||||
```
|
||||
5. The sun has been shining.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Guwanḿ tíljusi.
|
||||
guwanḿ tílju-si
|
||||
the:sun shine-RPST
|
||||
The sun shone recently.
|
||||
```
|
||||
6. The sun is shining again.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Guwanḿ lisla tílju.
|
||||
guwanḿ lis-la tílju
|
||||
the:sun new-INS shine
|
||||
The sun is shining again.
|
||||
```
|
||||
7. The sun will shine tomorrow.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Guwanḿgi guwanḿ tíljumá.
|
||||
guwan-ḿ-gi guwanḿ tíljumá
|
||||
day-DEF-POST;ESS the:sun will:shine
|
||||
The sun will shine tomorrow.
|
||||
```
|
||||
8. The sun shines brightly.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Guwanḿ tílju ufatta.
|
||||
guwanḿ tílju ufa(n)-tta
|
||||
the:sun shine bright-ADV
|
||||
The sun shines brightly (or warmly).
|
||||
```
|
||||
9. The bright sun shines.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Ufat guwanḿ tílju.
|
||||
ufa(n)-t guwanḿ tílju
|
||||
bright-GEN the:sun shine
|
||||
The bright/warm sun shines.
|
||||
```
|
||||
10. The sun is rising now.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Sá guwanḿ bisisidu.
|
||||
sá guwanḿ bisi-sidu
|
||||
now the:sun raise-RFL
|
||||
Now the sun is rising.
|
||||
```
|
||||
11. All the people shouted.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Nakasnala númł miaššasi.
|
||||
nakasnala nú-m-ł miašša-si
|
||||
every;INS person-DEF-PL shout-RPST
|
||||
All of the people shouted.
|
||||
```
|
||||
12. Some of the people shouted.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Nala númł miaššasi.
|
||||
nala númł miaššasi
|
||||
one;INS the:people shouted
|
||||
Some of the people shouted.
|
||||
```
|
||||
13. Many of the people shouted twice.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Liččala númł patta miaššasi.
|
||||
Ličča-la númł pa(s)-tta miaššasi
|
||||
many-INS the:people two-ADV shouted
|
||||
Many of the people shouted twice.
|
||||
```
|
||||
14. Happy people often shout.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Líbit númł tutim miašša.
|
||||
líbi(s)-t númł tutim miašša
|
||||
happy-GEN the:people often shout
|
||||
Happy people often shout.
|
||||
```
|
||||
15. The kitten jumped up.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Kalnišḿ šisas niasgasi.
|
||||
kalń-iš-ḿ ši-sa-s niasga-si
|
||||
cat-DIM-DEF high-AD-LAT jump-RPST
|
||||
The kitten jumped up.
|
||||
```
|
||||
16. The kitten jumped onto the table.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Kalnišḿ lahmisḿsas niasgasi.
|
||||
kalńišḿ lahmis-ḿ-sa-s niasgasi
|
||||
the:kitten table-DEF-AD-LAT jumped
|
||||
The kitten jumped onto the table
|
||||
```
|
||||
17. My little kitten walked away.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Katas milnut kalnišḿ lusan narasi.
|
||||
kat-as milnu-t kalńišḿ lu-sa-n nara-si
|
||||
my-CONJ little-GEN the:kitten this-AD-ABL walk-RPST
|
||||
My little kitten walked away from here.
|
||||
```
|
||||
18. It's raining.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Tippi santu.
|
||||
tippi santu
|
||||
water rains
|
||||
It's raining.
|
||||
```
|
||||
19. The rain came down.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Santutippi kisas kassasi.
|
||||
santu-tippi ki-sa-s kassa-si
|
||||
rain-water down-AD-LAT fall-RPST
|
||||
Rain fell down.
|
||||
```
|
||||
20. The kitten is playing in the rain.
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Kalnišḿ lut gimimli warai tippim santum.
|
||||
kalnišḿ lut gimi-m-li warai tippi santu-m
|
||||
the:kitten this;GEN time-DEF-IN play water rain-DEF
|
||||
The kitten plays while it rains.
|
||||
```
|
||||
<!--
|
||||
21. The rain has stopped.
|
||||
22. Soon the rain will stop.
|
||||
23. I hope the rain stops soon.
|
||||
24. Once wild animals lived here.
|
||||
25. Slowly she looked around.
|
||||
26. Go away!
|
||||
27. Let's go!
|
||||
28. You should go.
|
||||
29. I will be happy to go.
|
||||
30. He will arrive soon.
|
||||
31. The baby's ball has rolled away.
|
||||
32. The two boys are working together.
|
||||
33. This mist will probably clear away.
|
||||
34. Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.
|
||||
35. We should eat more slowly.
|
||||
36. You have come too soon.
|
||||
37. You must write more neatly.
|
||||
38. Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.
|
||||
39. Henry's dog is lost.
|
||||
40. My cat is black.
|
||||
41. The little girl's doll is broken.
|
||||
42. I usually sleep soundly.
|
||||
43. The children ran after Jack.
|
||||
44. I can play after school.
|
||||
45. We went to the village for a visit.
|
||||
46. We arrived at the river.
|
||||
47. I have been waiting for you.
|
||||
48. The campers sat around the fire.
|
||||
49. A little girl with a kitten sat near me.
|
||||
50. The child waited at the door for her father.
|
||||
51. Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.
|
||||
52. Were you born in this village?
|
||||
53. Can your brother dance well?
|
||||
54. Did the man leave?
|
||||
55. Is your sister coming for you?
|
||||
56. Can you come tomorrow?
|
||||
57. Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?
|
||||
58. Does the robin sing in the rain?
|
||||
59. Are you going with us to the concert?
|
||||
60. Have you ever travelled in the jungle?
|
||||
61. We sailed down the river for several miles.
|
||||
62. Everybody knows about hunting.
|
||||
63. On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.
|
||||
64. Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.
|
||||
65. An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.
|
||||
66. The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.
|
||||
67. The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.
|
||||
68. Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.
|
||||
69. The cover of the basket fell to the floor.
|
||||
70. The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.
|
||||
71. On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.
|
||||
72. During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.
|
||||
73. When will your guests from the city arrive?
|
||||
74. Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.
|
||||
75. Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.
|
||||
76. Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.
|
||||
77. The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.
|
||||
78. The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.
|
||||
79. The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.
|
||||
80. The spool of thread rolled across the floor.
|
||||
81. A box of growing plants stood in the Window.
|
||||
82. I am very happy.
|
||||
83. These oranges are juicy.
|
||||
84. Sea water is salty.
|
||||
85. The streets are full of people.
|
||||
86. Sugar tastes sweet.
|
||||
87. The fire feels hot.
|
||||
88. The little girl seemed lonely.
|
||||
89. The little boy's father had once been a sailor.
|
||||
90. I have lost my blanket.
|
||||
91. A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.
|
||||
92. At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.
|
||||
93. Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.
|
||||
94. Their voices sound very happy.
|
||||
95. Is today Monday?
|
||||
96. Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?
|
||||
97. Will you be ready on time?
|
||||
98. Will you send this message for me?
|
||||
99. Are you waiting for me?
|
||||
100. Is this the first kitten of the litter?
|
||||
101. Are these shoes too big for you?
|
||||
102. How wide is the River?
|
||||
103. Listen.
|
||||
104. Sit here by me.
|
||||
105. Keep this secret until tomorrow.
|
||||
106. Come with us.
|
||||
107. Bring your friends with you.
|
||||
108. Be careful.
|
||||
109. Have some tea.
|
||||
110. Pip and his dog were great friends.
|
||||
111. John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.
|
||||
112. You and I will go together.
|
||||
113. They opened all the doors and windows.
|
||||
114. He is small, but strong.
|
||||
115. Is this tree an oak or a maple?
|
||||
116. Does the sky look blue or gray?
|
||||
117. Come with your father or mother.
|
||||
118. I am tired, but very happy.
|
||||
119. He played a tune on his wonderful flute.
|
||||
120. Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.
|
||||
121. A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.
|
||||
122. The first part of the story is very interesting.
|
||||
123. The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.
|
||||
124. The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.
|
||||
125. Stop your game and be quiet.
|
||||
126. The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.
|
||||
127. Do you like summer or winter better?
|
||||
128. That boy will have a wonderful trip.
|
||||
129. They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.
|
||||
130. They won the first two games, but lost the last one.
|
||||
131. Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.
|
||||
132. I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.
|
||||
133. Aha! I have caught you!
|
||||
134. This string is too short!
|
||||
135. Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!
|
||||
136. Alas! that news is sad indeed!
|
||||
137. Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!
|
||||
138. Are you warm enough now?
|
||||
139. They heard the warning too late.
|
||||
140. We are a brave people, and love our country.
|
||||
141. All the children came except Mary.
|
||||
142. Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.
|
||||
143. This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.
|
||||
144. On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.
|
||||
145. Our bird's name is Jacko.
|
||||
146. The river knows the way to the sea.
|
||||
147. The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.
|
||||
148. They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.
|
||||
149. The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.
|
||||
150. We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.
|
||||
151. We learn something new each day.
|
||||
152. The market begins five minutes earlier this week.
|
||||
153. Did you find the distance too great?
|
||||
154. Hurry, children.
|
||||
155. Madam, I will obey your command.
|
||||
156. Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.
|
||||
157. In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.
|
||||
158. Tell the last part of that story again.
|
||||
159. Be quick or you will be too late.
|
||||
160. Will you go with us or wait here?
|
||||
161. She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.
|
||||
162. Think first and then act.
|
||||
163. I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.
|
||||
164. Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.
|
||||
165. Be satisfied with nothing but your best.
|
||||
166. We consider them our faithful friends.
|
||||
167. We will make this place our home.
|
||||
168. The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.
|
||||
169. The little girl made the doll's dress herself.
|
||||
170. I hurt myself.
|
||||
171. She was talking to herself.
|
||||
172. He proved himself trustworthy.
|
||||
173. We could see ourselves in the water.
|
||||
174. Do it yourself.
|
||||
175. I feel ashamed of myself.
|
||||
176. Sit here by yourself.
|
||||
177. The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.
|
||||
178. They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.
|
||||
179. With him as our protector, we fear no danger.
|
||||
180. All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.
|
||||
181. Light he thought her, like a feather.
|
||||
182. Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.
|
||||
183. In our climate the grass remains green all winter.
|
||||
184. The boy who brought the book has gone.
|
||||
185. These are the flowers that you ordered.
|
||||
186. I have lost the book that you gave me.
|
||||
187. The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.
|
||||
188. Come when you are called.
|
||||
189. I shall stay at home if it rains.
|
||||
190. When he saw me, he stopped.
|
||||
191. Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.
|
||||
192. I shall lend you the books that you need.
|
||||
193. Come early next Monday if you can.
|
||||
194. If you come early, wait in the hall.
|
||||
195. I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.
|
||||
196. Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.
|
||||
197. He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.
|
||||
198. Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.
|
||||
199. I have found the ring I lost.
|
||||
200. Play and I will sing.
|
||||
201. That is the funniest story I ever heard.
|
||||
202. She is taller than her brother.
|
||||
203. They are no wiser than we.
|
||||
204. Light travels faster than sound.
|
||||
205. We have more time than they.
|
||||
206. She has more friends than enemies.
|
||||
207. He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.
|
||||
208. When the wind blew, the traveller wrapped his mantle more closely around him.
|
||||
209. I am sure that we can go.
|
||||
210. We went back to the place where we saw the roses.
|
||||
211. "This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.
|
||||
212. I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.
|
||||
213. My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.
|
||||
214. Why he has left the city is a mystery.
|
||||
215. The house stands where three roads meet.
|
||||
216. He has far more money than brains.
|
||||
217. Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.
|
||||
218. I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.
|
||||
-->
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
27
laantas-old/index.md
Normal file
27
laantas-old/index.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas
|
||||
hidetoc: true
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
<style>
|
||||
h1::before, h2::before, h3::before { content: "" !important; }
|
||||
</style>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object data="laantas.svg"></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
This grammar has finally got so long it is worth splitting it into several pages.
|
||||
|
||||
# Contents
|
||||
|
||||
#. [Phonology](phonology.html)
|
||||
#. [Writing system](script.html)
|
||||
#. [Nouns](nouns.html)
|
||||
#. [Pronouns & demonstratives](pronouns.html)
|
||||
#. [Verbs](verbs.html)
|
||||
#. [Numbers](numbers.html)
|
||||
#. [Personal Names](names.html)
|
||||
#. [Syntax](syntax.html) (not done yet)
|
||||
#. [Examples](examples.html)
|
||||
#. [List of abbreviations](abbrevs.html)
|
||||
45
laantas-old/ivowels.svg
Normal file
45
laantas-old/ivowels.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="405" height="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(65, 25) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#a" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#á" x="6" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#i" x="15" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#í" x="26" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#u" x="37" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ú" x="48" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(65, 70)" class="word">
|
||||
<text>a</text>
|
||||
<text x="38">á</text>
|
||||
<text x="87">i</text>
|
||||
<text x="144">í</text>
|
||||
<text x="197">u</text>
|
||||
<text x="256">ú</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 135) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ai" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#au" x="11" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ia" x="21" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ua" x="32" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ḿ" x="43" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ń" x="55" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ł" x="64" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ŕ" x="74" />
|
||||
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 185)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="12">ai</text>
|
||||
<text x="67">au</text>
|
||||
<text x="119">ia</text>
|
||||
<text x="174">ua</text>
|
||||
<text x="229">ḿ</text>
|
||||
<text x="285">ń</text>
|
||||
<text x="330">ł</text>
|
||||
<text x="385">ŕ</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1.5 KiB |
14
laantas-old/laantas.svg
Normal file
14
laantas-old/laantas.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="202" height="90" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,5) scale(8)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#l" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dá" x="5" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#nt" x="6" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="16" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#s" x="17" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#d0" x="19.5" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 615 B |
31
laantas-old/liz.svg
Normal file
31
laantas-old/liz.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"
|
||||
href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="1000" height="155"
|
||||
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5.0, 20.0) scale(5.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#k" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="5.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#š" x="7.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dń" x="12.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#k" x="19.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="24.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#š" x="26.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="31.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#k" x="33.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="38.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#s" x="40.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="42.5" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#k" x="52.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dai" x="57.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#t" x="59.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="62.25" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ai" x="71.0" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5.0, 100.0) scale(5.0)" class="script">
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1.3 KiB |
9
laantas-old/mixx.txt
Normal file
9
laantas-old/mixx.txt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
|||
kaitlit waišat laðasjuakas puppanua fímat ahnanáš
|
||||
ausujuajuat gulmisari purailúja guabut purai
|
||||
iksala parailúja mašku, násná raušgil lisla paraim mapsusináš
|
||||
bahnit bais baudat sua dansu ŕ kifat suafa
|
||||
|
||||
waišala mapsusifa
|
||||
nalapa lásidusifa?
|
||||
waišala mapsusifa
|
||||
násná dagusal maimáfamat ibjana
|
||||
21
laantas-old/names.md
Normal file
21
laantas-old/names.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Personal Names
|
||||
hidetoc: true
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
Names in Lántas can be very long in their full form, containing multiple
|
||||
goneonymics[^goneo] (names referring to their parents, biological or
|
||||
otherwise); at least one given name, usually two; several adjectival epithets;
|
||||
and a toponym (referring to the town where they grew up), in that order. An
|
||||
example of a full name is «Mafitsuš Kampatsuš Mammu Šamni Bahút Tamnissa-Amat
|
||||
Gappatkirḿlin» meaning, in order, "Child of Mafi (mother), Child of Kampa
|
||||
(father), Mammu Šamni, Strong, Loyal to their Family, from Gappatkir". In most
|
||||
situations they would be referred to as either Mammu or Šamni depending on
|
||||
their preference. Many names are even longer than this; as a culture, Lántas
|
||||
speakers take significant pride in giving their children particularly long
|
||||
names. The given names themselves have no inherent meaning or gender bias, but
|
||||
names are frequently reused within a family.
|
||||
|
||||
[^goneo]: Full disclosure: I made this word up.
|
||||
426
laantas-old/northwind.svg
Normal file
426
laantas-old/northwind.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"
|
||||
href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="700" height="766"
|
||||
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5.0, 17.0) scale(4.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#r" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dua" x="5.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#k" x="7.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="12.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#l" x="14.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="16.5" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="26.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dai" x="31.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#p" x="33.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="38.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#b" x="45.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="51.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#h" x="53.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dú" x="61.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#tl" x="63.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="72.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#t" x="74.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="77.25" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ai" x="86.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ml" x="93.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="104.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#s" x="106.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="108.5" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#l" x="118.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="123.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ks" x="125.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="134.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#t" x="136.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="139.25" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5.0, 81.0) scale(4.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#f" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="6.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#h" x="8.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="16.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#mk" x="18.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="28.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#s" x="30.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="32.5" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#g" x="42.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="47.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#w" x="49.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="55.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="57.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dḿ" x="62.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#a" x="69.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#s" x="71.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="76.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ms" x="78.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="89.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#s" x="91.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="93.5" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#b" x="103.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="109.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#s" x="116.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dua" x="121.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#eos" x="123.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#g" x="133.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="138.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#m" x="140.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="146.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ml" x="148.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="159.0" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5.0, 145.0) scale(4.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#u" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#f" x="7.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="13.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#t" x="15.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="18.25" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#k" x="27.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="32.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#kk" x="34.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="42.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#t" x="44.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="47.25" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#i" x="56.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#pp" x="63.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dau" x="71.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#j" x="73.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="78.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#š" x="85.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="90.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#kk" x="92.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dú" x="100.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#þ" x="102.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dł" x="107.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#r" x="114.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dua" x="119.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#m" x="121.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="127.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#r" x="129.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="134.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#l" x="136.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="138.5" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#n" x="148.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="153.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#r" x="155.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="160.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#eos" x="162.0" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5.0, 209.0) scale(4.0)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#š" x="0.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="5.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#kk" x="7.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dú" x="15.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#þ" x="17.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#dł" x="22.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#m" x="24.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="27.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#k" x="37.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="42.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#kk" x="44.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#di" x="52.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#m" x="54.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="60.0" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#t" x="62.0" />
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|
||||
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|
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<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#eos" x="169.0" />
|
||||
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|
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|
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<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#d0" x="143.25" />
|
||||
</g>
|
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<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#du" x="57.0" />
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<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#ll" x="59.0" />
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<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#da" x="69.0" />
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<use xlink:href="/lang/laantas/defs.svg#eos" x="71.0" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 22 KiB |
13
laantas-old/northwind.txt
Normal file
13
laantas-old/northwind.txt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
|
|||
Ruakul naipa bahútlit aimlis
|
||||
Laksit Fuhamkas Guwanḿ asumsas ba sua.
|
||||
Gimimli ufat kukkit ippauja šikkúþł ruamiril nara.
|
||||
Šikkúþłm kukkimat rumin júlim natta abudajað
|
||||
bahútlit aimat
|
||||
laimitta suabu.
|
||||
Gimimli Laksit Fuham rut bássatlit fuha,
|
||||
ŕminu hakkatta fuhafamat gimimli
|
||||
kubutta šikkúþłm kukkimat rumi ńgua.
|
||||
Mulin Laksit Fuham čaubam bulla.
|
||||
Gimimli Guwanḿ ufatta tílju,
|
||||
ŕ šikkúþłm kukkimat šutta rumin júli.
|
||||
Mulin Guwanḿ bahútlit aimat Laksit Fuham suam bulla.
|
||||
95
laantas-old/northwind2.svg
Normal file
95
laantas-old/northwind2.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="550" height="190" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1"
|
||||
externalResourcesRequired="true">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,25) scale(3)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#l" x="0" />
|
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="5" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ks" x="7" />
|
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<use xlink:href="defs.svg#di" x="16" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" x="18" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#d0" x="21" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#f" x="28" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#du" x="34" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#h" x="36" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="44" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#mk" x="46" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="56" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#s" x="58" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#d0" x="60" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#g" x="68" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#du" x="73" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#w" x="75" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="81" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#n" x="83" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dḿ" x="88" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#a" x="95" />
|
||||
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|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#du" x="102" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ms" x="104" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="115" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#s" x="117" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#d0" x="119" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#b" x="127" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="133" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#l" x="140" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#du" x="145" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#l" x="147" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#di" x="152" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#n" x="154" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#d0" x="156" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#s" x="164" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dua" x="169" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#eop" x="171" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,75)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="37">Laksit</text>
|
||||
<text x="135">Fuhamkas</text>
|
||||
<text x="235">Guwanḿ</text>
|
||||
<text x="325">asumsas</text>
|
||||
<text x="393">ba</text>
|
||||
<text x="449">lulin</text>
|
||||
<text x="504">sua,</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,120) scale(3)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#r" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dua" x="5" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ll" x="7" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="17" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#n" x="24" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dai" x="29" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#p" x="31" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="36" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#b" x="43" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#da" x="49" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#h" x="51" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#dú" x="59" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#tl" x="61" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#di" x="70" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#t" x="72" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#d0" x="75" />
|
||||
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#ai" x="82" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#m" x="89" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#d0" x="92" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#eos" x="97" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,170)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="25">rualla</text>
|
||||
<text x="91">naipa</text>
|
||||
<text x="179">bahútlit</text>
|
||||
<text x="265">aim.</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 3.3 KiB |
375
laantas-old/nouns.md
Normal file
375
laantas-old/nouns.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Nouns
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
Nouns are the words which name and refer to specific entities. Lántas is unusual in that words which are often considered to form a separate "adjective" class, or, occasionally, a subset of verbs, are also (the genitive case of) nouns.
|
||||
|
||||
# Number
|
||||
|
||||
The basic form of a noun is its singular, in all cases. The plural is formed by adding:
|
||||
|
||||
* «-al» to a word ending in «l» or «ł»,
|
||||
* «-l» to a word ending in a vowel, or
|
||||
* «-ł» to a word ending in a consonant, syllabic or not, other than «l».
|
||||
|
||||
This plural form can also be applied to names of people. In this case it forms what is called an _associative plural_, and refers to a person plus a group associated with them, usually their family or friend group.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
ǧunail
|
||||
ǧunai-l
|
||||
stick-PL
|
||||
sticks
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Jánimł
|
||||
Jáni-m-ł
|
||||
John-DEF-PL
|
||||
John and his friends
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
# Core cases {#corecases}
|
||||
|
||||
Declension for the core cases of «nú» 'man' and «lun» 'road' are shown below. Some of the endings are slightly different in the case of a stem ending in a consonant or vowel, and if the ending starts with multiple consonants the final one of the stem is dropped.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
| | Singular | Plural |
|
||||
|----------------------:|:---------|:-----------|
|
||||
| Nominative #!(NOM)! | «nú» | «nú·l» |
|
||||
| Genitive #!(GEN)! | «nú·t» | «nú·t·ł» |
|
||||
| Comitative #!(COM)! | «nú·kas» | «nú·kas·ł» |
|
||||
| Caritive #!(CAR)! | «nú·ssa» | «nú·ssa·l» |
|
||||
| Instrumental #!(INS)! | «nú·la» | «nú·la·l» |
|
||||
| Essive #!(ESS)! | «nú·gu» | «nú·gu·l» |
|
||||
| Translative #!(TRA)! | «nú·sti» | «nú·sti·l» |
|
||||
| Exessive #!(EXE)! | «nú·ču» | «nú·ču·l» |
|
||||
|
||||
| | Singular | Plural |
|
||||
|-------:|:--------------|:----------------|
|
||||
| #!NOM! | «lun» | «lun·ł» |
|
||||
| #!GEN! | «lu~~n~~·t» | «lun·t·ł» |
|
||||
| #!COM! | «lun·kas» | «lun·kas·ł» |
|
||||
| #!CAR! | «lu~~n~~·ssa» | «lu~~n~~·ssa·l» |
|
||||
| #!INS! | «lun·la» | «lun·la·l» |
|
||||
| #!ESS! | «lun·gu» | «lun·gu·l» |
|
||||
| #!TRA! | «lu~~n~~·sti» | «lu~~n~~·sti·l» |
|
||||
| #!EXE! | «lun·ču» | «lun·ču·l» |
|
||||
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The _nominative_ is the subject of sentences, and the unmarked form. The _genitive_ is used for the object of sentences, the possessive, and for modifying other nouns (see [below](#adjectivals)).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Jánim línait bairusi.
|
||||
Jáni-m línai-t bairu-si
|
||||
John-DEF mouse-GEN see-RPST
|
||||
John saw a mouse.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Jánimat línai
|
||||
Jáni-ma-t línai
|
||||
John-DEF-GEN mouse
|
||||
John's mouse
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
ausut línai
|
||||
ausu-t línai
|
||||
large-GEN mouse
|
||||
a large mouse
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
For _inalienable_ possession (body parts, family members, etc), the [definite](#definiteness) is usually used instead of an explicit genitive construction.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Nattumatł bairusina.
|
||||
nattu-ma-t-ł bairu-si-na
|
||||
parent-DEF-GEN-PL see-PST-1SG
|
||||
I saw my [the] parents.
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The _comitative_ case is used for 'and' between two nouns, as well as 'with' in the sense of 'accompanied by'. It is used on all but the _last_ noun being conjoined, with the last one taking the semantic case for the whole sequence. The opposite case, the _caritive_, means 'without', and is also used for _negative_ possessive statements. (See the adessive, described below, for affirmative statements.)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
suksł ká
|
||||
suksł ká
|
||||
they;COM I
|
||||
they and I
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Kalńkas þasit bairusina.
|
||||
kalń-kas þasi-t bairu-si-na
|
||||
cat-COM dog-GEN see-RPST-1SG
|
||||
I saw a cat and a dog.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Sairiassa aina.
|
||||
sairia-ssa ai-na
|
||||
money-CAR be-1SG
|
||||
I don't have any money.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Kat fadaukas ká rut ǧimamlis šikkúsi.
|
||||
kat fadau-kas ká rut ǧima-m-li-s šikkú-si
|
||||
my friend-COM I his house-DEF-IN-LAT go-RPST
|
||||
I went with my friend to his house.
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The most common use of the _instrumental_ case is the [theme] of ditransitive sentences (while the recipient is in the genitive). It is also used for 'with' as in 'using', in distributive phrases such as «kallila» 'in threes, in sets of three, three each', for quantity expressions such as units, and quantifiers like 'every'.
|
||||
|
||||
[theme]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secundative_language
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Sanǧula paraina.
|
||||
sanǧu-la parai-na
|
||||
pen-INS write-1SG
|
||||
I write with a pen.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
kalli litrala tippi
|
||||
kalli litra-la tippi
|
||||
three litre-INS water
|
||||
three litres of water
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
nakasnala hámal
|
||||
nakasnala háma-l
|
||||
every;INS country-PL
|
||||
every country
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
nala núl
|
||||
nala nú-l
|
||||
any;INS person-PL
|
||||
some people
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
nai rala númł
|
||||
nai ra(n)-la nú-m-ł
|
||||
one thing-INS person-DEF-PL
|
||||
one of the people
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
nala númł
|
||||
nala nú-m-ł
|
||||
any;INS person-DEF-PL
|
||||
some of the people
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The _essive_ case indicates a state, while the _translative_ and _exessive_ cases indicate a change of state. The translative marks the new state, and the exessive the old. The essive and exessive are most commonly used with comparatives (see [below](#adjectivals)).
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO: examples__
|
||||
|
||||
# Locational cases
|
||||
|
||||
The locational cases are formed by pairs of suffixes, one for the type of
|
||||
motion and one for the orientation or part of the target object.[^tsez]
|
||||
Unlike for the core cases, the endings are the same regardless of whether the
|
||||
stem ends in a consonant or vowel, so they are only listed for «nú».
|
||||
|
||||
These cases have formulaic names, e.g., 'adessive' (at), 'absuperlative' (from above), and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
[^tsez]: You might think that this sounds too mathematical or artificial to occur in a natural language, but in fact some Caucasian languages, such as [Tsez] and [Archi], do exactly this.
|
||||
|
||||
[Tsez]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsez_language "Tsez on Wikipedia"
|
||||
[Archi]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archi_language "Archi on Wikipedia"
|
||||
|
||||
* _ad--_ (_al--_): 'at'
|
||||
* _in--_ (_il--_): 'in'
|
||||
* _pre--_: 'in front of'
|
||||
* _post--_: 'behind'
|
||||
* _inter--_: 'between' or 'among'
|
||||
* _super--_: 'on top of' or 'over'
|
||||
* _sub--_: 'below' or 'under'
|
||||
* _apud--_: 'near' or 'next to'
|
||||
* _--essive_: 'at' or 'on'
|
||||
* _--lative_: 'towards'
|
||||
* _ab--lative_: 'away from'
|
||||
* _per--lative_: 'through' or 'along'
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
| | | Essive (ESS) | Lative (LAT) | Ab--lative (ABL) | Per--lative (PRL) |
|
||||
|-----------:|------:|--------------|--------------|------------------|-------------------|
|
||||
| Ad– | #!SG! | «nú·sa» | «nú·sa·s» | «nú·sa·n» | «nú·sa·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(AD)! | #!PL! | «nú·sa·l» | «nú·sa·s·ł» | «nú·sa·n·ł» | «nú·sa·ri·l» |
|
||||
| In– | #!SG! | «nú·li» | «nú·li·s» | «nú·li·n» | «nú·li·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(IN)! | #!PL! | «nú·li·l» | «nú·li·s·ł» | «nú·li·n·ł» | «nú·li·ri·l» |
|
||||
| Pre– | #!SG! | «nú·ðu» | «nú·ðu·s» | «nú·ðu·n» | «nú·ðu·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(PRE)! | #!PL! | «nú·ðu·l» | «nú·ðu·s·ł» | «nú·ðu·n·ł» | «nú·ðu·ri·l» |
|
||||
| Post– | #!SG! | «nú·gi» | «nú·gi·s» | «nú·gi·n» | «nú·gi·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(POST)! | #!PL! | «nú·gi·l» | «nú·gi·s·ł» | «nú·gi·n·ł» | «nú·gi·ri·l» |
|
||||
| Inter– | #!SG! | «nú·nua» | «nú·nua·s» | «nú·nua·n» | «nú·nua·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(INTER)! | #!PL! | «nú·nua·l» | «nú·nua·s·ł» | «nú·nua·n·ł» | «nú·nua·ri·l» |
|
||||
| Super– | #!SG! | «nú·ba» | «nú·ba·s» | «nú·ba·n» | «nú·ba·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(SUPER)! | #!PL! | «nú·ba·l» | «nú·ba·s·ł» | «nú·ba·n·ł» | «nú·ba·ri·l» |
|
||||
| Sub– | #!SG! | «nú·ku» | «nú·ku·s» | «nú·ku·n» | «nú·ku·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(SUB)! | #!PL! | «nú·ku·l» | «nú·ku·s·ł» | «nú·ku·n·ł» | «nú·ku·ri·l» |
|
||||
| Apud– | #!SG! | «nú·mi» | «nú·mi·s» | «nú·mi·n» | «nú·mi·ri» |
|
||||
| #!(APUD)! | #!PL! | «nú·mi·l» | «nú·mi·s·ł» | «nú·mi·n·ł» | «nú·mi·ri·l» |
|
||||
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
* Subessive is used for:
|
||||
* 'in the opinion of': «Kaku manifnut ai.» That's pleasant to me/I like that.
|
||||
- Superessive is used for:
|
||||
- 'about': «Suba jaisi fína.» I dreamt about you.
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- -->
|
||||
|
||||
* \#!(AD--LAT)! «Dufnamsas júlisina.» I stuck it onto the wall.
|
||||
* \#!(AD--ESS)! «Ǧimamsa aihapa?» Are you at home?
|
||||
* \#!(IN--LAT)! «Sihamgit ǧimamlis šikkúmána.» I'll be going home soon.
|
||||
* \#!(PRE--PRL)! «Sabut kalń káðuri narasi.» A black cat passed in front of me.
|
||||
* \#!(POST--ESS)! «Ǧimamgi waibifás.» They're playing round the back of the house.
|
||||
* \#!(AD--PRL)! «Lunsari šikkúsina.» I went down the road.
|
||||
* \#!(IN--PRL)! «Lunliri šikkúsina.» I went across the road.
|
||||
* \#!(APUD--PRL)! «Lunmiri šikkúsina.» I followed (alongside) the river.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The orientation suffixes give rise to the following words:
|
||||
|
||||
<div class=twocol>
|
||||
- «fansað»: surface
|
||||
- «fanlið»: interior
|
||||
- «fanduð»: front
|
||||
- «fangið»: back
|
||||
- «fannuað»: company
|
||||
- «fambað»: top
|
||||
- «fankuð»: bottom
|
||||
- «fammið»: vicinity
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Definiteness
|
||||
|
||||
The definite suffix for nouns (DEF) is «-m», and is used more frequently than 'the' in English. For example, in the second sentence below Sam has one dog, and in the third he is implied to have several. The names of people and places are also definite.
|
||||
|
||||
After a consonant or «-ń», the definite suffix is «-ḿ»; the sequence «ńḿ» is pronounced as a single syllable, as #/nm̩/. After «-m» or «-ḿ», the suffix is «-am». The definite suffix occurs _between_ the stem and the case ending. Between the «-m» form and a case suffix starting with a consonant cluster, or the genitive singular «-t», an extra epenthetic «-a» is added.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
guwanḿt samńḿ
|
||||
guwan-ḿ-t samń-ḿ
|
||||
sun-DEF-GEN colour-DEF
|
||||
the colour of the sun
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Sámimat þasi
|
||||
Sami-ma-t þasi
|
||||
Sam-DEF-GEN dog
|
||||
one of Sam's dogs
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Sámimat þasim
|
||||
Sami-ma-t þasim
|
||||
Sam-DEF-GEN dog-DEF
|
||||
Sam's dog
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The definite suffix is used:
|
||||
|
||||
* When the referent is old information already mentioned.
|
||||
«Pas nú bairusina. Nai rala núm manifnut gašnat ippausi.» I saw two people. One of them was wearing a nice shirt.
|
||||
|
||||
* For people, places, countries, and other proper names.
|
||||
«Danielḿ Włjáhámamli nuabia.» Daniel lives in Austria.
|
||||
|
||||
* In time phrases with «gimi».
|
||||
«Gimimli lána.» I'm doing it now.
|
||||
However, «naigimi» 'sometime' is indefinite.
|
||||
«Naigimili lámána.» I'll do it at some point.
|
||||
|
||||
* In statements of general fact.
|
||||
«Númsal pasla aðal ai.» Humans have two eyes.
|
||||
|
||||
* __TODO: ?__
|
||||
|
||||
The definite suffix is _not_ used (in contrast to English):
|
||||
|
||||
* In superlatives.
|
||||
«Milnutlit aifa.» It's the smallest.
|
||||
|
||||
* __TODO: ?__
|
||||
|
||||
# Adjectivals
|
||||
|
||||
Most words considered as adjectives in other languages are in fact grammatically nouns in Lántas; words such as «sabu» can be translated as 'the colour black'. When one noun modifies another attributively, the [genitive case](#corecases) suffix «-(a)t» is used. Additional adjectives after the first additionally take a special conjunctive suffix «-as», similar to the comitative case. Adjectives, like other noun modifiers, precede the head noun in most cases. However, they can follow it if they indicate a property considered inherent to the objects in question.
|
||||
|
||||
Genitive forms can be used as adverbs with the suffix «-tta»; the conjunctive variant is «-ttás».
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
sabut þasi
|
||||
sabu-t þasi
|
||||
black-GEN dog
|
||||
a black dog
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
líbisat þasi
|
||||
líbis-at þasi
|
||||
happy-GEN dog
|
||||
a happy dog
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
sabut líbistas þasi
|
||||
sabu-t líbis-t-as þasi
|
||||
black-GEN happy-GEN-CONJ dog
|
||||
a happy black dog
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Línaim sihatta irhi.
|
||||
línai-m siha-tta irhi
|
||||
mouse-GEN small-ADV squeak
|
||||
The mouse is squeaking quietly.
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
From adjectivals, several further derivations can be made: the _equative_, which expresses that two objects have an equal measure of some property; the _comparative_, which says that one object has more of a property than another object; and the _superlative_, which claims that an object has the most of a property. Derivation from «gaisi» 'white':
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
------------------- --------------
|
||||
Equative (EQU) «gaisi·t·sat»
|
||||
Comparative (CMP) «gaisi·t·pat»
|
||||
Superlative (SUPL) «gaisi·t·lit»
|
||||
------------------- --------------
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
The noun being compared with is in the [essive case](#corecases) for the equative, and the exessive for the comparative.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
ǧimagu ausutsat
|
||||
ǧima-gu ausu-t-sat
|
||||
house-ESS big-GEN-EQU
|
||||
as big as a house
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
fíraču panísatpat
|
||||
fíra-ču panísa-t-pat
|
||||
sky-EXE blue-GEN-CMP
|
||||
bluer than the sky
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
20
laantas-old/numbers.md
Normal file
20
laantas-old/numbers.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Numbers
|
||||
hidetoc: true
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
| | | | | | | | |
|
||||
|---|----------|----|---------------|----|-------------|------|---------------|
|
||||
| 1 | «nai» | 10 | «taksa» | 19 | «taksístu» | 100 | «bušŕ» |
|
||||
| 2 | «pas» | 11 | «tahnai» | 20 | «pastaksa» | 1000 | «nifma» |
|
||||
| 3 | «kalli» | 12 | «tappas» | 30 | «kaldaksa» | 10⁴ | «hárual» |
|
||||
| 4 | «šasḿ» | 13 | «takkalli» | 40 | «šastaksa» | 10⁵ | «taksahárual» |
|
||||
| 5 | «kaisi» | 14 | «taksasḿ» | 50 | «kaistaksa» | 10⁶ | «bušŕhárual» |
|
||||
| 6 | «ǧutta» | 15 | «takkaisi» | 60 | «ǧuttaksa» | 10⁷ | «nifmahárual» |
|
||||
| 7 | «libina» | 16 | «taččutta» | 70 | «libidaksa» | 10⁸ | «kḿpsi» |
|
||||
| 8 | «ńdá» | 17 | «taksalibina» | 80 | «ńtaksa» | 10¹² | «kahmil» |
|
||||
| 9 | «ístu» | 18 | «taksandá» | 90 | «ístaksa» | 10¹⁶ | «uhnat» |
|
||||
|
||||
Numbers between 20--99 are formed by analogy with those from 11--19, for example «kaldappas» for 32.
|
||||
44
laantas-old/numbers.svg
Normal file
44
laantas-old/numbers.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="450" height="200" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
|
||||
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.1">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 25) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#1" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#2" x="8" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#3" x="16" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#4" x="23" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#5" x="31" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#6" x="38" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#7" x="45" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#8" x="54" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#9" x="61" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#0" x="70" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5, 70)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="15">1</text>
|
||||
<text x="55">2</text>
|
||||
<text x="90">3</text>
|
||||
<text x="130">4</text>
|
||||
<text x="165">5</text>
|
||||
<text x="200">6</text>
|
||||
<text x="240">7</text>
|
||||
<text x="279">8</text>
|
||||
<text x="319">9</text>
|
||||
<text x="363">0</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(105, 135) scale(5)" class="script">
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#num" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#4" x="3" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#8" x="12" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#7" x="18" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#3" x="26" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#5" x="32" />
|
||||
<use xlink:href="defs.svg#num" x="38" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<g transform="translate(105, 180)" class="word">
|
||||
<text x="100">48,735</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1.5 KiB |
100
laantas-old/phonology.md
Normal file
100
laantas-old/phonology.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—phonology
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
# Vowels
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object data=pure-vowels.svg></object>
|
||||
<object data=diphthongs1.svg></object>
|
||||
<object data=diphthongs2.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
There are three basic vowels #/i a u/, diphthongs #/ai au iə uə/, and syllabic consonants #/m̩ n̩ r̩ l̩/. Neither of these last two sets have a length distinction, and have the same duration as a long vowel. Note that #/u uː/ are substantially more central than #/i iː/, and the initial place of #/uə/ is further back than pure #/uː/.
|
||||
|
||||
Long vowels, and syllabic consonants other than «l», are spelt with a acute accent: «í á ú ḿ ń ŕ». A syllabic «l», because of its height, replaces the acute with a stroke: «ł». The diphthongs are spelt «ai au ia ua».
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Allophony
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object data=vowel-allophones1.svg></object>
|
||||
<object data=vowel-allophones2.svg></object>
|
||||
<object data=vowel-allophones-diph.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
* After a velar consonant, including #/ɫ w/, the vowels #/a aː ai i iː iə u uː uə/ are backed and lowered to the forms labelled #[ɑ ɑː ɑe ɛ eː eə ɔ oː ɔə], respectively, in the figures above.
|
||||
* After #/j/, #/i iː iə/ become #[e eː eə].
|
||||
* After #/ʧ ʤ ʃ j/, #/u uː/ is fronted to #[y ʉː].
|
||||
* Before a syllabic consonant, a small schwa may be inserted if necessary to make pronunciation easier. This is most common between #/ln̩ nl̩/ and two copies of a single sound. For example, «kalń» #/kaln̩/ #[kɐlᵊn] 'cat'.
|
||||
* \#/r̩ l̩/ are pronounced as #[ɻː ɫ̩ː].
|
||||
* Syllabic #/n̩/ assimilates to #[ŋ̍] before a velar consonant; no other assimilation for syllabic nasals occurs, though.
|
||||
* Unstressed short vowels are somewhat reduced, #/a/ more than the others.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Consonants
|
||||
|
||||
Where unspecified, consonants are spelt the same way as in IPA.
|
||||
|
||||
| | Labial | Dental | Postalveolar | Velar |
|
||||
|-------------|----------|-----------------|--------------|----------|
|
||||
| Plosive | #/p b/ | #/t d/ | #/ʧ ʤ/ «č ǧ» | #/k g/ |
|
||||
| Fricative | #/f/ | #/θ s/ «þ/ð, s» | #/ʃ/ «š» | #/x/ «h» |
|
||||
| Nasal | #/m/ | #/n/ | | |
|
||||
| Flap | #/ɾ/ «r» | | | |
|
||||
| Approximant | #/w/ | #/l/ | #/j/ | |
|
||||
|
||||
The phonemes #/p t ʧ k s ʃ m n ɾ l x/ can be geminated. For the purposes of syllable structure, geminated consonants are counted the same as two separate ones. Geminate versions of most consonants are spelt by doubling the letter: «pp», «tt», «kk», etc. The phoneme #/θ/ is spelt «þ» word-initially (and at the beginning of components of compound words), and «ð» elsewhere.[^ð]
|
||||
|
||||
[^ð]: An Icelandic person on the Internet once told me off for having intramorphemic 'þ's in a language and it has stuck with me since.
|
||||
|
||||
## Allophony
|
||||
|
||||
* Before #/i iː iə/, #/ɾ/ becomes #[ʑ̞], a laminal fricative with only a small amount of actual friction, almost #[ɹ̻].
|
||||
* A nasal followed by a plosive assimilates to the same place of articulation (but for compound words this is not reflected in the spelling), for example «rabanpa» #[ravampa] 'what book?'.
|
||||
* The sequences #/ʧs ʃs sʃ/ are pronounced as #[tʃː ʃː ʃː].
|
||||
* Nasals before #/s x/ decay to a nasalisation of the previous vowel, or are dropped entirely if that vowel is a syllabic consonant.
|
||||
* Voiced plosives #/b d ʤ ɡ/ become fricatives #[v ð ʒ ɣ] between proper vowels. The allophone #[v] is pronounced #[β] by some speakers.
|
||||
* The velar fricative #/x/ becomes #[h] before #/r̩/, and is palatalised to #[ç] before #/i iː iə/.
|
||||
* Long #/ʧː/ is pronounced as #[ṯːʃ]. Long #/ɾ l/ become #[ʐː ɫː].
|
||||
* Non-final #/l/ is velarized #[ɫ] after a back vowel (including the allophones #[ɑ ɑː]). After other vowels, it is palatalised.
|
||||
* Non-syllabic #/l/ is pronounced as #[ɬʲ] at the end of words, even after a back vowel. After #/t/ it is #[ɬ]. The phoneme #/ɾ/ is also devoiced #[ɾ̥] word-finally. The sequence #/lθ/ is realised as #[ɬʲː].
|
||||
* In many dialects, the long obstruents #/pː tː ʧː kː sː ʃː/ are pronounced as ejectives #[pʼ tʼ ʧ ʼ kʼ sʼ ʃʼ], and the long sonorants #/mː nː lː/ as #[bᵐ dⁿ ɮː].
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Syllable structure
|
||||
|
||||
<div>
|
||||
The allowed shape of a syllable is <var>CV</var>(<var>C</var>) where <var>V</var> is any vowel and <var>C</var> a consonant, such that all clusters take one of the following forms:
|
||||
|
||||
* <var>KC</var>, where
|
||||
<var>K</var> can be any of
|
||||
#/m n l r θ s ʃ t/ _(coda consonants)_;
|
||||
* <var>FN</var>,
|
||||
where <var>F</var> can be
|
||||
#/f θ s ʃ x/ _(fricatives)_ and
|
||||
<var>N</var> can be
|
||||
#/m n/ _(nasals)_;
|
||||
* <var>P</var>#/s/, where
|
||||
<var>P</var> can be #/p t ʧ k/ _(voiceless plosives)_;
|
||||
* \#/pj bj lj rj/; and
|
||||
* geminate consonants.
|
||||
|
||||
Aside from these, a word can also start with a vowel. At the end of a word, the consonants from <var>K</var> are allowed. A syllabic consonant cannot be next to the non-syllabic form of the same consonant---for example, the sequences #/ll̩/ and #/l̩l/ are not possible. Two distinct syllabic consonants can be next to each other, however---even without a non-syllabic consonant in between---and are pronounced as two separate syllables as normal.
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes an inflectional ending can cause an invalid sequence of syllabic and non-syllabic consonant. In this case, the sequence is replaced with «a» plus a long form of the consonant: «suaþł» 'speaker'---«suaþalla» 'from a speaker'.
|
||||
|
||||
Occasionally, loanwords break the consonant clustering rules, such as «mikrugram».
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Stress
|
||||
|
||||
Words are stressed on the first long vowel; if there are no long vowels, _or_ the only one is in the final syllable of multiple, then the stress is on the first syllable. For the purposes of deciding stress placement, neither diphthongs nor syllabic consonants are counted as long.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Epenthesis
|
||||
|
||||
Many inflectional endings begin with a consonant. In some cases, this will cause an illegal consonant cluster according to the above rules. Therefore, an epenthetic vowel will sometimes need to be inserted. This vowel depends on the affix being added, and so is given at the same time as the inflections themselves. Note that if multiple inflections are added, only the extra vowels necessary to make the word legal (going left to right) are inserted: as further affixes are stacked, these will appear to surface and vanish again. See, for instance, the examples given for [adjectival genitives](nouns.html#adjectivals).
|
||||
78
laantas-old/pronouns.md
Normal file
78
laantas-old/pronouns.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Pronouns & demonstratives
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
Pronouns are inflected for the same cases as other nouns, though their forms are somewhat irregular.
|
||||
|
||||
# Personal pronouns
|
||||
|
||||
The first person plural «til» is only used inclusively of the listener. For an exclusive meaning, one must say «rukas ká» ('they and I') or similar. (The name «tiallántas» is fossilised, however, and does not change to «rukaskatlántas» when talking to a non-speaker.)
|
||||
|
||||
The LOC column is the word stems which the [locational cases](#locational_cases) are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
| | 1SG | 1PL | 2SG | 2PL | 3SG | 3PL |
|
||||
|----:|---------|----------|---------|----------|---------|----------|
|
||||
| NOM | «ká» | «til» | «sur» | «sual» | «rú» | «rúl» |
|
||||
| GEN | «kat» | «tial» | «sut» | «suatł» | «rut» | «rutł» |
|
||||
| COM | «kakas» | «tiksł» | «sukas» | «suksł» | «rukas» | «ruksł» |
|
||||
| CAR | «kassa» | «tissal» | «sussa» | «sussal» | «russa» | «russal» |
|
||||
| INS | «kala» | «tilla» | «sulla» | «sualla» | «rulla» | «rualla» |
|
||||
| ESS | «kagu» | «tigul» | «sugu» | «sugul» | «rugu» | «rugul» |
|
||||
| TRA | «kasti» | «tistil» | «susti» | «sustul» | «rusti» | «rustil» |
|
||||
| EXE | «kaču» | «tičul» | «sučču» | «suččul» | «ruču» | «ručul» |
|
||||
| LOC | «ka–» | «ti–l» | «su–» | «sua–l» | «ru–» | «rua–l» |
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Demonstratives
|
||||
|
||||
There is a three way distance distinction for demonstratives: a new referent near the speaker/listener, a new referent distant from both, and old information. These will be glossed as 'this', 'yon', and 'that', respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
The near demonstrative is «lua», whose declension is given below. For distant referents it is «þua» and for old information «mua»; they decline in the same way as «lua».
|
||||
|
||||
The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the genitive: compare «muð kalńł» 'those cats' and «mut kalńł» 'that person's cats'. It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
| | Singular | Plural |
|
||||
|----:|----------|-----------|
|
||||
| NOM | «lua» | «lul» |
|
||||
| GEN | «lut» | «lutł» |
|
||||
| COM | «lukas» | «luksł» |
|
||||
| CAR | «lussa» | «lussal» |
|
||||
| INS | «lulla» | «lulllal» |
|
||||
| ESS | «lugu» | «lugul» |
|
||||
| TRA | «lusti» | «lustil» |
|
||||
| EXE | «luču» | «lučul» |
|
||||
| LOC | «lu–» | «lu–l» |
|
||||
| ADJ | «luð» | «luð» |
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Indefinites
|
||||
|
||||
The words 'someone', 'something', 'anyone', 'anything' are served by (a stressed form of) the numeral «nai» 'one'. 'Everyone' or 'everything' is «nakasnai», and inflects the same way as «nai» itself. The words «nala» and «nakasnala» mean 'any' and 'every', respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Interrogatives
|
||||
|
||||
Interrogatives (question words) are formed with the enclitic «-pa», attached to any noun phrase. As well as «naipa» 'what?, who?', it can be added to any other word to mean 'which?'.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Naipa musat ai?
|
||||
Nai=pa mu-sa-t ai
|
||||
one=what that-AD-ESS be
|
||||
Who's there?
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Hámamlinaspa sidasiha?
|
||||
háma-m-li-nas=pa sida-si-ha
|
||||
country-DEF-IN-ABL=what come-RPST-2SG
|
||||
Which country do you come from?
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Being a clitic, «-pa» is added to the end of the noun, after all other (non-clitic) endings such as case inflections, as shown in the above examples.
|
||||
39
laantas-old/pure-vowels.svg
Normal file
39
laantas-old/pure-vowels.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="210" height="160" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,5)">
|
||||
<!-- help lines -->
|
||||
<g stroke="#999">
|
||||
<line x1="50" y1="75" x2="200" y2="75" />
|
||||
<line x1="100" y1="0" x2="150" y2="150" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- outer trapezoid -->
|
||||
<polygon points="0 0 200 0 200 150 100 150"
|
||||
fill="transparent" stroke="black" />
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- í -->
|
||||
<circle cx="25" cy="15" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="37" y="15" class="ipa">iː</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- i -->
|
||||
<circle cx="50" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="60" y="30" class="ipa">i</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- ú -->
|
||||
<circle cx="150" cy="15" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="163" y="15" class="ipa">uː</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- u -->
|
||||
<circle cx="125" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="138" y="30" class="ipa">u</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- á -->
|
||||
<circle cx="110" cy="135" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="123" y="135" class="ipa">aː</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- a -->
|
||||
<circle cx="125" cy="115" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="115" y="115" class="ipa">a</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1.2 KiB |
1
laantas-old/rconlangs.txt
Normal file
1
laantas-old/rconlangs.txt
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|||
Líbis arkunlangaskun. Subaraditḿku fíja lántaslinł suanáš, lántatł fítḿ naikuja lálkas dawinlinł suanáš. Núkaubat fírat fínáš, mulin lántatł fínášlam tikul líbis fínáš.
|
||||
216
laantas-old/sc.phonix
Normal file
216
laantas-old/sc.phonix
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
|
|||
import std.features
|
||||
import std.symbols.ipa
|
||||
import std.symbols.ipa.diacritics
|
||||
|
||||
#########
|
||||
# SETUP #
|
||||
#########
|
||||
|
||||
feature stress
|
||||
# needs to go directly after vowel instead of the normal place
|
||||
symbol ˈ (diacritic) [+stress]
|
||||
|
||||
symbol ɡ [(g)]
|
||||
symbol ɫ [(l) +bk +hi]
|
||||
symbol ɬ [(l) -son -vc]
|
||||
|
||||
symbol dʒ [(ʒ) -cont]
|
||||
symbol tʃ [(ʃ) -cont]
|
||||
|
||||
feature [V] [-cons +syll]
|
||||
feature [I] [[V] +fr +hi]
|
||||
feature [U] [[V] -bk +hi]
|
||||
feature [A] [[V] +lo]
|
||||
feature [N] [+nas +cons *syll]
|
||||
feature [ALV] [+ant -dist *syll +cons]
|
||||
feature [PST] [+str -ant +dist *syll +cons]
|
||||
|
||||
# Phonix hangs if it's unable to display a sound. And fricatives aren't just
|
||||
# plosive +cont, because of course they aren't.
|
||||
symbol ?v [(b) +cont] rule ?v-v (persist) ?v => v
|
||||
symbol ?f [(p) +cont] rule ?f-f (persist) ?f => f
|
||||
symbol ?θ [(t) +cont] rule ?θ-θ (persist) ?θ => θ
|
||||
symbol ?ð [(d) +cont] rule ?ð-ð (persist) ?ð => ð
|
||||
symbol ?x [(k) +cont] rule ?x-x (persist) ?x => x
|
||||
symbol ?ɣ [(g) +cont] rule ?ɣ-ɣ (persist) ?ɣ => ɣ
|
||||
|
||||
feature long
|
||||
symbol ː (diacritic) [+long]
|
||||
|
||||
rule schwa-glide ə => [-syll]
|
||||
|
||||
syllable
|
||||
onset [-syll]
|
||||
onset [*syll]
|
||||
nucleus [+syll]
|
||||
coda [-syll]
|
||||
coda ([-syll])[*syll]
|
||||
|
||||
#####################
|
||||
# INITIAL ALLOPHONY #
|
||||
#####################
|
||||
|
||||
rule nasal-assim [+nas] => [$Place] / _ [$Place +cons]
|
||||
rule r-before-i ɾ => zʲ / _ i
|
||||
rule s-after-postalv s => ʃ / _ [+str +dist]
|
||||
|
||||
rule nas-cont1 [-cons] => [+nas] / _ [[N]][+cons +cont]
|
||||
rule nas-cont2 [[N]] => * / [+nas -cons] _ [+cons +cont]
|
||||
rule nas-cont3 [[N]] => * / [+syll +cons] _ [+cons +cont]
|
||||
rule nas-vowel-spread [-cons] => [+nas] / _ [+nas -cons]
|
||||
|
||||
rule nas-glide-fix
|
||||
[+syll -cons][-cons -syll +nas] => [+nas][-nas]
|
||||
|
||||
rule iv-voiced [+vc -cont] => [+cont] / [-cons] _ [-cons]
|
||||
|
||||
rule x-before-sr x => h / r̩ _
|
||||
rule x-after-sr x => h / _ r̩
|
||||
rule x-before-i x => ç / _ i
|
||||
|
||||
rule double-r ɾɾ => ʐʐ
|
||||
rule final-r ɾ => ɾ̥ / _ $
|
||||
|
||||
rule double-l ll => ɫɫ
|
||||
rule postv-l l => lʲ / _ [+cons] // _ l
|
||||
rule tl l => ɬ / t _
|
||||
rule final-l l => ɬʲ / _ $
|
||||
rule lθ lθ => ɬʲɬʲ
|
||||
rule l-back l => ɫ / _ [+bk]
|
||||
|
||||
rule back-a [[A]] => [-fr +bk] / [+bk] _
|
||||
rule lower-hi1 [[V] +hi] => [-hi +str] / [+bk] _ // [+lat] _
|
||||
rule lower-hi2 [-hi -lo *long] => [-str] // _ [-cons]
|
||||
rule ji [[V] +fr +hi] => [-hi +str] / j _
|
||||
rule ju [[V] +bk +hi] => [-bk +fr] / j _
|
||||
rule pst-u [[V] +bk +hi] => [-bk +fr] / [[PST]] _
|
||||
rule wu [[V] +bk +hi] => [-hi +str] / w _
|
||||
rule alv-i [[V] +fr +hi] => [-str] / [[ALV]] _
|
||||
rule syll-l l̩ => ɫ̩
|
||||
rule syll-n-v n̩ => ŋ̩ / _ [+bk +cons]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#################
|
||||
# SOUND CHANGES #
|
||||
#################
|
||||
|
||||
rule init-j-nasal j => ɲ / $ _
|
||||
rule iv-j-fort j => ʒ / [[V]] _ [[V]]
|
||||
|
||||
rule au-mono [[A] *stress] => ɔː / _ w
|
||||
rule au-mono2 w => * / [(ɔː)] _
|
||||
rule ai-mono-f [[A] *stress] => æː / _ j
|
||||
rule ai-mono-f2 j => * / [(æː)] _
|
||||
rule uə-mono [[V] *stress +bk] => ɤː / _ ə̯
|
||||
rule uə-mono2 ə̯ => * / [(ɤː)] _
|
||||
rule iə-mono [[V] *stress +fr *ro] => ɨː / _ ə̯
|
||||
rule iə-mono2 ə̯ => * / [(ɨː)] _
|
||||
rule ye-mono [[V] *stress +fr +ro] => øː / _ ə̯
|
||||
rule yə-mono2 ə̯ => * / [(øː)] _
|
||||
|
||||
rule hiatus-merge1 [+long] => [*long] / _ [[V]]
|
||||
rule hiatus-merge2 [+long] => [*long] / [[V]] _
|
||||
rule hiatus-merge3 [[V]] => [-syll] / [[V]] _
|
||||
rule one-glide [-cons -syll] => * / _ [-cons -syll]
|
||||
rule ns-a-frontness [-cons -syll +lo] => [$fr $bk] / [-cons $fr $bk] _
|
||||
|
||||
rule eow-nasal1 [[V]] => [+nas] / _ [+nas *syll] $
|
||||
rule eow-nasal2 [+nas *syll] => * / [[V] +nas] _ $
|
||||
|
||||
syllable
|
||||
onset [-syll]
|
||||
onset [*syll]
|
||||
nucleus [+syll]
|
||||
coda [-syll]
|
||||
coda ([-syll])[*syll]
|
||||
|
||||
rule poststress-vowel1 [[V] *long] => * / [+stress] [*syll] _ [] // _ [<coda>]
|
||||
rule poststress-vowel2 [[V] *long] => * / [+stress] [-syll] _ [] // _ [<coda>]
|
||||
rule unstressed-short [[V] *stress] => [*long] // _ $
|
||||
|
||||
rule eow-u [[V] +ro -fr] => u / _ $
|
||||
rule eow-schwa1 [[V] *long *nas -hi] => ə / _ $
|
||||
|
||||
rule no-v-wj [-cons -syll] => * / [+cons] _ [+cons]
|
||||
|
||||
rule init-glide-cons [-cons -syll] => * / $ _ [+cons]
|
||||
rule syll-glide [+cons +syll *stress] => [*syll] / _ [-cons -syll]
|
||||
rule l-light ɫ => l / _ j
|
||||
rule l-pal l => ʎ / _ j
|
||||
rule l-pal2 j => * / ʎ _
|
||||
|
||||
rule syll-r-v1 * => ɑ / _ [(r̩)]
|
||||
rule syll-r-v2 [+syll] => [+stress] / _ [(r) +stress]
|
||||
rule syll-r-v3 [(r̩)] => ɾ
|
||||
|
||||
rule syll-n-v1 n̩ˈ => ɛ̃ˈ
|
||||
rule syll-n-v2 * => j / ɛ̃ˈ _
|
||||
rule syll-n-v3 n̩ => ɛ̃
|
||||
|
||||
rule syll-m-v1 m̩ˈ => ɔ̃ˈ
|
||||
rule syll-m-v2 * => w / ɔ̃ˈ _
|
||||
rule syll-m-v3 m̩ => ɔ̃
|
||||
|
||||
rule syll-l-v1 ɫ̩ˈ => uˈ
|
||||
rule syll-l-v2 ɫ̩ => u
|
||||
|
||||
syllable
|
||||
onset [-syll]
|
||||
onset [*syll]
|
||||
nucleus [+syll]
|
||||
coda [-syll]
|
||||
coda ([-syll])(ɾ)[*syll]
|
||||
|
||||
rule nonrhotic [(ɾ) <coda>] => ə̯
|
||||
rule a-r a => ɑ / _ ə̯
|
||||
|
||||
rule voice-l [(ɬ)] => l
|
||||
rule coda-l [+lat <coda>] => ɫ
|
||||
|
||||
rule debuc-fric-coda
|
||||
[+cont -vc <coda> $Place $Manner] => χ // _ [$Place $Manner]
|
||||
rule debuc-fric-coda2
|
||||
χ => ç / [+fr +syll] _
|
||||
|
||||
rule ts-pal1 t => tʃ / _ s
|
||||
rule ts-pal2 s => * / tʃ _
|
||||
rule ts-pal3 ɪ => i / [[PST]] _
|
||||
|
||||
rule nasal-a ã => ɑ̃
|
||||
rule nasal-y [+fr +hi +ro +nas +syll] => ø̃
|
||||
rule nasal-i [+fr +hi *ro +nas +syll] => ẽ
|
||||
rule nasal-u [+bk +hi +nas +syll] => õ
|
||||
|
||||
rule ps p => w / [-cons] _ s
|
||||
rule ww w => * / _ w
|
||||
rule ks k => j / [-cons] _ s
|
||||
rule jj j => * / _ j
|
||||
|
||||
rule iv-pls-v [-cont -vc] => [+vc] / [-cons] _ [-cons]
|
||||
rule iv-s-v s => z / [-cons] _ [-cons]
|
||||
rule iv-š-v ʃ => ʒ / [-cons] _ [-cons]
|
||||
rule iv-gem-s
|
||||
[-son $Place $Manner] => * / [-cons] _ [$Place $Manner] [-cons]
|
||||
rule iv-gem-s2 t => * / _ tʃ
|
||||
|
||||
rule final-i-pst [+hi +fr *ro] => * / [[PST]] _ $
|
||||
|
||||
rule ð-ɣ ð => ɣ / [-cons] _ [-cons]
|
||||
rule ð-ː ð => [$Place $Manner $vc] / [+cons $vc $Place $Manner] _
|
||||
rule ɣ-w wɣ => ɣw
|
||||
rule ɣ-j ɣ => * / j _
|
||||
|
||||
rule t-pls t => θ / _ [-cont] // _ t
|
||||
|
||||
rule ə̯-unstressed ə̯ => * / [*stress] _ // _ $
|
||||
|
||||
rule a-unstressed [+lo *stress] => ə // _ [-cons <coda>]
|
||||
|
||||
rule ɣ-ʁ ɣ => ʁ
|
||||
rule χɾ χ => ʃ / _ ɾ
|
||||
|
||||
###########
|
||||
# CLEANUP #
|
||||
###########
|
||||
|
||||
rule cleanup-syll [+cons -syll] => [*syll]
|
||||
121
laantas-old/script.md
Normal file
121
laantas-old/script.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Writing System
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
<style>
|
||||
object.script { vertical-align: middle; }
|
||||
</style>
|
||||
|
||||
Lántas is natively written with an [abugida], meaning that consonants are full letters, while vowels (including syllabic consonants) are written as modifiers to the previous consonant.
|
||||
|
||||
[abugida]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida
|
||||
|
||||
As an example of how it looks, here is the first sentence of [The North Wind and the Sun][nwas]:
|
||||
|
||||
[nwas]: examples.html#the-north-wind-and-the-sun
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=northwind2.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Independent vowels
|
||||
|
||||
These are used when a word begins with a vowel (or syllabic consonant).
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=ivowels.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Vowel diacritics
|
||||
|
||||
These are attached to a consonant symbol to indicate the following vowel.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=dvowels.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Base consonants
|
||||
|
||||
These letters are the base shapes for single consonants. The glyphs below do not actually mean anything (except the one for «j»); the final stem is given a descender for an #/a/, and an underline indicates no vowel. (See [above](#vowel-diacritics).)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=consonants.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
Consonant clusters are written with a ligature called a _conjunct_ derived from the two base letters.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Conjunct consonants
|
||||
|
||||
While many conjuncts are not exactly the two consonants mashed together, the form is usually predictable.
|
||||
|
||||
## Conjuncts with «t»
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-t.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Conjuncts with «ð»
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-th.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Conjuncts with «s»/«š»
|
||||
|
||||
The conjuncts starting with «š», other than «šp», are the same as with «s» except with the overline added. (In «šš» the overlines merge, as shown below.)
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-s.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Conjuncts with «l»
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-l.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Conjuncts with «m»
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-m.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Conjuncts with «n»
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-n.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Conjuncts with «r»
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-r.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
## Others
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object class=script data=conjuncts-o.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Punctuation
|
||||
|
||||
The end of phrase <object class=script data=eop.svg></object> and end of sentence <object class=script data=eos.svg></object> marks, transcribed as commas and full stops/question marks/exclamation marks[^fs], have the same amount space either side of them, more for the latter. When they are on a line break, they stay with the previous word, like in the example at the top of this page (and like in most scripts).
|
||||
|
||||
[^fs]: Even though there's no distinction in the native script, questions look weird in the transcription with no "?" after them.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Numbers
|
||||
|
||||
Numbers are written in base 10 using modified letters. Numbers in running text are surrounded by double vertical bars, and digits are grouped into fours.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
<object data=numbers.svg></object>
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
BIN
laantas-old/script.png
Normal file
BIN
laantas-old/script.png
Normal file
Binary file not shown.
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 2.9 KiB |
12
laantas-old/syntax.md
Normal file
12
laantas-old/syntax.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Syntax
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO__
|
||||
|
||||
- word order head-final
|
||||
- polite address avoids 2nd person pronouns/verb suffixes
|
||||
- ‘the more X, the more Y’: lusari X-CMP vb, musari Y-CMP [vb] NB no accent
|
||||
- place-manner-time by default
|
||||
233
laantas-old/verbs.md
Normal file
233
laantas-old/verbs.md
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
|
|||
---
|
||||
title: Lántas—Verbs
|
||||
backname: Lántas
|
||||
backlink: ../laantas
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO: intro__
|
||||
|
||||
The infinitive is unmarked (but always ends in a vowel), and is the citation form for verbs as well as being used in several constructions.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Tense
|
||||
|
||||
There is a distinction between two different past tenses, _recent_ and _distant_ past. The recent past is most commonly used, while the distant past is used to denote an action happening further in the past than to another action already expressed using the recent.
|
||||
|
||||
Stories are narrated in the present tense.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
-------------------- --------
|
||||
Distant past (DPST) «--sai»
|
||||
Recent past (RPST) «--si»
|
||||
Present (PRS) «--»
|
||||
Future (FUT) «--má»
|
||||
-------------------- --------
|
||||
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasim kalńḿt jaðí.
|
||||
þasi-m kalń-ḿ-t jaðí
|
||||
dog-DEF cat-DEF-GEN love;PRS
|
||||
The dog loves the cat.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasim kalńḿt jaðísi.
|
||||
þasim kalńḿt jaðí-si
|
||||
the:dog the:cat love-RPST
|
||||
The dog loved the cat.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasim kalńḿt jaðísai.
|
||||
þasim kalńḿt jaðí-sai
|
||||
the:dog the:cat love-DPST
|
||||
The dog had loved the cat (until …).
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasim kalńḿt jaðímá.
|
||||
þasim kalńḿt jaðí-má
|
||||
the:dog the:cat love-FUT
|
||||
The dog will love the cat.
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Person
|
||||
|
||||
These suffixes are used instead of pronouns, but not used with nouns, in the subject and object positions. The subject suffix comes before the object. For the plural, the vowel is lengthened and an «--š» is added (e.g. «na» → «náš»).
|
||||
|
||||
Just like with the [pronouns](#pronouns), the first person plurals «--náš» and «--dúš» can only be used with an inclusive meaning. The exclusive sense is expressed by using conjunctions of pronouns instead of suffixes.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
1st person 2nd person 3rd person
|
||||
-------------- ------------ ------------ -----------
|
||||
Subject (SBJ) «--na» «--ha» «--fa»
|
||||
Object (OBJ) «--du» «--gu» «--bu»
|
||||
-------------- ------------ ------------ -----------
|
||||
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Bairunagu.
|
||||
bairu-na-gu
|
||||
see-1SG;SBJ-2SG;OBJ
|
||||
I see you.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasim bairunáš.
|
||||
þasi-m bairu-náš
|
||||
dog-DEF see-1PL;SBJ
|
||||
We see the dog.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasim bairudúš.
|
||||
þasi-m bairu-dúš
|
||||
dog-DEF see-1PL;OBJ
|
||||
The dog sees us.
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Voice
|
||||
|
||||
There is a four way voice distinction. The voice markers are placed between the tense and person markers.
|
||||
|
||||
- The _active_ voice is the default form of the verb and does not modify the roles of the arguments.
|
||||
- The _passive_ voice promotes the direct object of the verb to subject position, leaving the former subject role unspecified. There is no way to specify the agent (i.e., no equivalent to _by_); to merely emphasise the object but keep the subject specified, the object can be moved to the beginning of the clause.
|
||||
- The _reflexive_ voice indicates that the subject(s) act on themselves.
|
||||
- The _reciprocal_ voice indicates that the subjects act on each other.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure>
|
||||
----------------- ----------
|
||||
Active (ACT) «--»
|
||||
Passive (PSV) «--lú»
|
||||
Reflexive (RFL) «--sidu»
|
||||
Reciprocal (RCP) «--lði»
|
||||
----------------- ----------
|
||||
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasimat tassána.
|
||||
þasimat tassá-na
|
||||
the:dog wash-1SG
|
||||
I wash the dog.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Þasim tassálú.
|
||||
þasim tassá-lú
|
||||
the:dog wash-PSV
|
||||
The dog is washed.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Tassásiduna.
|
||||
tassá-sidu-na
|
||||
wash-RFL-1SG
|
||||
I wash myself.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Tassálðináš.
|
||||
tassá-lði-náš
|
||||
wash-RCP-1PL
|
||||
We wash each other.
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Negative
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO__
|
||||
|
||||
«--tul»
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Nominal forms
|
||||
|
||||
A verb stem can also be used as a noun: for example, «šikkú» both means 'to go' and 'an act of going'. The definite plural is also used to mean the act in a general sense. The definite form is also used for the verb of content clauses, for example indirect quotations.
|
||||
|
||||
Auxiliary verbs such as modals use this construction as well.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
hipsamł
|
||||
hipsa-m-ł
|
||||
solve_problem-DEF-PL
|
||||
logic (the general act of problem solving)
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Fíra fuham suasifa.
|
||||
fíra fuha-m sua-si-fa
|
||||
air blow-DEF say-RPST-3SG
|
||||
He said it was windy.
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Šikkúnamat ušminatul.
|
||||
šikkú-na-m-at ušmi-na-tul
|
||||
go-1SG-DEF-GEN want-1SG-NEG
|
||||
I don't want to go.
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Modifier forms
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO__ used to form relative clauses, come before noun & other modifiers
|
||||
|
||||
- «--ja»: other
|
||||
- «núm bairuja þasim»: the dog the man sees
|
||||
- «núm bairusija þasim»: the dog the man saw
|
||||
|
||||
- nominalised with extra «-ð» at the end
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Pro-verbs
|
||||
|
||||
Pro-verbs are placeholders standing in for verb phrases; they are the verb equivalent of pronouns.
|
||||
|
||||
The word for 'to do this' is «mai». It bears an obvious resemblance to the [pronoun] «mua». There are also the rarer «lai» and «þai», only used when contrasting between two options.
|
||||
|
||||
- «Naranášḿ iš lut saunusam gibanášḿ fulla. _Laim iš þaim_ ušmiha?»
|
||||
We can walk or take the bus. _Which_ do you want to do?
|
||||
- «_Þaim_ ušmina.»
|
||||
I want to do _that_ (i.e., take the bus).
|
||||
|
||||
There is also a negative pro-verb «tulla», 'to not do this/that'.
|
||||
|
||||
[pronoun]: pronouns.html
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# Polar questions
|
||||
|
||||
__TODO__
|
||||
|
||||
Polar (yes/no) questions add a «--ǧi» clitic on the word or phrase being questioned. The word being questioned receives the primary stress. If there is no particular focus for the question, it is attached to the final word of the sentence.
|
||||
|
||||
<figure class=glosses>
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Inlantimsasǧi šikkúmáha?
|
||||
Inlanti-m-sa-s-ǧi šikkú-má-ha
|
||||
England-DEF-AD-LAT-QU go-FUT-2SG
|
||||
Are you going to England (vs going somewhere else)?
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Surǧi Inlantimsas šikkúmá?
|
||||
sur-ǧi Inlantimsas šikkúmá
|
||||
2SG-QU to:England will:go
|
||||
Is it you (vs someone else) who is going to England?
|
||||
```
|
||||
```gloss
|
||||
Inlantimsas šikkúmáhaǧi?
|
||||
Inlantimsas šikkúmáha-ǧi
|
||||
to:England you:will:go-QU
|
||||
Are you going to England (vs coming from it)?
|
||||
```
|
||||
</figure>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To answer a yes/no question, the verbs «mai» or «tulla», respectively, are conjugated for person (but not tense, etc). Their literal meaning are as pro-verbs, 'to (not) do this'.
|
||||
|
||||
- «Inlantimsasǧi šikkúmáha?---Maina/Tullana.»
|
||||
Are you going to England?---Yes, I am/No, I'm not.
|
||||
47
laantas-old/vowel-allophones-diph.svg
Normal file
47
laantas-old/vowel-allophones-diph.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="210" height="160" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1">
|
||||
<defs>
|
||||
<marker id="arrowhead"
|
||||
markerWidth="10" markerHeight="12"
|
||||
orient="auto" refX="11" refY="5"
|
||||
viewBox="0 0 12 10">
|
||||
<polygon points="0 0 12 5 0 10" fill="black" />
|
||||
</marker>
|
||||
<marker id="circle"
|
||||
markerWidth="6" markerHeight="6"
|
||||
orient="auto" refX="3" refY="3"
|
||||
viewBox="0 0 6 6">
|
||||
<circle cx="3" cy="3" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
</marker>
|
||||
</defs>
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,5)">
|
||||
<!-- help lines -->
|
||||
<g stroke="#999">
|
||||
<line x1="50" y1="75" x2="200" y2="75" />
|
||||
<line x1="100" y1="0" x2="150" y2="150" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- outer trapezoid -->
|
||||
<polygon points="0 0 200 0 200 150 100 150"
|
||||
fill="transparent" stroke="black" />
|
||||
|
||||
<line x1="55" y1="55" x2="115" y2="70"
|
||||
stroke="black"
|
||||
marker-start="url(#circle)"
|
||||
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
||||
<text x="80" y="50" class="ipa">eə</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<line x1="190" y1="105" x2="130" y2="70"
|
||||
stroke="black"
|
||||
marker-start="url(#circle)"
|
||||
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
||||
<text x="175" y="83" class="ipa">ɔə</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<line x1="175" y1="120" x2="90" y2="80"
|
||||
stroke="black"
|
||||
marker-start="url(#circle)"
|
||||
marker-end="url(#arrowhead)" />
|
||||
<text x="120" y="105" class="ipa">ɑe</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1.5 KiB |
33
laantas-old/vowel-allophones1.svg
Normal file
33
laantas-old/vowel-allophones1.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="210" height="160" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,5)">
|
||||
<!-- help lines -->
|
||||
<g stroke="#999">
|
||||
<line x1="50" y1="75" x2="200" y2="75" />
|
||||
<line x1="100" y1="0" x2="150" y2="150" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- outer trapezoid -->
|
||||
<polygon points="0 0 200 0 200 150 100 150"
|
||||
fill="transparent" stroke="black" />
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="55" cy="65" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="65" y="65" class="ipa">e</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="50" cy="40" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="63" y="40" class="ipa">eː</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="160" cy="55" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="170" y="57" class="ipa">o</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="160" cy="40" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="173" y="38" class="ipa">oː</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="185" cy="135" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="172" y="135" class="ipa">ɑː</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="175" cy="115" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="185" y="115" class="ipa">ɑ</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 1.1 KiB |
27
laantas-old/vowel-allophones2.svg
Normal file
27
laantas-old/vowel-allophones2.svg
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="/stylesheets/lang-svg.css"?>
|
||||
<svg width="210" height="160" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1">
|
||||
<g transform="translate(5,5)">
|
||||
<!-- help lines -->
|
||||
<g stroke="#999">
|
||||
<line x1="50" y1="75" x2="200" y2="75" />
|
||||
<line x1="100" y1="0" x2="150" y2="150" />
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- outer trapezoid -->
|
||||
<polygon points="0 0 200 0 200 150 100 150"
|
||||
fill="transparent" stroke="black" />
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="75" cy="95" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="85" y="95" class="ipa">ɛ</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="160" cy="80" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="170" y="83" class="ipa">ɔ</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="65" cy="30" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="55" y="30" class="ipa">y</text>
|
||||
|
||||
<circle cx="90" cy="25" r="3" fill="black" />
|
||||
<text x="104" y="23" class="ipa">ʉː</text>
|
||||
</g>
|
||||
</svg>
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 940 B |
265
laantas-old/words.lst
Normal file
265
laantas-old/words.lst
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
|
|||
Atlantim
|
||||
Włjáhámam
|
||||
abjas
|
||||
abuda
|
||||
ai
|
||||
amar
|
||||
asum
|
||||
asura
|
||||
asurai
|
||||
atkir
|
||||
ausu
|
||||
aða
|
||||
ba
|
||||
bahú
|
||||
bairu
|
||||
bais
|
||||
bassa
|
||||
baudan
|
||||
bauðu
|
||||
bisi
|
||||
bulla
|
||||
bušŕ
|
||||
bušŕhárual
|
||||
bássa
|
||||
dagu
|
||||
daičči
|
||||
dalu
|
||||
dansu
|
||||
dawa
|
||||
dawajua
|
||||
dawin
|
||||
daš
|
||||
dufna
|
||||
dus
|
||||
fadau
|
||||
fasil
|
||||
fuha
|
||||
fullu
|
||||
fí
|
||||
fíra
|
||||
fńt
|
||||
fńtjat
|
||||
fńtraban
|
||||
fḿka
|
||||
gaisi
|
||||
gappa
|
||||
gari
|
||||
gašna
|
||||
giba
|
||||
gifu
|
||||
gimi
|
||||
gimimgi
|
||||
gimimli
|
||||
gimimðu
|
||||
gram
|
||||
gulmi
|
||||
guruba
|
||||
guwan
|
||||
guwin
|
||||
gḿba
|
||||
haidai
|
||||
haidaitŕ
|
||||
hakka
|
||||
hatas
|
||||
hipsa
|
||||
háma
|
||||
hárual
|
||||
ibja
|
||||
iksa
|
||||
inlandi
|
||||
ippau
|
||||
irhi
|
||||
iš
|
||||
išŕ
|
||||
iššas
|
||||
jat
|
||||
jaðí
|
||||
jašai
|
||||
jua
|
||||
juš
|
||||
já
|
||||
júli
|
||||
kahmil
|
||||
kai
|
||||
kaisi
|
||||
kaistaksa
|
||||
kaldaksa
|
||||
kalli
|
||||
kalsu
|
||||
kalń
|
||||
kassa
|
||||
kauba
|
||||
kautu
|
||||
ki
|
||||
kihnu
|
||||
kilu
|
||||
kiši
|
||||
kuafú
|
||||
kuafúsas
|
||||
kubu
|
||||
kudas
|
||||
kufnu
|
||||
kukki
|
||||
ká
|
||||
kášń
|
||||
kí
|
||||
kútsi
|
||||
kḿpsi
|
||||
lahmis
|
||||
laimi
|
||||
laksir
|
||||
laksŕ
|
||||
lau
|
||||
libidaksa
|
||||
libina
|
||||
lippu
|
||||
lippupanísa
|
||||
lira
|
||||
lis
|
||||
lisma
|
||||
litra
|
||||
ličča
|
||||
lua
|
||||
lun
|
||||
lá
|
||||
lántas
|
||||
líbis
|
||||
línai
|
||||
magń
|
||||
manifnu
|
||||
mapa
|
||||
mapsu
|
||||
matham
|
||||
mašku
|
||||
maškutraban
|
||||
miašša
|
||||
miga
|
||||
mikru
|
||||
milli
|
||||
milnu
|
||||
minu
|
||||
mitra
|
||||
mua
|
||||
mulin
|
||||
mílla
|
||||
nai
|
||||
naigimi
|
||||
naipa
|
||||
nakasnai
|
||||
nakku
|
||||
nala
|
||||
nalapa
|
||||
namaksu
|
||||
nara
|
||||
nassú
|
||||
nattu
|
||||
niasga
|
||||
niba
|
||||
nibaran
|
||||
nifma
|
||||
nifmahárual
|
||||
nis
|
||||
nuabia
|
||||
nú
|
||||
pa
|
||||
panísa
|
||||
panísalippu
|
||||
parai
|
||||
pas
|
||||
pastaksa
|
||||
pašu
|
||||
raban
|
||||
ran
|
||||
rusmá
|
||||
rú
|
||||
rúl
|
||||
sabu
|
||||
sairia
|
||||
samń
|
||||
santi
|
||||
santu
|
||||
saunu
|
||||
sawai
|
||||
sida
|
||||
sira
|
||||
siraikášń
|
||||
sua
|
||||
sual
|
||||
suapa
|
||||
sufa
|
||||
sumu
|
||||
sur
|
||||
sural
|
||||
sá
|
||||
słka
|
||||
tahnai
|
||||
takkaisi
|
||||
takkalli
|
||||
taksa
|
||||
taksahárual
|
||||
taksalibina
|
||||
taksandá
|
||||
taksasḿ
|
||||
taksístu
|
||||
tamnis
|
||||
tappas
|
||||
tassá
|
||||
taččutta
|
||||
tiallántas
|
||||
til
|
||||
tippi
|
||||
tippilun
|
||||
tiwa
|
||||
tuka
|
||||
tutim
|
||||
tušura
|
||||
tušurajað
|
||||
tílju
|
||||
tíru
|
||||
túsal
|
||||
tŕ
|
||||
ufan
|
||||
uhnat
|
||||
učča
|
||||
ušmi
|
||||
waibi
|
||||
waračča
|
||||
wassuna
|
||||
waugar
|
||||
wá
|
||||
włjá
|
||||
ákkí
|
||||
ístaksa
|
||||
ístu
|
||||
ðiš
|
||||
þalussu
|
||||
þasi
|
||||
þua
|
||||
þuna
|
||||
þł
|
||||
časmá
|
||||
čauba
|
||||
čá
|
||||
čámus
|
||||
ńdá
|
||||
ńgua
|
||||
ńtaksa
|
||||
ŕ
|
||||
ŕminu
|
||||
šakka
|
||||
šaksḿ
|
||||
šastaksa
|
||||
šasḿ
|
||||
ši
|
||||
šikkú
|
||||
šun
|
||||
šúsł
|
||||
ǧasku
|
||||
ǧima
|
||||
ǧimadalu
|
||||
ǧisa
|
||||
ǧunai
|
||||
ǧutta
|
||||
ǧuttaksa
|
||||
ǧáhnu
|
||||
1943
laantas-old/words.yaml
Normal file
1943
laantas-old/words.yaml
Normal file
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load diff
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Reference in a new issue