ausu: p: ˈaw.su t: n d: - size - quantity - number - ausut: - big, large - cool, great (coll) - important - "ausumat hipsamł": number theory bairu: p: ˈbaj.ɾu t: {v: t} d: - see - read, but without understanding - "Líbitta bairunagu!": Hello! mansi: p: ˈman.si t: {v: t} d: - read - understand e: o: bairusinabu, ŕminu, mansisinabutul t: i (tried to) read it but I didn't understand bauðu: p: ˈbaw.θu t: n d: - west - bauðut: western čá: p: ˈtʃaː t: n d: tea fadau: p: ˈfa.daw t: n d: friend fíra: p: ˈfiːɾa t: n d: - fíra: mood (e.g. of an environment) - fíram: - air - atmosphere - fíramł: sky fḿka: p: ˈfm̩.ka t: n d: - south - fḿkat: southern laksir: p: ˈlak.siɾ t: n d: - north - laksit: northern guwan: p: ˈɡu.wan t: n d: - sun - day ǧáhnu: p: ˈdʒaːx.nu t: n d: - autumn - ǧáhnut: brown, orange ǧima: p: ˈdʒi.ma t: n d: house, home ǧunai: p: ˈdʒu.naj t: n d: - stick - twig - pen - pencil háma: p: ˈxaː.ma t: n d: - land - country jaðí: p: ˈja.θiː t: {v: t} d: love kalń: p: ˈka.ln̩ t: n d: cat kautu: p: ˈkaw.tu t: n d: dragon kudas: p: ˈku.das t: n d: shoe lá: p: ˈlaː t: n d: - do - perform see: fí fí: p: ˈfiː t: n d: - make - create see: lá lántas: p: ˈlaːn.tas t: n d: - mouth - language - Lántas see: tiallántas tiallántas: p: ˈtiəl.laːn.tas t: n d: Lántas see: lántas líbis: - p: ˈliː.bis t: n d: happiness - t: interj d: hi! línai: p: ˈliː.naj t: n d: mouse nú: p: ˈnuː t: n d: person nassú: p: ˈnas.suː t: {v: d} d: give parai: p: ˈpa.ɾaj t: {v: a} d: - write - "lisla parai": - rewrite - 'translate (from: INABL)' ustai: p: ˈus.tai - t: {v: i} d: sing - t: n d: song purai: p: ˈpu.ɾaj t: {v: a} d: draw iksa: p: ˈik.sa t: n d: hand guabu: p: ˈɡua.bu t: n d: [crap, shit] n: vulgar, obviously rusmá: p: ˈɾus.maː t: {v: i} d: sleep raban: p: ˈɾa.ban t: n d: book ran: - p: ˈɾan t: n d: - thing - of them (after quantity; used instead of rúl) - ranł: mood (coll) - ranla: d: of n: an exact countable subquantity e: o: pas ranla rabanḿł t: two of the books - t: {suf: [{v: a}, n]} d: result e: o: nassúran t: gift sida: p: ˈsi.da t: {v: i} d: come n: denotes motion toward listener šikkú: p: ˈʃik.kuː t: {v: i} d: - d: go n: denotes motion distant or away from listener - "laimitta šikkú": d: agree n: "with: GEN" tuka: p: ˈtu.ka t: n d: cold tippi: p: ˈtip.pi t: n d: water tippilun: p: ˈtip.pi.lun t: n d: - river - stream see: - tippi - lun tíru: p: ˈtiː.ɾu t: n d: - past, time before now - tírut: former gulmi: p: ˈɡul.mi t: n d: span of time gimi: p: ˈɡi.mi t: n d: point in time naigimi: p: ˈnai.ɡi.mi t: adv d: sometime gimimli: - p: gi.ˈmim.li t: adv d: then n: at a time clear from context - t: {pp: GEN} d: at the same time as sá: p: ˈsaː t: adv d: now n: usually fronted in sentence gimimðu: p: ɡi.ˈmim.θu t: {pp: GEN} d: before gimimgi: p: ɡi.ˈmim.ɡi t: {pp: GEN} d: after włjá: p: ˈwl̩.jaː t: n d: - east - włját: eastern þasi: p: ˈθa.si t: n d: dog þł: p: ˈθl̩ t: {suf: [n, n]} d: person n: used as suffix to denote professions nara: p: ˈna.ɾa t: {v: i} d: walk waibi: p: ˈwaj.bi t: {v: i} d: play n: ": INS" ai: p: ˈaj t: {v: i} d: be (copula) see: sawai sawai: p: ˈsa.waj t: {v: i} d: exist n: used with locations see: ai dawa: p: ˈda.wa t: n d: - sufficiency - dawala: enough of jua: p: juə t: {suf: [_, _]} d: excessive, very laðas: p: ˈla.θas t: n d: proud laðasjua: t: n d: pretension tŕ: p: tr̩ t: {suf: [{v: t}, n]} d: product of performing an action dawajua: p: ˈda.wa.juə t: n d: - plenty - dawajuala: plenty of haidai: p: ˈxaj.daj t: {v: t} d: - split - divide haidaitŕ: p: ˈxaj.daj.tr̩ t: n d: - division - second (unit of time) kauba: p: ˈkaw.ba t: n d: - group - minute (unit of time) n: "of: GEN" słka: p: ˈsl̩.ka t: n d: - clock - hour (unit of time) kuafú: p: ˈkuə.fuː t: n d: detriment kuafúsas: p: ˈkuə.fuː.sas t: {pp: GEN} d: to spite someone (GEN) see: kuafú ákkí: p: ˈaːk.kiː t: {v: i} d: - cry - scream tassá: p: ˈtas.saː t: {v: t} d: - wash - clean sumu: p: ˈsu.mu t: n d: - quietness - sumut: quiet irhi: p: ˈiɾ.xi t: {v: i} d: - squeak - beep dufna: p: ˈduf.na t: n d: wall júli: p: ˈjuː.li t: {v: t} d: - put (with lative cases) - take (with ablative cases) asum: p: ˈa.sum t: prn d: the others asura: p: ˈa.su.ɾa t: n d: - asurat: other bahú: p: ˈba.xuː t: n d: - strength - bahút: strong samń: p: ˈsa.mn̩ t: n d: - colour - ink gaisi: p: ˈɡaj.si t: n d: white sabu: p: ˈsa.bu t: n d: black lippu: p: ˈlip.pu t: n d: red panísa: p: pa.ˈniː.sa t: n d: blue magń: p: ˈma.ɡn̩ t: n d: yellow šaksḿ: p: ˈʃak.sm̩ t: n d: - ash - šaksḿt: grey jašai: p: ˈja.ʃaj t: n d: - lily (flower) - jašait: pink lippupanísa: p: ˈlip.pu.pa.niː.sa t: n d: violet (bluish purple) see: panísalippu panísalippu: p: pa.ˈniː.sa.lip.pu t: n d: (reddish) purple see: lippupanísa sairia: p: ˈsaj.ɾiə t: n d: - gold (metal) - money - sairiat: golden (material or colour) litra: p: ˈlit.ɾa t: n d: litre mitra: p: ˈmit.ɾa t: n d: metre gram: p: ˈɡɾam t: n d: gram kilu: p: ˈki.lu t: {pre: [n, n]} d: kilo miga: p: ˈmi.ɡa t: {pre: [n, n]} d: mega santi: p: ˈsan.ti t: {pre: [n, n]} d: centi milli: p: ˈmil.li t: {pre: [n, n]} d: milli mikru: p: ˈmik.ɾu t: {pre: [n, n]} d: micro nai: - p: ˈnaj t: num d: - one - nat: first - natta: only - nala: any - t: dem d: - anyone - anything pas: p: ˈpas t: num d: - two - pat: second kalli: p: ˈkal.li t: num d: - three - kallit: third - kallitta: thrice šasḿ: p: ˈʃa.sm̩ t: num d: - four - šasḿt: fourth - šasḿtta: four times # frice? quice? kaisi: p: ˈkaj.si t: num d: - five - kaisit: fifth - kaisitta: five times ǧutta: p: ˈdʒut.ta t: num d: - six - ǧuttat: sixth - ǧuttatta: six times libina: p: ˈli.bi.na t: num d: - seven - libinat: seventh - libinatta: seven times ńdá: p: ˈn̩.daː t: num d: - eight - ńdát: eighth - ńdátta: eight times ístu: p: ˈiːs.tu t: num d: - nine - ístut: ninth - ístutta: nine times taksa: p: ˈtak.sa t: num d: - ten - taksat: tenth - taksatta: ten times tahnai: p: ˈtax.naj t: num d: eleven tappas: p: ˈtap.pas t: num d: twelve takkalli: p: ˈtak.kal.li t: num d: thirteen taksasḿ: p: ˈtak.ʃa.sm̩ t: num d: fourteen takkaisi: p: ˈtak.kaj.si t: num d: fifteen taččutta: p: ˈtat.tʃut.ta t: num d: sixteen taksalibina: p: ˈtak.sa.li.bi.na t: num d: seventeen taksandá: p: ˈtak.san.daː t: num d: eighteen taksístu: p: ˈtak.siːs.tu t: num d: nineteen pastaksa: p: ˈpas.tak.sa t: num d: twenty kaldaksa: p: ˈkal.dak.sa t: num d: thirty šastaksa: p: ˈʃas.tak.sa t: num d: forty kaistaksa: p: ˈkajs.tak.sa t: num d: fifty ǧuttaksa: p: ˈdʒut.tak.sa t: num d: sixty libidaksa: p: li.bi.ˈdak.sa t: num d: seventy ńtaksa: p: n̩.ˈtak.sa t: num d: eighty ístaksa: p: ˈiːs.tak.sa t: num d: ninety bušŕ: p: ˈbu.ʃr̩ t: num d: hundred nifma: p: ˈnif.ma t: num d: thousand (10³) hárual: p: ˈxaː.ɾuəl t: num d: ten thousand (10⁴) taksahárual: p: ˈtak.sa.xaː.ɾuəl t: num d: hundred thousand (10⁵) bušŕhárual: p: bu.ʃr̩.ˈxaː.ɾuəl t: num d: million (10⁶) nifmahárual: p: ˈnif.ma.xaː.ɾuəl t: num d: ten million (10⁷) kḿpsi: p: ˈkm̩p.si t: num d: hundred million (10⁸) kahmil: p: ˈkax.mil t: num d: trillion (10¹²) uhnat: p: ˈux.nat t: num d: ten quadrillion (10¹⁶) n: > becomes 'guhnat' in a compound with a word ending in a vowel (e.g. 'taksaguhnat' for 10¹⁷) daičči: p: ˈdajt.tʃi t: n d: - daiččit: German - Daiččihámam: Germany - daiččilántas: German (language) inlandi: p: ˈin.lan.di t: n d: - inlandit: English - Inlandihámam: England - inlandilántas: English (language) Włjáthámam: p: wl̩.ˈjaːt.xaː.mam t: n d: Austria n: always definite see: - włjá - háma Atlantim: p: ˈat.lan.tim t: n n: always definite d: Atlantic ocean ká: p: ˈkaː t: prn d: I til: p: ˈtil t: prn d: we sur: p: ˈsuɾ t: prn d: you (singular) sual: p: ˈsuəl t: prn d: you (plural) rú: p: ˈɾuː t: prn d: - he - she - it rúl: p: ˈɾuːl t: prn d: they lua: p: ˈluə t: prn d: this n: near speaker þua: p: ˈθuə t: prn d: that n: near listener mua: p: ˈmuə t: prn d: that n: distant mulin: p: ˈmu.lin t: conj d: - so - therefore see: mua nala: p: ˈna.la t: adv d: somehow see: nai pa: p: pa t: {ecl: [n, n]} d: - what? - which? naipa: p: ˈnaj.pa t: prn d: - what? - which? - who? nalapa: p: ˈna.la.pa t: adv d: - how? násna: p: ˈnaːs.na see: nakasnai násná: p: ˈnaːs.naː see: nakasnala rauš: p: ɾauʃ t: n d: - ink spot - spot (on animal coat, etc) - patch (of grass, etc) nakasnai: p: ˈna.kas.naj t: prn d: - everyone - everything - nakasnala: d: [every, all] n: used with plural sufa: p: ˈsu.fa t: {v: t} d: - call out to - call (on phone) - address - choose fuha: - p: ˈfu.xa t: {v: i} d: - blow - whistle - t: n d: - wind - breath bássa: p: ˈbaːs.sa t: n d: - force - bássat: forceful ba: p: ˈba t: {pp: AD ESS} d: - against (opposed to) sua: p: ˈsuə t: [{v: i}, n] d: - speak - say - "ADABL ba sua": argue with - message n: - "reported speech: GEN" - "about: INABL" - "in (language): INS" kukki: p: ˈkuk.ki t: n d: - cloak - coat gašna: p: ˈɡaʃ.na t: n d: - shirt - gašnal: clothes ippau: p: ˈip.pau t: {v: t} d: wear laimi: p: ˈlai.mi t: n d: - identity - laimit: the same (as each other) - "laimitta sua": agree see: abjas abjas: p: ˈab.jas t: n d: - similarity - equality (mathematics) - abjat: - similar to - equal to (mathematics) see: laimi þuna: p: ˈθu.na t: adv d: - exactly - "þuna gimimli": just now daš: p: ˈdaʃ t: conj d: - because - dašpa: why? see: galtúm lisma: - p: ˈlis.ma t: {pp: GEN} d: regardless of - t: conj d: regardless of whether or not miašša: p: ˈmiəʃ.ʃa t: {v: a} d: shout namaksu: p: na.ˈmak.su t: n d: - death - "namaksut lá": die wassuna: p: ˈwas.su.na t: {v: i} d: be afraid n: "of: INS" abuda: p: ˈa.bu.da t: {v: t} d: cause ŕ: p: ˈr̩ t: conj d: and n: "between clauses; nouns use comitative case" minu: p: ˈmi.nu t: adv d: still (even now) ŕminu: p: ˈr̩.mi.nu t: conj d: but iš: p: ˈiʃ t: conj d: exclusive or see: išŕ išŕ: p: ˈi.ʃɹ̩ t: conj d: inclusive or see: [iš, ŕ] kubu: p: ˈku.bu t: n d: - closeness - kubut: close manifnu: p: ma.ˈnif.nu t: n d: - pleasure - manifnut: - pleasant - nice - taðmanifnuču: - disgusting - (stronger than just \'unpleasant\') tað: p: taθ t: {pre: [n, n]} d: 'un-' n: - negates adjectival form - used with EXE kusa: p: ˈku.sa t: n d: - ass (vulgar, obviously) - kusat: disgusting nuabia: p: ˈnuə.biə t: {v: i} d: [reside, live] n: use IN cases for countries, cities, etc. ńgua: p: ˈn̩.ɡuə t: {v: a} d: pull čauba: p: ˈtʃaw.ba t: {v: t} d: - throw - "rút čauba": give up (coll) tílju: - p: ˈtiːl.ju t: n d: light - t: {v: i} d: - glow - shine (of the sun) waračča: p: wa.ˈɾat.tʃa t: {v: t} d: soak n: "in: INS" šun: p: ˈʃun t: n d: - face (body part) - direction - directness - bluntness (in conversation) - šut: - straight - direct - immediate - šutta: - immediately - right away hakka: p: ˈxak.ka t: n d: - roughness - harshness - hakkat: - rough - harsh mapa: p: ˈma.pa t: {v: t} d: need see: bulla bulla: p: ˈbul.la t: {v: aux} d: - must - need to n: clause is subject e: o: Šikkúnam bulla. t: I have to go. iksa: p: ˈik.sa t: {v: aux} n: - imperative auxiliary - only used in second person gari: p: ˈɡa.ɾi t: {v: aux} n: - optative auxiliary - only used in first person plural fullu: p: ˈful.lu t: {v: aux} d: can mapsu: p: ˈmap.su t: {v: aux} d: begin to baudan: p: ˈbaw.dan t: n d: - a huge amount - baudanla: a lot of - baudat: more kifan: p: ˈki.fan t: n d: - a small amount - kifanla: little of - kifat: less čámus: p: ˈtʃaː.mus t: n d: - length - čámut: long laksŕ: p: ˈlak.sr̩ t: n d: fish kí: p: ˈkiː t: n d: bird učča: p: ˈut.tʃa t: n d: tree suapa: p: ˈsuə.pa t: n d: tree n: from Tengan shýp waugar: p: ˈwaw.ɡaɾ t: n d: seed sural: p: ˈsu.ɾal t: n d: - leaf - page - flat sheet guwin: p: ˈɡu.win t: n d: root n: from Tengan kojn šakka: p: ˈʃak.ka t: n d: bark (of tree) n: from Tengan zhak kufnu: p: ˈkuf.nu t: {v: t} d: - eat - swallow nakku: p: ˈnak.ku t: n d: food fńt: p: ˈfn̩t t: n d: word fńtraban: p: ˈfn̩t.ɾa.ban t: n d: dictionary see: - fńt - raban lun: p: ˈlun t: n d: road kai: p: ˈkaj t: n d: - goodness - kait: good wá: p: ˈwaː t: interj d: wow! já: p: ˈjaː t: interj d: hey! ušmi: p: ˈuʃ.mi t: {v: i} d: want n: used with content clause see: šúsł ahna: p: ˈax.na t: {v: aux} d: try šúsł: p: ˈʃu.sl̩ t: {v: t} d: want n: used with object only see: ušmi lis: p: ˈlis t: n d: - newness - lit: new - lisla: again ufan: p: ˈu.fan t: n d: - heat - brightness - ufat: - warm - bright bisi: p: ˈbi.si t: {v: t} d: - raise - bisisidu: - climb - rise (of sun) ličča: p: ˈlit.tʃa t: n d: - multitude - liččala: many dagu: p: ˈda.ɡu t: n d: - occasion - repetition - "n dagut": n-time - "n dagutta": n times aða: p: ˈa.θa t: n d: eye tutim: p: ˈtu.tim t: adv d: often ðiš: p: θiʃ t: {suf: [n, n]} d: (diminutive) e: o: kalń—kalniš t: cat—kitten n: > becomes -iš after another consonant or if a final syllabic can be desyllabified without violating phonotactics ši: p: ˈʃi t: n d: - height - zenith - honour - šisa: high - šisas: upwards ki: p: ˈki t: n d: - lowness - nadir - kisa: low - kisas: downwards niasga: p: ˈniəs.ɡa t: {v: i} d: jump lahmis: p: ˈlax.mis t: n d: table milnu: p: ˈmil.nu t: n d: - diminution - milnut: small santu: p: ˈsan.tu t: {v: i} d: - rain - santutippi: rainwater n: has tippim as subject kassa: p: ˈkas.sa t: {v: i} d: fall tušura: p: ˈtu.ʃu.ɾa t: {v: t} d: twist tušurajað: p: ˈtu.ʃu.ɾa.jaθ t: n d: screw see: tušura tušurat dawin: p: ˌtu.ʃu.ɾat ˈda.win t: n d: screwdriver see: [tušura, tušurajað] dawin: p: ˈda.win t: n d: tool kútsi: p: ˈkuːt.si t: n d: [sound, noise] kášń: p: ˈkaː.ʃn̩ t: n d: lizard sira: p: ˈsi.ɾa t: {v: i} d: [slither, wriggle] siraikášń: p: si.ˈɾaj.ka.ʃn̩ t: n d: snake see: [sira, kášń] hipsa: p: ˈxip.sa t: {v: t} d: - break open - solve (problem, puzzle, etc) - hipsamł: logic bahni: p: ˈbax.ni t: n d: - puzzle - mess jat: p: ˈjat t: n d: [piece, part] fńtjat: p: ˈfn̩t.jat t: n d: [letter, symbol] see: [fńt, jat] bais: p: bajs t: n d: - name - tamnit bais: surname juš: p: ˈjuʃ t: n d: [son, daughter, child, adopted child, ward] n: > Patro/matronymics in names use the suffix -tsuš, from the genitive -t plus juš, followed by dissimilation between the -tj- (pronounced č) and the -š. nattu: p: ˈnat.tu t: n d: [parent, mother, father, adopted parent] tamnis: p: ˈtam.nis t: n d: family gappa: p: ˈɡap.pa t: n d: - apple - pome atkir: p: ˈat.kiɾ t: n d: farm amar: p: ˈa.maɾ t: n d: - loyalty - amat: loyal kihnu: p: ˈkix.nu t: {v: t} d: - shatter - destroy pašu: p: ˈpa.ʃu t: {v: t} d: break matham: p: ˈmat.xam t: n n: always definite d: the world mílla: p: ˈmiːl.la t: {v: a} d: know n: - 'fact: GEN' - 'about: SUP ESS' ibja: p: ˈib.ja t: {v: a} d: [believe, think] n: - 'fact: GEN' - 'a person, etc: SUB ESS' nis: p: ˈnis t: n d: thought mašku: p: ˈmaʃ.ku t: n d: - story - sequence - list maškutraban: p: ˈmaʃ.kut.ɾa.ban t: n d: novel fasil: p: ˈfa.sil t: n d: - completeness - fasit: complete - fasitta: completely guruba: p: ˈɡu.ɾu.ba t: n d: - copy - "guruba fí": t: {v: t} d: copy - "gurubalin júlilú": t: {v: i} d: be a copy kauba: p: ˈkaw.ba t: {v: t} d: steal časmá: p: ˈtʃas.maː t: n d: - intelligence - časmát: intelligent gḿba: p: ˈɡm̩.ba t: {v: i} d: [grow, thrive] iššas: p: ˈiʃ.ʃas t: n d: - care - "iššas nassú": take care of - "GEN iššasku": in the care of lira: p: ˈli.ɾa t: {v: t} d: - press - squeeze - "samńt lira": print - "lirajað": d: - printer - printing press n: in full, samńt lirajað þalussu: p: ˈθa.lus.su t: {v: t} d: kill tiwa: p: ˈti.wa t: n d: [space, room] dansu: p: ˈdan.su t: {v: aux} d: should ǧisa: p: ˈdʒi.sa t: n d: - fire - ǧisalim: on fire lau: p: ˈlaw t: {pp: GEN} d: in order to n: used with a nominalised verb kalsu: p: ˈkal.su - t: {v: t} d: [strike, hit] - t: n d: [beat, drum] asurai: p: ˈa.su.ɾaj t: {v: i} d: change dus: p: ˈdus t: n d: [hair, fur] riši: p: ˈri.ʃi t: n d: - softness - kindness - "rišit": [soft, kind] dalu: p: ˈda.lu t: {suf: [n, n]} d: collection of sth ǧimadalu: p: ˈdʒi.ma.da.lu t: n d: city n: from ǧima + dalu giba: p: ˈɡi.ba t: {v: t} d: ride e: o: saunusa giba t: to ride a vehicle (e.g. a bus) saunu: - p: ˈsau.nu t: n d: - wheel - vehicle - šámsaunu: car - passaunu: bike - t: {v: i} d: turn lut saunu: t: n d: bus n: '"road wheel"' see: [lun, saunu] gifu: p: ˈɡi.fu t: {v: i} d: move niba: - p: ˈni.ba t: n d: spider - t: {v: i} d: spin a web nibaran: p: ˈni.ba.ɾan t: n d: spider web hatas: p: ˈxa.tas t: n d: tail ǧasku: p: ˈdʒas.ku t: n d: crab hatasla ǧasku: t: n d: scorpion bassa: p: ˈbas.sa t: {v: i} d: [push, shove] túsal: p: ˈtuː.sal t: n d: - wisdom - túsat: wise maðka: p: ˈmaθ.ka t: n d: - chain - gurubatł maðka: bandwagon fuba: p: ˈfu.ba t: {v: i} d: - rusas fubasidu: roll oneself up - rusan fubasidu: unroll oneself naiku: p: ˈnai.ku t: {v: t} d: help e: o: lut fífatḿ naikusina t: I helped him make this núkauba: p: ˈnuː.kaw.ba t: n d: community see: [nú, kauba] ǧaksu: p: ˈdʒak.su t: {v: i} d: [live, survive] gusu: p: ˈɡu.su t: n d: bear gipa: p: ˈɡi.pa t: {v: i} d: smell, stink álit: p: ˈaː.lit t: n d: neck jaisi: p: ˈjai.si t: n d: dream n: - taðjaisi: nightmare luwa: p: ˈlu.wa t: n d: truth n: - luwat: 'true' waiša: p: ˈwai.ʃa t: {v: t} d: [combine, mix] fas: p: fas t: n d: [place, location] ǧiššima: p: ˈdʒiʃ.ʃima t: n d: [oven, bakery] see: [ǧisa, ǧima]