lántas grammar tweaks
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2 changed files with 56 additions and 21 deletions
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@ -8,19 +8,24 @@ conlang: lántas
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__TODO: intro__
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The infinitive is unmarked (but always ends in a vowel), and is the citation form for verbs as well as being used in several constructions.
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The infinitive is unmarked, but always ends in a vowel. A borrowing from another
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language adds an `{a}` to the end if necessary. It is the citation form for
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verbs as well as being used in several constructions.^[citation needed]^
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# Tense
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There is a distinction between two different past tenses, _recent_ and _distant_ past. The recent past is most commonly used, while the distant past is used to denote an action happening further in the past than to another action already expressed using the recent.
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There is a distinction between two different past tenses, _recent_ and _distant_
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past. The recent past is most commonly used, while the distant past is used to
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denote an action happening further in the past than to another action already
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expressed using the recent.
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Stories are narrated in the present tense.
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:::figure
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------------------------ ----------
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Distant past `!(DPST)!` `{–sai}`
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Distant past `!(DPST)!` `{–saji}`
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Recent past `!(RPST)!` `{–si}`
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Present `!(PRS)!` `{–}`
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Future `!(FUT)!` `{–má}`
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@ -43,8 +48,8 @@ Stories are narrated in the present tense.
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---
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- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí{sai}.
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- ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí-sai
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- Ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí{saji}.
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- ƶasim kalńḿt jaƶí-saji
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- the:dog the:cat love-DPST
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- The dog had loved the cat (until …).
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@ -101,10 +106,18 @@ is expressed by using conjunctions of pronouns instead of suffixes.
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# Voice
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There is a four way voice distinction. The voice markers are placed between the tense and person markers.
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__TODO replace this, probably__
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- The _active_ voice is the default form of the verb and does not modify the roles of the arguments.
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- The _passive_ voice promotes the direct object of the verb to subject position, leaving the former subject role unspecified. There is no way to specify the agent (i.e., no equivalent to _by_); to merely emphasise the object but keep the subject specified, the object can be moved to the beginning of the clause.
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There is a four way voice distinction. The voice markers are placed between the
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tense and person markers.
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- The _active_ voice is the default form of the verb and does not modify the
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roles of the arguments.
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- The _passive_ voice promotes the direct object of the verb to subject
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position, leaving the former subject role unspecified. There is no way to
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specify the agent (i.e., no equivalent to _by_); to merely emphasise the
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object but keep the subject specified, the object can be moved to the
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beginning of the clause.
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- The _reflexive_ voice indicates that the subject(s) act on themselves.
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- The _reciprocal_ voice indicates that the subjects act on each other.
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@ -163,6 +176,11 @@ a general sense. The definite form is also used for the verb of content
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clauses, for example indirect quotations, and with auxiliary verbs such as
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modals.
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When the final part of the verb is a subject suffix ending in `{–a}`, that `{a}`
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is dropped and the `{–ḿ}` form of the definite is used instead, e.g.
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`{!rusmánḿ}` "that I sleep" rather than `{!rusmánam}`. The definite form of
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`{!ai}` "to be" is `{!am}` rather than `{!aim}`.
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:::glosses
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- hipsa{mł}
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- hipsa-m-ł
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@ -178,8 +196,8 @@ modals.
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---
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- Šikkúna{mat} ušminatul.
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- šikkú-na-m-at ušmi-na-tul
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- Šikkún{ḿt} ušminatul.
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- šikkú-n(a)-ḿ-t ušmi-na-tul
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- go-1SG-DEF-GEN want-1SG-NEG
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- I don't want to go.
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:::
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@ -187,7 +205,9 @@ modals.
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# Modifier forms
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A verb form can be suffixed with `{–ja}` to turn it into a noun modifier. This
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__TODO: maybe replace `{–ja}` with `{–[ka]t}`? (or `{–gu}`???)__
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A verb form can be suffixed with `{!–ja}` to turn it into a noun modifier. This
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is used to make relative clauses.
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:::glosses
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@ -204,7 +224,9 @@ is used to make relative clauses.
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- the lizard that sees the dog
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:::
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A relative clause can be made into a noun phrase of its own with `{–ƶ}`,
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__TODO: probably remove and modify some word instead?__
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A relative clause can be made into a noun phrase of its own with `{!–ƶ}`,
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meaning 'the one who \_\_\_\_'.
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:::glosses
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@ -217,7 +239,8 @@ meaning 'the one who \_\_\_\_'.
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# Pro-verbs
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Pro-verbs are placeholders standing in for verb phrases; they are the verb equivalent of pronouns.
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Pro-verbs are placeholders standing in for verb phrases; they are the verb
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equivalent of pronouns.
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The word for 'to do this' is `{mai}`, related to the [pronoun] `{mua}`. There
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are also `{lai}` and `{ƶai}`, which are used only when contrasting between two
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@ -242,7 +265,7 @@ options.
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- {Ƶaim} ušmina.
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- ƶai-m ušmi-na
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- do_that-DEF want-1SG
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- do_that want-1SG
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- I want to take the bus.
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:::
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@ -251,6 +274,8 @@ There is also a negative pro-verb `{tulla}`, 'to not do this/that'.
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# Polar questions
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__TODO idk__
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Polar (yes/no) questions add a `{–ǧi}` clitic on the word or phrase being
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questioned. The word being questioned receives the primary stress. If there is
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no particular focus for the question, it is attached to the final word of the
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@ -278,15 +303,13 @@ sentence.
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:::
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To answer a yes/no question, the verbs `{mai}` or `{tulla}`, respectively, are
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To answer a yes/no question, the verbs `{!mai}` or `{!tulla}`, respectively, are
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conjugated for person (but not tense, etc). Their literal meaning are as
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[pro-verbs], 'to (not) do this'.
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[pro-verbs]: #pro-verbs
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:::figure
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- `{Inlantimsasǧi šikkúmáha?}`\
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- `{!Inlantimsasǧi šikkúmáha?}`\
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Are you going to england?
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- `{Maina/Tullana.}`\
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- `{!Maina.}`/`{!Tullana.}`\
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Yes, I am/No, I'm not.
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:::
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@ -1810,11 +1810,23 @@ saunu:
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d:
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- wheel
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- vehicle
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- šámsaunu: car
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- passaunu: bike
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- t: {v: i}
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d: turn
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šámsaunu:
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p: ˈʃaːm.sau.nu
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t: n
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d: car
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n: '"fourwheel"'
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see: [šasm, saunu]
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pasaunu:
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p: ˈpa.sau.nu
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t: n
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d: bike
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n: '"twowheel"'
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see: [pas, saunu]
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lut saunu:
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t: n
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d: bus
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