lang/laantas-old/pronouns.md

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2021-06-05 02:48:54 -04:00
---
title: Lántas—Pronouns & demonstratives
backname: Lántas
backlink: ../laantas
...
Pronouns are inflected for the same cases as other nouns, though their forms are somewhat irregular.
# Personal pronouns
The first person plural «til» is only used inclusively of the listener. For an exclusive meaning, one must say «rukas ká» ('they and I') or similar. (The name «tiallántas» is fossilised, however, and does not change to «rukaskatlántas» when talking to a non-speaker.)
The LOC column is the word stems which the [locational cases](#locational_cases) are attached to. Their suffixes are regular.
<figure>
| | 1SG | 1PL | 2SG | 2PL | 3SG | 3PL |
|----:|---------|----------|---------|----------|---------|----------|
| NOM | «ká» | «til» | «sur» | «sual» | «rú» | «rúl» |
| GEN | «kat» | «tial» | «sut» | «suatł» | «rut» | «rutł» |
| COM | «kakas» | «tiksł» | «sukas» | «suksł» | «rukas» | «ruksł» |
| CAR | «kassa» | «tissal» | «sussa» | «sussal» | «russa» | «russal» |
| INS | «kala» | «tilla» | «sulla» | «sualla» | «rulla» | «rualla» |
| ESS | «kagu» | «tigul» | «sugu» | «sugul» | «rugu» | «rugul» |
| TRA | «kasti» | «tistil» | «susti» | «sustul» | «rusti» | «rustil» |
| EXE | «kaču» | «tičul» | «sučču» | «suččul» | «ruču» | «ručul» |
| LOC | «ka» | «til» | «su» | «sual» | «ru» | «rual» |
</figure>
# Demonstratives
There is a three way distance distinction for demonstratives: a new referent near the speaker/listener, a new referent distant from both, and old information. These will be glossed as 'this', 'yon', and 'that', respectively.
The near demonstrative is «lua», whose declension is given below. For distant referents it is «þua» and for old information «mua»; they decline in the same way as «lua».
The adjectival (ADJ) forms of these words are used as determiners before other nouns. Note that unlike most nouns, it is distinct from the genitive: compare «muð kalńł» 'those cats' and «mut kalńł» 'that person's cats'. It also lacks stress, unlike the other forms.
<figure>
| | Singular | Plural |
|----:|----------|-----------|
| NOM | «lua» | «lul» |
| GEN | «lut» | «lutł» |
| COM | «lukas» | «luksł» |
| CAR | «lussa» | «lussal» |
| INS | «lulla» | «lulllal» |
| ESS | «lugu» | «lugul» |
| TRA | «lusti» | «lustil» |
| EXE | «luču» | «lučul» |
| LOC | «lu» | «lul» |
| ADJ | «luð» | «luð» |
</figure>
# Indefinites
The words 'someone', 'something', 'anyone', 'anything' are served by (a stressed form of) the numeral «nai» 'one'. 'Everyone' or 'everything' is «nakasnai», and inflects the same way as «nai» itself. The words «nala» and «nakasnala» mean 'any' and 'every', respectively.
# Interrogatives
Interrogatives (question words) are formed with the enclitic «-pa», attached to any noun phrase. As well as «naipa» 'what?, who?', it can be added to any other word to mean 'which?'.
<figure class=glosses>
```gloss
Naipa musat ai?
Nai=pa mu-sa-t ai
one=what that-AD-ESS be
Who's there?
```
```gloss
Hámamlinaspa sidasiha?
háma-m-li-nas=pa sida-si-ha
country-DEF-IN-ABL=what come-RPST-2SG
Which country do you come from?
```
</figure>
Being a clitic, «-pa» is added to the end of the noun, after all other (non-clitic) endings such as case inflections, as shown in the above examples.