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---
title: Zalajmkwély
...
# Phonology
## Vowels
| | Front | Back |
|-----:|:----------------:|:----------------:|
| High | #/i ɪ/ «y i» | #/u ʊ/ «ů u» |
| Mid | #/e ɛ ɛ̃/ «é e į» | #/o ɔ õ/ «ó o ų» |
| Low | #/a æ̃/ «ä ę» | #/ɑ ɒ̃/ «a ą» |
Words have vowel harmony in non-nasal vowels between "tense" and "lax". Vowels are also slightly longer when stressed. If a root contains only nasal vowels, then the harmony defaults to lax.
| | | | | | |
|-------|------|------|------|------|------|
| Tense | #(y) | #(ů) | #(é) | #(ó) | #(ä) |
| Lax | #(i) | #(u) | #(e) | #(o) | #(a) |
## Consonants
| | Labial | Dental | Dorsal |
|----------:|:------------:|:------------:|:------------:|
| Plosive | #/p b/ «p b» | #/t d/ «t d» | #/k/ «k» |
| Fricative | #/f/ «f» | #/s z/ «s z» | #/x ʁ/ «h ř» |
| Nasal | #/m/ «m» | #/n/ «n» | #/ŋ/ «g» |
| Other | #/w/ «w» | #/l ɾ/ «l r» | #/j/ «j» |
The sequence #/ŋŋ/ is written «ng» (and pronounced #[ŋɡ]).
## Syllable structure
The basic syllable structure is $C(C)(J)V(J)(C(C)(s))$; allowed clusters at the start of a syllable are $Ps$, $Bz$, $\bar{C}L$, or #/mb nd ŋŋ/, and at the end are $L\bar{C}(s)$ and #/mp mb nt nd ŋk ŋŋ/, where:
<div class=twocol>
- $V$ is a vowel,
- $C$ is any consonant,
- $\bar C$ is any consonant other than $L$ or $J$,
- $L$ is one of #/l ɾ ʁ/,
- $J$ is one of #/j w/,
- $P$ is one of #/p t k/,
- $B$ is one of #/b d ŋ/,
- The sequences #/ɪj/, #/ij/, #/ʊw/, or #/uw/ are not allowed before another consonant.
</div>
Alternatively, in [EBNF]:
```ebnf
syllable = initial, [glide], nucleus, [final];
initial = consonant
| ('p' | 't' | 'k'), 's'
| ('b' | 'd' | 'g'), 'z'
| (consonant - liquid), liquid
| 'mb' | 'nd' | 'ŋŋ';
nucleus = (vowel, glide) - ('ɪj' | 'ij' | 'ʊw' | 'uw');
final = nonglide, ['s']
| [liquid], nonglide - liquid, ['s']
| 'mp' | 'mb' | 'nt' | 'nd' | 'ŋk' | 'ŋŋ';
nonglide = consonant - glide;
glide = 'j' | 'w';
liquid = 'l' | 'ɾ' | 'ʁ';
```
[EBNF]: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Backus-Naur_form
## Stress
Stress falls on the last syllable of the stem. (In a compound word, the last syllable of the last stem.) Inflectional endings do not cause it to move.
- «fälés» 'woman' #/faˈleːs/
- «fälésäm» 'woman.#!GEN!' #/faˈleː.sam/
## Allophony
- As mentioned, #/ŋŋ/ is pronounced #[ŋɡ].
- \#/l/ is #[ɫ] anywhere except before one of #/j i/.
- \#/p t k/ are affricated to #[pf ts kx] directly before a stressed vowel, and to #[pf tʃ kx] at the end of a word.
- \#/b d/ become #[v ð] word finally if immediately preceded by a vowel.
- \#/ŋ/ becomes #[ɡ] after another #/ŋ/, before #/z/, or when not next to a vowel.
- \#/s z/ become #[ʃ ʒ] at the end of a word or before a plosive.
- \#/d/ becomes #[dʒ] at the end of a word if _not_ directly preceded by a vowel.
- \#/t d s z/ become #[tʃ dʒ ʃ ʒ] before one of #/j i e/. The #/j/ is then dropped if there was one.
- \#/ɛ e/ are lowered to #/æ/ before a velar (including #[ɫ]).
- A #[ʔ] is inserted into word boundaries with a vowel on both sides.
Voicing of consonants assimilates backwards over syllable boundaries, except when a nasal consonant is present, in which case the cluster always becomes voiced.
# Morphology
## Verbs
Verbs do not inflect themselves, but the conjugation is reflected on a highly fused particle following the main verb. This particle inflects for person, gender (in the third person), number, tense, and a distinction between perfective/imperfective. The ‘citation form’ of this particle is «as», the #!1SG!;#!PRS!;#!IMP! form. The #!3X! form is used with a group of people/objects of multiple genders, as well as for unknown or indefinite referents (whether singular or plural), and impersonal sentences such as instructions on signs.
### Present
- «řazgų kéd as» 'I am eating bread'
- «plas énlä» 'He sneezes'
| | #!IMPF SG! | #!PL! | #!PF SG! | #!PL! |
|------:|:----------:|:-------:|:--------:|:-------:|
| #!1! | #(as) | #(az) | #(és) | #(ez) |
| #!2! | #(ad) | #(am) | #(ed) | #(ém) |
| #!3A! | #(äly) | #(alis) | #(énly) | #(elis) |
| #!3B! | #(älä) | #(älůs) | #(énlä) | #(élůs) |
| #!3C! | #(äló) | #(alos) | #(énló) | #(elos) |
| #!3X! | — | #(älós) | — | #(élós) |
### Past
- «řazgų kéd als» 'I was eating bread'
- «řazgų kéd éls» 'I ate bread'
| | #!IMPF SG! | #!PL! | #!PF SG! | #!PL! |
|------:|:----------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|
| #!1! | #(als) | #(ajz) | #(éls) | #(eliz) |
| #!2! | #(ajd) | #(alm) | #(elid) | #(élym) |
| #!3B! | #(äjlä) | #(äjlůs) | #(éllä) | #(élůs) |
| #!3A! | #(äjly) | #(ajlis) | #(élly) | #(ellis) |
| #!3C! | #(äjló) | #(ajlos) | #(élló) | #(ellos) |
| #!3X! | — | #(äjlós) | — | #(éllós) |
### Future
- «řazgų kéd ojs» 'I will be eating bread'
- «řazgų kéd éws» 'I will eat bread'
| | #!IMPF SG! | #!PL! | #!PF SG! | #!PL! |
|------:|:----------:|:--------:|:--------:|:--------:|
| #!1! | #(ojs) | #(wįz) | #(ews) | #(jųz) |
| #!2! | #(wįd) | #(ólm) | #(jųd) | #(ewm) |
| #!3B! | #(ójlä) | #(ójlůs) | #(éwlä) | #(éwlůs) |
| #!3A! | #(ójly) | #(ojlis) | #(éwly) | #(ewlis) |
| #!3C! | #(ójló) | #(ojlos) | #(éwló) | #(ewlos) |
| #!3X! | — | #(ójlós) | — | #(éwlós) |
Questions, either of the yes/no or of the content kind, are indicated by a particle «ům» (which is also the verb 'to ask') appearing after the inflection of «as».
Other aspects and moods are indicated with auxiliary verbs.
<figure class=glosses>
```gloss
Bolus hawa můtä jas jųz.
bolus hawa můtä jas jųz
tomorrow can start go 1PL;FUT;PRF
We can set off tomorrow.
```
```gloss
Pulų jafų ep äly ům?
pu-lų jaf-ų ep äly ům
what-ACC name-ACC have 2SG;PRS;IMP QU
What is your name?
```
</figure>
## Nouns & adjectives
### Case
Nouns have five cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and locative. The last of these is used only with preposition-type words. As a result of the inflectional suffixes, nouns almost always end in a consonant. The only exception is words ending in #/ɪ/ or #/i/, which gain an extra #/j/ before the suffixes. The spelling similarly gains a «–j».
Nouns are divided into a few classes. Each class requires the use of a specific inflection class of «as», labelled #!A!, #!B!, or #!C!. The conventional labels for the classes are:
I. Sapient #!(A)! sapients
II. Water #!(B)! bodies of water, and the sky
III. Ground #!(A)! the ground, rocks, metals, chemical elements
IV. Artifice #!(C)! handheld tools, small plastic items, electronics
V. Spiritual #!(C)! gods, the mind & soul, large natural events, language
VI. Containers #!(B)! boxes, pans, bowls, wardrobes, etc;
beds, chairs, and other furniture for sitting or lying on
VII. Clothing #!(B)! clothing and carried objects like umbrellas and bags
VIII. Food #!(C)! food and drink
IX. Animal #!(B)! animals (including mythical creatures)
(**TODO** zk names for genders)
Not all nouns fall into the class which the labels would suggest, and if none of the labels fit then the choice is arbitrary. (As is usual with #!NOM!–#!ACC! languages, #!NOM!;#!SG! is the citation form in dictionaries.) People's names are assigned to whichever class they choose.
| | | #!I! | #!II! | #!III! | #!IV! | #!V! | #!VI! | #!VII! | #!VIII! | #!IX! |
|-------:|------:|:-----------:|:-----------:|:----------:|:---------:|:---------:|:----------:|:----------:|:----------:|:----------:|
| | | 'woman' | 'lake' | 'iron' | 'tool' | 'life' | 'cup' | 'shoe' | 'bread' | 'dog' |
| #!NOM! | #!SG! | #(fälés) | #(dusal) | #(klůp) | #(řas) | #(kól) | #(mbuz) | #(gřub) | #(řazg) | #(kląs) |
| | #!PL! | #(fälésé) | #(dusala) | #(klůpä) | #(řasa) | #(kólä) | #(mbuze) | #(gřube) | #(řazgį) | #(kląse) |
| #!ACC! | #!SG! | #(fälésų) | #(dusalų) | #(klůpů) | #(řasol) | #(kólų) | #(mbuzol) | #(gřubę) | #(řazgų) | #(kląsų) |
| | #!PL! | #(fälésów) | #(dusaloh) | #(klůpůf) | #(řasuf) | #(kólůh) | #(mbuzuf) | #(gřubęw) | #(řazgoh) | #(kląsow) |
| #!GEN! | #!SG! | #(fälésäm) | #(dusalam) | #(klůpym) | #(řasim) | #(kóläm) | #(mbuzat) | #(gřubam) | #(řazgim) | #(kląsam) |
| | #!PL! | #(fälésäz) | #(dusalat) | #(klůpyt) | #(řasit) | #(kóläz) | #(mbuzaz) | #(gřubat) | #(řazgįz) | #(kląsaz) |
| #!DAT! | #!SG! | #(fälésój) | #(dusale) | #(klůpój) | #(řasoj) | #(kólé) | #(mbuze) | #(gřuboj) | #(řazgai) | #(kląsi) |
| | #!PL! | #(fälésůd) | #(dusaloj) | #(klůpůd) | #(řasud) | #(kólój) | #(mbuzoj) | #(gřubud) | #(řazged) | #(kląsid) |
| #!LOC! | #!SG! | #(fälésés) | #(dusales) | #(klůpés) | #(řases) | #(kólés) | #(mbuzes) | #(gřubes) | #(řazges) | #(kląses) |
| | #!PL! | #(fälésęts) | #(dusalęts) | #(klůpęts) | #(řasęts) | #(kólęts) | #(mbuzęts) | #(gřubęts) | #(řazgęts) | #(kląsęts) |
Adjectives, including genitive nouns, agree in case with their head noun, but not number. Adjectives, except for possessive pronouns, attached to a genitive noun agree with that noun's head, but not with the genitive noun itself.
- \#!NOM!: «bym» 'good'
- \#!ACC!: «bymů»
- \#!DAT!: «bymó»
- \#!LOC!: «bymés»
# Pronouns
## Case
| | #!NOM! | #!ACC! | #!GEN! | #!DAT! | #!LOC! |
|---------:|:------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:------:|
| #!1SG! | #(yn) | #(iwn) | #(ym) | #(ém) | #(yné) |
| #!1PL! | #(fę) | #(fęw) | #(fénó) | #(fejm) | #(fęj) |
| #!2SG! | #(ol) | #(ow) | #(ů) | #(wą) | #(wój) |
| #!2PL! | #(zůl) | #(zow) | #(zów) | #(zům) | #(zůj) |
| #!3SG.A! | #(sem) | #(sju) | #(só) | #(sem) | #(sęs) |
| #!3SG.B! | #(lem) | #(lew) | #(ló) | #(lem) | #(lęs) |
| #!3SG.C! | #(em) | #(ä) | #(aw) | #(äm) | #(ęs) |
| #!3PL.A! | #(gej) | #(gęw) | #(déw) | #(gim) | #(gįs) |
| #!3PL.B! | #(gaj) | #(gąw) | #(djó) | #(gam) | #(gąs) |
| #!3PL.C! | #(gó) | #(gů) | #(gů) | #(gam) | #(gąs) |
| #!3PL.X! | #(gew) | #(gejų) | #(déw) | #(gam) | #(gąs) |
# Syntax
## Questions
To form a yes/no question, the particle «ům» is added to the end of the sentence.
<figure class=glosses>
```gloss
Bymů bälsůh ep ad ům?
bym-ů bäls-ůh ep ad ům
good-ACC mood-ACC;PL have 2SG;PRS;IMPF QU
Are you feeling good?
```
</figure>
To answer a question, conjugate «as» appropriately, and follow with «řab» for agreement and «zol» for disagreement. In formal circumstances the main verb stem may be echoed before the «as». Before «zol», a «s» or «z» at the end of the form of «as» is dropped.
<figure class=glosses>
```gloss
As řab.
as řab
1SG;PRS;IMPF CONFIRM
Yes, I am.
```
```gloss
A zol.
a(s) zol
1SG;PRS;IMPF DENY
No, I am not.
```
</figure>

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# "dem" can be used equally as pronoun or adjective
zalaj:
t: {n: 5}
d: speakers of Zalajmkwély
kwély:
t: {n: 5}
d: [language, speech]
kéd:
t: vt
d: eat
plas:
t: vi
d: [sneeze, burst]
hawa:
t: v aux
d: be able to
můtä:
t: v aux
d: start to
jas:
t: vi
d:
- go
- come
ům:
- t: vi
d: ask
- t: part
d: (question marker)
pu:
t: prn
i: {acc: pů, dat: puwo, gen: pwe, loc: pwes}
d: [what, which, who]
n: >
appears at beginning of main clause taking the case inflection of a noun
clause
jaf:
t: {n: 5}
d: name
# TODO
bolus:
t: adv
d: tomorrow
ep:
t: vt
d:
- have (abstract or inalienable entities, pets, etc)
- be (state, mood, etc)
- believe
sejm:
t: vt
d:
- have (concrete alienable inanimate objects)
- own
- hold
fälés:
t: {n: 1}
d: woman
dusal:
t: {n: 2}
d: lake
klůp:
t: {n: 3}
d: iron
řas:
t: {n: 4}
d: tool
kól:
t: {n: 5}
d: [life, soul]
mbuz:
t: {n: 6}
d: cup
křub:
t: {n: 7}
d: shoe
řazag:
t: {n: 8}
d: bread
kląs:
t: {n: 9}
d: dog
kwint:
t: {n: 3}
d: north
róls:
t: {n: 3}
d: south
néf:
t: {n: 1}
d: east
jųz:
t: {n: 1}
d: west
floks:
t: {n: 1}
d: wind
n: always plural
syg:
t: {n: 1}
d: sun
naza:
t: v aux
d: do repeatedly
ubi:
t: v aux
d: do excessively
twyz:
t: prn
i: {acc: tjů, gen: twym, dat: twijo, loc: twije}
d: [each other, the other(s)]
kwyz:
t: prn
i: {acc: kjů, gen: kwym, dat: kwijo, loc: kwije}
d: [each, themselves]
yn:
t: conj
d: [and, with]
n: pronounced as į
see: log
log:
t: {pp: dat}
d: [using, with]
see: yn
dä:
t: dem
d: [all, every]
éfé:
- t: {pp: loc}
d: beyond
- t: {pp: gen}
d: more than
e:
- o: éfé ym zog
t: taller than me
- o: tobzuf éfé ym sejm älä
t: he has more money than me
zog:
t: adj
d: [tall, long]
tobza:
t: {n: 3}
d: money
n: always in plural
kósét:
t: {n: 9}
d: strength
fi:
t: dem
i: {acc: fju, gen: fį, dat: fo, loc: fes}
d: this
fja:
t: dem
i: {acc: fjů, gen: fit, dat: fot, loc: fęts}
d: this
fą:
t: dem
i: {acc: fąu, gen: fą, dat: fąu, loc: fąs}
d: that
fama:
t: dem
i: {acc: famų, gen: fam, dat: famo, loc: famęts}
d: those
gaząd:
t: {n: 2}
d: point in time
el:
t: {pp: loc}
d: during
jąws:
t: {n: 2}
d: man
sék:
- t: {n: 1}
d: person, human
- t: {suf: [v, n]}
d: -er
n: also -jąus & -fälés
nam:
t: {pp: loc}
d: past
nam jas:
t: vt
d: pass by
see: [nam, jas]
swal:
t: adj
d: warm
plejn:
t: {n: 7}
d: cloak
az:
t: part
d: (relativiser)
e:
o: kląsų ep az jąus
t: the man with a dog
näzén:
t: adj
d: [united, joined, together]
zaka:
t: vt
d: take
rų:
t: {pp: loc}
d: from
päsů:
t: v aux
d: (causative)
zeze:
t: {pp: loc}
d: [between, among]
bym:
t: adj
d: good
bäls:
t: {n: 5}
d: [mood, mental state]
řab:
t: part
d: used when affirming a yes/no question or when answering a content question
zol:
t: part
d: used when denying a yes/no question
gů:
t: vt
d: make
zřat:
- t: {n: 5}
d:
- thought
- "zřatų gů": to think
- t: {suf: [n GEN, n]}
d: study of
zřatamzřat:
t: {n: 5}
d: logic
see: zřat
mlos:
t: {n: 6}
d:
- number
- "mlosol gů": to count
- mlosatzřat: number theory