85 lines
3.4 KiB
Markdown
85 lines
3.4 KiB
Markdown
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---
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title: Lántas pronouns, demonstratives, etc
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backname: Lántas
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backlink: .
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...
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Pronouns are inflected for the same cases as other nouns, though their forms
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are somewhat irregular.
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# Personal pronouns
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The first person plural `{til}` is only used inclusively of the listener. For an
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exclusive meaning, a form like `{rukas ká}` ('they and I') is used.
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The `!LOC!` column is the word stems which the [locational
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cases](#locational_cases) are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.
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:::figure
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`!1SG!` `!1PL!` `!2SG!` `!2PL!` `!3SG!` `!3PL!`
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-------- ----------- ------------ ----------- ------------ ----------- ------------
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`!NOM!` `{ká}` `{til}` `{sur}` `{sual}` `{rú}` `{rúl}`
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`!GEN!` `{kat}` `{tial}` `{sut}` `{suatł}` `{rut}` `{rutł}`
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`!COM!` `{kakas}` `{tiksł}` `{sukas}` `{suksł}` `{rukas}` `{ruksł}`
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`!CAR!` `{kassa}` `{tissal}` `{sussa}` `{sussal}` `{russa}` `{russal}`
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`!INS!` `{kala}` `{tilla}` `{sulla}` `{sualla}` `{rulla}` `{rualla}`
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`!ESS!` `{kagu}` `{tigul}` `{sugu}` `{sugul}` `{rugu}` `{rugul}`
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`!TRA!` `{kasti}` `{tistil}` `{susti}` `{sustul}` `{rusti}` `{rustil}`
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`!EXE!` `{kaču}` `{tičul}` `{sučču}` `{suččul}` `{ruču}` `{ručul}`
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`!LOC!` `{ka–}` `{ti–l}` `{su–}` `{sua–l}` `{ru–}` `{rua–l}`
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:::
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# Demonstratives
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There is a three way distance distinction for demonstratives: a new referent near the speaker/listener, a new referent distant from both, and old information. These will be glossed as 'this', 'yon', and 'that', respectively.
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The near demonstrative is `{lua}`, whose declension is given below. For distant referents it is `{þua}` and for old information `{mua}`; they decline in the same way as `{lua}`.
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The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the genitive: compare `{muð kalńł}` 'those cats' and `{mut kalńł}` 'that person's cats'. It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.
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:::figure
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`!SG!` `!PL!`
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-------- ----------- -------------
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`!NOM!` `{lua}` `{lul}`
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`!GEN!` `{lut}` `{lutł}`
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`!COM!` `{lukas}` `{luksł}`
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`!CAR!` `{lussa}` `{lussal}`
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`!INS!` `{lulla}` `{lullal}`
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`!ESS!` `{lugu}` `{lugul}`
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`!TRA!` `{lusti}` `{lustil}`
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`!EXE!` `{luču}` `{lučul}`
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`!LOC!` `{lu–}` `{lu–l}`
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`!ADJ!` `{luð}` `{luð}`
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:::
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# Indefinites
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The words 'someone', 'something', 'anyone', 'anything' are served by (a stressed form of) the numeral `{nai}` 'one'. 'Everyone' or 'everything' is `{nakasnai}`, and inflects the same way as `{nai}` itself. The words `{nala}` and `{nakasnala}` mean 'any' and 'every', respectively.
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# Interrogatives
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Interrogatives (question words) are formed with the enclitic `{-pa}`, attached to any noun phrase. As well as `{naipa}` 'what?, who?', it can be added to any other word to mean 'which?'.
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:::glosses
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- Naipa musat ai?
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- Nai=pa mu-sa-t ai
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- one=what that-AD-ESS be
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- Who's there?
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---
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- Hámamlinaspa sidasiha?
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- háma-m-li-nas=pa sida-si-ha
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- country-DEF-IN-ABL=what come-RPST-2SG
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- Which country do you come from?
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:::
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Being a clitic, `{-pa}` is added to the end of the noun, after all other (non-clitic) endings such as case inflections, as shown in the above examples.
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