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tengan/index.md
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tengan/index.md
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---
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title: Tengan (tté ŋa)
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...
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<style>
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.script table { border: none; }
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</style>
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<center style="margin-top: 2em">
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<img src=tte1ga.svg height=100>
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</center>
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[SVG]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics
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# Phonology
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## Vowels
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Front Central Back
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------- ---------- ----------- ----------
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Close «i» #/i/ «y» #/ʉ/ «u» #/u/
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Mid «e» #/ɛ/ «o» #/ɔ/
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Open «a» #/ɑ/
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------- ---------- ----------- ----------
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There are three tones, indicated by diacritics:
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- High, with an acute accent «á» #/ɑ˥/
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- Low, with no accent «a» #/ɑ˩/
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- Falling, with a grave accent «à» #/ɑ˥˨/
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Vowels can be nasalised, which is indicated by an «n» following the vowel (and
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offglide if there is one).
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## Consonants
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Labial Alveolar Retroflex Velar
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----------------- ----------- --------------- --------------- -----------
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Plosive «p ph pp» «t th tt» «d dh dd» «k kh kk»
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#/p pʰ pʼ/ #/t tʰ tʼ/ #/ʈ ʈʰ ʈʼ/ #/k kʰ kʼ/
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Click «px» «tx lx» «dx»
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#/ᵏʘ/ #/ᵏǀ ᵏǁ/ #/ᵏǃ/
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Affricate «ts tsh tts» «dz dzh ddz»
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#/ts tsʰ tsʼ/ #/ʈʂ ʈʂʰ ʈʂʼ/
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Lateral Affricate «tl tlh ttl» «dł dłh ddł»
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#/tɬ tɬʰ tɬʼ/ #/ʈꞎ ʈꞎʰ ʈꞎʼ/
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Fricative «f» «s sh» «z zh» «h»
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#/f/ #/s sʰ/ #/ʂ ʂʰ/ #/χ/
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Lateral Fricative «l» «ł»
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#/ɬ/ #/ꞎ/
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Nasal «m» «n» «ņ» «ŋ»
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#/m/ #/n/ #/ɳ/ #/ŋ/
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Nasal Click «mx» «nx nlx» «ņx»
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#/ɴʘ/ #/ɴǀ ɴǁ/ #/ɴ!/
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----------------- ----------- --------------- --------------- -----------
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* Between two vowels or glides, non-aspirated pulmonic consonants become voiced:
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#/ɬ ꞎ/ become #[l ɭ].
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* Before #/i j/, #/x/ becomes #[ç]; before #/ɔ u w/ it becomes #[ɸ].
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* The phoneme #/χ/ changes based on the following vowel or glide:
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+ to #[ç] before #/i/ or #/j/, or
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+ to #[ɸ] before #/o/, #/u/, or #/w/.
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The rest of the time it is _uvular_, not velar.
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* Syllable-final #/p t k/ are unreleased.
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- \#/ᵏǀj/ and #/ᵏǃj/ are pronounced #[ᵏǂ], and #/ɴǀj ɴ!j/ as #[ɴǂ].[^nc]
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[^nc]: This is not true of #/ǁ/ because I can't hear any difference whatsoever between #[ǁ] and #[ǂˡ]. This might be why the latter doesn't have a symbol of its own.
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# Writing system
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Tengan has a featural writing system similar to Hangul, called #|twén phỳk ná|, or 'syllable writing'. Each syllable is written in a block indicating different features of each part of the syllable.
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## Initials
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Initials are classed first into six basic shaped based on place of articulation. Laterals are counted as distinct places.
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<figure class=script>
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------- ------- -------
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#|pa| #|da| #|la|
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#|ta| #|ka| #|ła|
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------- ------- -------
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</figure>
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Other consonants are built by systematically adding modifiers above these bases. For example, for #|ta|:
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<figure class=script>
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-------- -------- --------- ---------
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#|tha| #|tta| #|txa| #|tsa|
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#|sa| #|sha| #|tsha| #|ttsa|
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#|na| #|nxa|
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-------- -------- --------- ---------
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</figure>
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## Glides
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Glides look the same before and after a vowel, and also when it is the initial consonant.
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<figure class=script>
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-------- -------- -------- -------- ------- --------
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#|tja| #|twa| #|taj| #|taw| #|ja| #|wa|
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-------- -------- -------- -------- ------- --------
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</figure>
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## Vowels
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The vowel symbols have no further internal structure.
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<figure class=script>
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------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
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#|ta| #|ti| #|te| #|tu| #|to| #|ty|
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------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
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</figure>
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## Tones and nasalisation
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The nasalisation is written below the offglide, and the tone after that.
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<figure class=script>
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-------- -------- --------
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#|ta| #|tá| #|tà|
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#|tan| #|tán| #|tàn|
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-------- -------- --------
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</figure>
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## Coda consonants
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Coda consonants are the same as their initial counterparts, but are usually written slightly narrower.
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<figure class=script>
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------- -------- -------- --------
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#|ta| #|tat| #|tak| #|tap|
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------- -------- -------- --------
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</figure>
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# Pronouns
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There is an distinction between 'we' inclusive and exclusive of the listener(s).
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Singular Plural
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-- ---------- -----------------
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1 #|fa| #|ŋa|, #|khwi|
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2 #|thò| #|dyt|
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3 #|zéj| #|ņaw|
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4 #|han| #|kkù|
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\#|ŋa| is the inclusive pronoun and #|khwi| the exclusive.
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Third and fourth person pronouns are used as determiners ('this' and 'that'); fourth for new information in the conversation, and third for old.
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Honorific forms of non-first person pronouns add #|txiw| afterward. Humble first person pronouns add #|lok|. (#|ŋa| doesn't allow either.)
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# Verbs
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## Aspect
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Tense in Tengan is not expressed explicitly. The adverb #|dxop| 'earlier' is frequently used to emphasise an action took place in the past, but is not mandatory, and more specific time phrases are also common. The perfective aspect is marked using #|zú| after the modality marker.
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## Modality
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The main verb of each clause requires a modality marker of some sort after it.
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### Evidentials
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The indicative mood is split into six evidentiality levels, indicating why and how strongly the speaker believes the information to be true:
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* first-hand direct sensory information with #|sa|;
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* inferred with #|ddzé|;
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* assumed with #|kwé| (weaker than #|ddzé|);
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* reported (second-hand) with #|phàj|;
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* reported _dubious_ information with #|mot|;
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* \#|tow| for hypotheticals.
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When telling a story from the third person, #|phàj| is used.
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### Interrogative
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Yes-no questions are marked with #|maj|. Content questions, e.g., with #|fon| 'what', do not also use #|maj|.
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### Imperative
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The imperative, with #|łó|, is used both for commands and plural propositions. The subject is not dropped in imperatives.
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<figure class=glosses>
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```tgloss
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Pzò łó ŋa!
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pzò łó ŋa
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go IMP 1PL
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Let's go!
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```
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```tgloss
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Pzò łó thò!
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pzò łó thò
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go IMP 2SG
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Go!
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```
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</figure>
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## Auxiliary verbs
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* \#|dxùn| fail
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* \#|hék| not
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* \#|jat| repeatedly
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* \#|khéw| begin
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* \#|kzun| may
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* \#|mxá| try
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* \#|nỳ| must
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* \#|pojn| decide
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* \#|tsap| finish
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* \#|ttjò| stop, abandon
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* \#|zwèp| want
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* \#|kkjaw| can
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<figure class=glosses>
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```tgloss
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Fa khéw nak ddzé zú.
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fa khéw nak ddzé zú
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1SG begin sleep inferred PF
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I must have fallen asleep.
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```
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```tgloss
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Fa jat mxá tlo sa fa zéj.
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fa jat mxá tlo sa zéj
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1SG repeatedly try call first_hand 3SG
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I keep trying to call him.
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```
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</figure>
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# Attitude particles
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Attitude particles can come before any word to indicate the speaker's feelings
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toward that referent or action. #|sén| is commonly attached to
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compliments, and #|kkow| or #|dùp| to excuses.
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* \#|dùp| regret
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* \#|kkow| disappointment
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* \#|sén| approval
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* \#|dxák| disgust (vulgar)
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* \#|ppwa| surprise
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<figure class=glosses>
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```tgloss
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Thò hej sén lon phján!
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thò hej sén lon phján
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2SG do approval well piano
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Wow, you play the piano well!
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```
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```tgloss
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Thò dxák hej dxák fon?!
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thò dxák hej dxák fon
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2SG disgust do disgust what
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What the __ did you __ing do?!
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```
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</figure>
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# Causatives
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The verb #|phyn| is used to make a causative sentence, for example:
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<figure class=glosses>
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```tgloss
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Zéj phyn sa zú fa ma sa zín!
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zéj phyn sa zú fa ma sa zín!
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3SG cause FHW PRF 1SG have FHW fear
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It frightened me!
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```
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</figure>
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- - -
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- SVO
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48
tengan/words.yaml
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48
tengan/words.yaml
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kwá:
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t: v
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d: turn
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kup:
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t: n
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d:
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- bolt
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- chunk of metal
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nxej:
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t: n
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d: tool
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dan:
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t: n
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d: sound
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shet:
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t: n
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d: snake
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ttsá:
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t: n
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d:
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- ground
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- underground
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lwin:
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t: n
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d: dog
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ŋà:
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t: vt
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d:
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- equal
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- be the same as
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zín:
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t: n
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d: fear
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ma:
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t: vt
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d: have
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