diff --git a/pages/index.md b/pages/index.md index 6d3edd9..08507bc 100644 --- a/pages/index.md +++ b/pages/index.md @@ -12,10 +12,12 @@ couple of buzzwords each: and is written with an abugida. * **[Tengan]**, or `{tté ŋa}` `/tʼɛ˥ ŋɑ˩/`, with an isolating grammar, click - consonants, evidentiality, and a Hangul-ripoff for the script. + consonants, evidentiality, and a Hangul-ripoff for the script. (I haven't + transferred it from my old site yet, sorry) -* **[Zalajmkwély]** `/zɑlɑɪmkweˈliː/`, which was originally from a "design - a conlang in an hour" challenge thing but then I got kind of attached to it. +* **[Zalajmkwély](zalajmkwely)** `/zɑlɑɪmkweˈliː/`, which was originally from + a "design a conlang in an hour" challenge thing but then I got kind of + attached to it. It's still just a sketch though. It has nine genders and vowel harmony. * [an unnamed language with a volapük-ass aesthetic](vol) diff --git a/pages/zalajmkwely/index.md b/pages/zalajmkwely/index.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dca52ca --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/zalajmkwely/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,320 @@ +--- +title: Zalajmkwély +lang: zalajmkwely +... + +# Phonology + +## Vowels + +   Front Back +--------- --------------------- --------------------- + High `/i ɪ/` `{y i}` `/u ʊ/` `{ů u}` + Mid-high `/e/` `{é}` `/o õ/` `{ó ų}` + Mid-low `/ɛ ɛ̃/` `{e į}` `/ɔ/` `{o}` + Low `/a æ̃/` `{ä ę}` `/ɑ ɒ̃/` `{a ą}` + +Words have vowel harmony in non-nasal vowels between "tense" and "lax". If a +root contains only nasal vowels, then the harmony defaults to lax. In affixes, +a vowel that alternates depending on harmony (which is all of them, other than +nasals) is indicated with a capital letter. The realisation of these vowels is +based on the root nearest to the affix. + +   `{I}` `{U}` `{E}` `{O}` `{A}` +------ ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- + Tense `{y}` `{ů}` `{é}` `{ó}` `{ä}` + Lax `{i}` `{u}` `{e}` `{o}` `{a}` + +Before a consonant, nasal vowels can be written as a vowel followed by +`{m}`/`{n}`/`{ŋ}`. In this case, `{on}`, `{ón}`, etc, are pronounced +`/ɒ̃/` like `{ą}`. + +### Allophony + +- Vowels are slightly longer when stressed. +- `/ɛ e/` are lowered to `/æ/` before a velar (including `[ɫ]`). +- A `[ʔ]` is inserted into word boundaries with a vowel on both sides. + + +## Consonants + +   Labial Dental Dorsal +---------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- + Plosive `/p b/` `{p b}` `/t d/` `{t d}` `/k/` `{k}` + Fricative `/f/` `{f}` `/s z/` `{s z}` `/x ʁ/` `{h ř}` + Nasal `/m/` `{m}` `/n/` `{n}` `/ŋ/` `{g}` + Other `/w/` `{w}` `/l ɾ/` `{l r}` `/j/` `{j}` + +The word "glide" refers to `/w j/`, and "liquid" to `/l ɾ ʁ/`. + +The sequence `/ŋŋ/` is written `{ng}` (and pronounced `[ŋɡ]`). + +### Allophony + +- `/l/` is `[ɫ]` anywhere except before one of `/j i/`. +- `/p t k/` are affricated to `[pf ts kx]` directly before a stressed vowel, + and to `[pf tʃ kx]` at the end of a word. +- `/x/` is pronounced `[χ]` at the end of a word or after a lax vowel. +- `/b d/` become `[v ð]` word finally if immediately preceded by a vowel. +- `/ŋ/` becomes `[ɡ]` after another `/ŋ/`, before `/z/` or `/d/`, or when not next to a + vowel. +- `/s z/` become `[ʃ ʒ]` at the end of a word or before a plosive (including the + `[ɡ]` coming from `/ŋ/`). +- `/d/` becomes `[dʒ]` at the end of a word if _not_ directly preceded by a + vowel. +- `/t d s z/` become `[tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ]` before one of `/j i e/`. The `/j/` is then + dropped if there was one. + + +## Syllable structure + +In [EBNF]: + +[EBNF]: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Backus-Naur_form + +```ebnf +word = [init cons], nucleus, {inner cons, nucleus}, [final cons]; +nucleus = (?vowel?, ?glide?) - ('ɪj' | 'ij' | 'ɛ̃j' | 'ʊw' | 'uw' | 'õw'); +init cons = ?consonant?, [?glide?] + | ('p' | 't' | 'k'), 's', [?glide?] + | ('b' | 'd' | 'ŋ'), 'z', [?glide?] + | (?consonant? - ?liquid?), ?liquid? + | ('mb' | 'nd' | 'ŋŋ'), [?glide?]; +inner cons = '·', ?consonant? + | '·', (?consonant? - ?glide?), ?glide? + | (('p' | 'k'), '·', ('t' | 's') | ('b' | 'ŋ'), '·', ('d' | 'z')), + (* the above ŋ is aksdm *) + | ('s', '·', ('p' | 't' | 'k') | 'z', '·', ('b' | 'd' | 'm' | 'n' | 'ŋ')) + | ('f' | 'h'), '·', ?voiceless plosive? + | ?liquid?, '·', ?nasal? + | ('m · m' | 'n · n' | 'ŋ · ŋ'); +final cons = ?consonant? - (?glide? | ?nasal?), ['s'] + | ?liquid?, (?consonant? - (?glide? | ?liquid? | 'n' | 'ŋ')), ['s']; +``` + +The `{·}` in [inner cons]{.ebnf-nt} indicates where the syllable boundary is. + + +## Stress + +Stress falls on the last syllable of the stem. (In a compound word, the last +syllable of the last stem.) Inflectional endings do not cause it to move. + +- `{kwély}` 'language' `/kweˈliː/` +- `{kwélyjäm}` 'language.`!GEN!`' `/kweˈliː.jam/` + + + +# Verbs + +Verbs do not inflect themselves, but the conjugation is reflected on a highly +fused particle following the main verb. This particle inflects for person, +gender (in the third person), number, tense, and a distinction between +perfective/imperfective. The ‘citation form’ of this particle is `{as}`, the +`!1SG!`;`!PRS!`;`!IMP!` form. The `!3X!` form is used with a group of +people/objects of multiple genders, as well as for unknown or indefinite +referents (whether singular or plural), and impersonal sentences such as +instructions on signs. + +## Present + +:::twocol + +- `{řazgų kéd as}` 'I am eating bread' +- `{plas énlä}` 'He sneezes' + +::: + + +   `!IMPF SG!` `!PL!` `!PF SG!` `!PL!` +------- ------------- ---------- ----------- ---------- + `!1!` `{as}` `{az}` `{és}` `{ez}` + `!2!` `{ad}` `{am}` `{ed}` `{ém}` + `!3A!` `{äly}` `{alis}` `{énly}` `{elis}` + `!3B!` `{älä}` `{älůs}` `{énlä}` `{élůs}` + `!3C!` `{äló}` `{alos}` `{énló}` `{elos}` + `!3X!` — `{älós}` — `{élós}` + + +## Past + +:::twocol + +- `{řazgų kéd als}` 'I was eating bread' +- `{řazgų kéd éls}` 'I ate bread' + +::: + + +   `!IMPF SG!` `!PL!` `!PF SG!` `!PL!` +------- ------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- + `!1!` `{als}` `{ajz}` `{éls}` `{eliz}` + `!2!` `{ajd}` `{alm}` `{elid}` `{élym}` + `!3B!` `{äjlä}` `{äjlůs}` `{éllä}` `{élůs}` + `!3A!` `{äjly}` `{ajlis}` `{élly}` `{ellis}` + `!3C!` `{äjló}` `{ajlos}` `{élló}` `{ellos}` + `!3X!` — `{äjlós}` — `{éllós}` + + +## Future + +:::twocol + +- `{řazgų kéd ojs}` 'I will be eating bread' +- `{řazgų kéd éws}` 'I will eat bread' + +::: + +   `!IMPF SG!` `!PL!` `!PF SG!` `!PL!` +------- ------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- + `!1!` `{ojs}` `{wįz}` `{ews}` `{jųz}` + `!2!` `{wįd}` `{ólm}` `{jųd}` `{ewm}` + `!3B!` `{ójlä}` `{ójlůs}` `{éwlä}` `{éwlůs}` + `!3A!` `{ójly}` `{ojlis}` `{éwly}` `{ewlis}` + `!3C!` `{ójló}` `{ojlos}` `{éwló}` `{ewlos}` + `!3X!` — `{ójlós}` — `{éwlós}` + +Questions, either of the yes/no or of the content kind, are indicated by a +particle `{ům}` (which is also the verb 'to ask') appearing after the inflection +of `{as}`. + +Other aspects and moods are indicated with auxiliary verbs. + +:::glosses + +- Bolus hawa můtä jas jųz. +- [bɔˈlʊʃ xɑˈwɑ muˈta jɑʃ jõʒ] +- bolus hawa můtä jas jųz +- tomorrow can start go 1PL;FUT;PRF +- We can set off tomorrow. + +--- + +- Pulų jafų ep äly ům? +- [pʊˈlõ jaˈfõ epf alijˈõ] +- pu-lų jaf-ų ep äly ům +- what-ACC name-ACC have 2SG;PRS;IMP QU +- What is your name? + +::: + + +# Nouns & adjectives + + +## Case + +Nouns have five cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and locative. +The last of these is used only with preposition-type words. As a result of the +inflectional suffixes, nouns almost always end in a consonant. The only +exception is words ending in `/ɪ/` or `/i/`, which gain an extra `/j/` before +the suffixes. The spelling similarly gains a `{–j}`. + +Nouns are divided into a few classes. Each class requires the use of a specific +inflection class of `{as}`, labelled `!A!`, `!B!`, or `!C!`. The conventional +labels for the classes are: + +I. Sapient `!(A)!` sapients +II. Water `!(B)!` bodies of water, and the sky +III. Ground `!(A)!` the ground, rocks, metals, chemical elements +IV. Artifice `!(C)!` handheld tools, small plastic items, electronics +V. Spiritual `!(C)!` gods, the mind & soul, large natural events, language +VI. Containers `!(B)!` boxes, pans, bowls, wardrobes, etc; + beds, chairs, and other furniture for sitting or lying on +VII. Clothing `!(B)!` clothing and carried objects like umbrellas and bags +VIII. Food `!(C)!` food and drink +IX. Animal `!(B)!` animals (including mythical creatures) + +(**TODO** zk names for genders) + +Not all nouns fall into the class which the labels would suggest, and if none of +the labels fit then the choice is arbitrary. (As is usual with `!NOM!`–`!ACC!` +languages, `!NOM!`;`!SG!` is the citation form in dictionaries.) People's names +are assigned to whichever class they choose. + + `!I!` `!II!` `!III!` `!IV!` `!V!` `!VI!` `!VII!` `!VIII!` `!IX!` +--------- -------- -------------- -------------- ------------- ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- + 'woman' 'lake' 'iron' 'tool' 'life' 'cup' 'shoe' 'bread' 'dog' + `!NOM!` `!SG!` `{fälés}` `{dusal}` `{klůp}` `{řas}` `{kól}` `{mbuz}` `{gřub}` `{řazg}` `{kląs}` + `!PL!` `{fälésé}` `{dusala}` `{klůpä}` `{řasa}` `{kólä}` `{mbuze}` `{gřube}` `{řazgį}` `{kląse}` + `!ACC!` `!SG!` `{fälésų}` `{dusalų}` `{klůpů}` `{řasol}` `{kólų}` `{mbuzol}` `{gřubę}` `{řazgų}` `{kląsų}` + `!PL!` `{fälésów}` `{dusaloh}` `{klůpůf}` `{řasuf}` `{kólůh}` `{mbuzuf}` `{gřubęw}` `{řazgoh}` `{kląsow}` + `!GEN!` `!SG!` `{fälésäm}` `{dusalam}` `{klůpym}` `{řasim}` `{kóläm}` `{mbuzat}` `{gřubam}` `{řazgim}` `{kląsam}` + `!PL!` `{fälésäz}` `{dusalat}` `{klůpyt}` `{řasit}` `{kóläz}` `{mbuzaz}` `{gřubat}` `{řazgįz}` `{kląsaz}` + `!DAT!` `!SG!` `{fälésój}` `{dusale}` `{klůpój}` `{řasoj}` `{kólé}` `{mbuze}` `{gřuboj}` `{řazgai}` `{kląsi}` + `!PL!` `{fälésůd}` `{dusaloj}` `{klůpůd}` `{řasud}` `{kólój}` `{mbuzoj}` `{gřubud}` `{řazged}` `{kląsid}` + `!LOC!` `!SG!` `{fälésés}` `{dusales}` `{klůpés}` `{řases}` `{kólés}` `{mbuzes}` `{gřubes}` `{řazges}` `{kląses}` + `!PL!` `{fälésęts}` `{dusalęts}` `{klůpęts}` `{řasęts}` `{kólęts}` `{mbuzęts}` `{gřubęts}` `{řazgęts}` `{kląsęts}` + +Adjectives, including genitive nouns, agree in case with their head noun, but not number. Adjectives, except for possessive pronouns, attached to a genitive noun agree with that noun's head, but not with the genitive noun itself. + +:::twocol + +- `!NOM!`: `{bym}` 'good' +- `!ACC!`: `{bymů}` +- `!DAT!`: `{bymó}` +- `!LOC!`: `{bymés}` + +::: + + +# Pronouns + +__TODO__ + +## Case + +| | `!NOM!` | `!ACC!` | `!GEN!` | `!DAT!` | `!LOC!` | +|----------:|:-------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|:-------:| +| `!1SG!` | `{yn}` | `{iwn}` | `{ym}` | `{ém}` | `{yné}` | +| `!1PL!` | `{fę}` | `{fęw}` | `{fénó}` | `{fejm}` | `{fęj}` | +| `!2SG!` | `{ol}` | `{ow}` | `{ů}` | `{wą}` | `{wój}` | +| `!2PL!` | `{zůl}` | `{zow}` | `{zów}` | `{zům}` | `{zůj}` | +| `!3SG.A!` | `{sem}` | `{sju}` | `{só}` | `{sem}` | `{sęs}` | +| `!3SG.B!` | `{lem}` | `{lew}` | `{ló}` | `{lem}` | `{lęs}` | +| `!3SG.C!` | `{em}` | `{ä}` | `{aw}` | `{äm}` | `{ęs}` | +| `!3PL.A!` | `{gej}` | `{gęw}` | `{déw}` | `{gim}` | `{gįs}` | +| `!3PL.B!` | `{gaj}` | `{gąw}` | `{djó}` | `{gam}` | `{gąs}` | +| `!3PL.C!` | `{gó}` | `{gů}` | `{gů}` | `{gam}` | `{gąs}` | +| `!3PL.X!` | `{gew}` | `{gejų}` | `{déw}` | `{gam}` | `{gąs}` | + +# Syntax + +## Questions + +To form a yes/no question, the particle `{ům}` is added to the end of the +sentence. When used in this way, `{ům}` is pronounced as an `{ų}` attached to +the final word. + +:::glosses + +- Bymů bälsůh ep ad ům? +- [biˈmuː baɫˈsuːχ ɛpf ɑˈdõ] +- bym-ů bäls-ůh ep ad ům +- good-ACC mood-ACC;PL have 2SG;PRS;IMPF QU +- Are you feeling good? + +::: + +To answer a question, conjugate `{as}` appropriately, and follow with `{řab}` +for agreement and `{zol}` for disagreement. In formal circumstances the main +verb stem may be echoed before the `{as}`. Before `{zol}`, a `{s}` or `{z}` at +the end of the form of `{as}` is dropped. + +:::glosses + +- As řab. +- [ɑʃ ʁɑv] +- as řab +- 1SG;PRS;IMPF CONFIRM +- Yes, I am. + +--- + +- A zol. +- [ɑ zɔɫ] +- a(s) zol +- 1SG;PRS;IMPF DENY +- No, I am not. + +::: diff --git a/pages/zalajmkwely/words.yaml b/pages/zalajmkwely/words.yaml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..15e3c10 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/zalajmkwely/words.yaml @@ -0,0 +1,302 @@ +# "dem" can be used equally as pronoun or adjective +# 2021 update: i have no idea what this means. thanks past me + +zalaj: + t: {n: 5} + d: speakers of Zalajmkwély + +kwély: + t: {n: 5} + d: [language, speech] + +kéd: + t: vt + d: eat + +plas: + t: vi + d: [sneeze, burst] + +hawa: + t: v aux + d: be able to + +můtä: + t: v aux + d: start to + +jas: + t: vi + d: + - go + - come + +ům: + - t: vi + d: ask + - t: part + d: (question marker) + +pu: + t: prn + i: {acc: pů, dat: puwo, gen: pwe, loc: pwes} + d: [what, which, who] + n: > + appears at beginning of main clause taking the case inflection of a noun + clause + +jaf: + t: {n: 5} + d: name + +# TODO +bolus: + t: adv + d: tomorrow + +ep: + t: vt + d: + - have (abstract or inalienable entities, pets, etc) + - be (state, mood, etc) + - believe + +sejm: + t: vt + d: + - have (concrete alienable inanimate objects) + - own + - hold + +dusal: + t: {n: 2} + d: lake + +klůp: + t: {n: 3} + d: iron + +řas: + t: {n: 4} + d: tool + +kól: + t: {n: 5} + d: [life, soul] + +mbuz: + t: {n: 6} + d: cup + +křub: + t: {n: 7} + d: shoe + +řazg: + t: {n: 8} + d: bread + +kląs: + t: {n: 9} + d: dog + +kwint: + t: {n: 3} + d: north + +róls: + t: {n: 3} + d: south + +néf: + t: {n: 1} + d: east + +jųz: + t: {n: 1} + d: west + +floks: + t: {n: 1} + d: wind + n: always plural + +syg: + t: {n: 1} + d: sun + +naza: + t: v aux + d: do repeatedly + +ubi: + t: v aux + d: do excessively + +twyz: + t: prn + i: {acc: tjů, gen: twym, dat: twijo, loc: twije} + d: [each other, the other(s)] + +kwyz: + t: prn + i: {acc: kjů, gen: kwym, dat: kwijo, loc: kwije} + d: [each, themselves] + +yn: + t: conj + d: [and, with] + n: pronounced as į + see: log + +log: + t: {pp: dat} + d: [using, with] + see: yn + +dä: + t: dem + d: [all, every] + +éfé: + - t: {pp: loc} + d: beyond + - t: {pp: gen} + d: more than + e: + - o: éfé ym zog + t: taller than me + - o: tobzuf éfé ym sejm älä + t: he has more money than me + +zog: + t: adj + d: [tall, long] + +tobza: + t: {n: 3} + d: money + n: always in plural + +kósét: + t: {n: 9} + d: strength + +fi: + t: dem + i: {acc: fju, gen: fį, dat: fo, loc: fes} + d: this + +fja: + t: dem + i: {acc: fjů, gen: fit, dat: fot, loc: fęts} + d: this + +fą: + t: dem + i: {acc: fąu, gen: fą, dat: fąu, loc: fąs} + d: that + +fama: + t: dem + i: {acc: famų, gen: fam, dat: famo, loc: famęts} + d: those + +gaząd: + t: {n: 2} + d: point in time + +el: + t: {pp: loc} + d: during + +sék: + - t: {n: 1} + d: person, human + - t: {suf: [v, n]} + d: -er + +nam: + t: {pp: loc} + d: past + +nam jas: + t: vt + d: pass by + see: [nam, jas] + +swal: + t: adj + d: warm + +plejn: + t: {n: 7} + d: cloak + +az: + t: part + d: (relativiser) + e: + o: kląsų ep az sék + t: the person with a dog + +näzén: + t: adj + d: [united, joined, together] + +zaka: + t: vt + d: take + +rų: + t: {pp: loc} + d: from + +päsů: + t: v aux + d: (causative) + +zeze: + t: {pp: loc} + d: [between, among] + +bym: + t: adj + d: good + +bäls: + t: {n: 5} + d: [mood, mental state] + + +řab: + t: part + d: used when affirming a yes/no question or when answering a content question + +zol: + t: part + d: used when denying a yes/no question + +gů: + t: vt + d: make + +zřat: + - t: {n: 5} + d: + - thought + - "zřatų gů": to think + - t: {suf: [n GEN, n]} + d: study of + +zřatamzřat: + t: {n: 5} + d: logic + see: zřat + +mlos: + t: {n: 6} + d: + - number + - "mlosol gů": to count + - mlosatzřat: number theory